FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION

OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA

WORK EXPERIENCE REPORT

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR REGISTRATION AS

REGISTERED ENGINEER

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By: OLADIPO AKINWANDE

Application ID:
Phone: +234) 08102821544
Email: Akinwandedeeatgmail.com

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 REPORT ON WORK EXPERIENCE

BY

OLADIPO AKINWANDE

SUBMITTED

TO

THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF

ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA (COREN)

IN PARTIALFULFILMENT AS A REQUIREMENT FOR

REGISTRATION AS AN ENGINEER

, 2025

2
DEDICATION

3
 CERTIFICATION

------------------------------ ---------------------------
Signature Date

4
1.2 Aim of the Report

This report is written as one of the basic requirement for full enrolment as a member of

council for the regulation of engineering in Nigeria (COREN)

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CHAPTER ONE

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7
 CHAPTER TWO

Period Detail of Projects/Activities Duration Supervisor

(Years)
Name Signature

01/04/2024- EMPLOYER: GILMOR ENGINEERING

till date (NIG) LTD, Abuja
POSITION: CIVIL PROJECT ENGINEER
Activities carried out:
Lead project Engineer on an 11km road
construction project, tasked with ensuring
compliance with industry regulations and
project specifications.
• Conduct detailed inspections of road construction,
and concrete works to ensure adherence to quality
standards.
• Collaborate with supervisory engineers and
construction teams to review designs, technical
drawings, and construction plans
using AutoCAD.
• Prepare and analyze project data using Microsoft
Excel to monitor quality metrics and report findings
to senior management.
• Address any quality control issues and implement
corrective actions where necessary, ensuring
smooth project progress.
• Maintain comprehensive documentation of all
inspection results, project milestones, and
compliance reports.
• Responsible for preparation of project certificates
for main and sub-contractors, quantity estimation
and calculation together
with the quantity surveyor, technical
documentations and presentation.
• Assisting the project manager in liaising with
clients and ministry representatives on project
specifications and general
information.

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01/10/2022 EMPLOYER: CRANEBURG
-31/12/2023 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,
POSITION: SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYST.
Activities carried out:
• Conducted on-site QA/QC inspections with a focus on
concrete/road works and adherence to design and
monitored various activities like excavation, casting,
carpentry, welding, and iron bar reinforcement laying
according to bar bending schedule, etc.
• Reviewed engineering drawings and specifications,
ensuring alignment with industry standards and
project requirements.
• Collaborated with the project team to identify and
rectify quality issues, leading to improvement in
potential issue detections before they occur.
• Utilized AutoCAD for technical review and revisions,
contributing to accurate project delivery.
• Managed project documentation, test reports, and
quality control records.
• Helped with preparation of quantity estimation plus
take-off and compilation of work summary for
payment
• Active part of managing and monitoring various road
projects and constructions including Sango-Ifo Roads
(25.4km), Ijoko Road, Yakoyo Road/bridge, Akute,
etc.

EMPLOYER: HAYSH FIVE RESOURCES

01/01/2020 –
30/09/2022
LTD.
POSITION: CIVIL ENGINEER.
Activities carried out:
• Oversaw a 1.7 km roadway and drainage construction
• Worked on a construction project which included a 7
m tall dam, roads and water supply project,
supervising activities like access roads, spillway,
intake, outlet, culvert construction, earth filling, pump
installation, treatment and water supply station
installation and fixing, etc. The dam was built for the
main purpose of irrigating a 23 hectares site.
• Responsible for full project reporting of the various
site construction activities.

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01/08/2018 – EMPLOYER: IBADAN NORTH-WEST
01/07/2019 LOCAL GOVT. (WORKS DEPARTMENT)
POSITION: CIVIL ENGINEER (GRADUATE
ASSISTANT).
Activities carried out:
• Actively participated in the construction of drainage
facilities and expansion of about 1km of local
government secretariat road and 3km of Dugbe
Market roads.
• Designed and effectively implemented safety
procedures during various projects carried out.

02/07/2016 – EMPLOYER: REYNOLDS

30/12/2016 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
POSITION: CIVIL ENGINEER (GRADUATE
ASSISTANT).
Activities carried out:
• Worked as part of the Engineering team on the 105km
Lagos-Ibadan Expressway.
• Assisted in raising interim certificates using Microsoft
Excel for payment of work done by the client
• Experienced firsthand the workings and intricacies of
safety management and enforcement.
• Gained in-depth firsthand knowledge of various road
construction operations like milling, excavation, laying
of asphaltic
• Surface, compaction, drainage construction, etc., and
various machines, tools, and equipment used during the
process

03/10/2015 – EMPLOYER: TICK-TOS CONSTRUCTION

31/12/2015 LTD. FUNAAB, OGUN STATE
POSITION: CIVIL ENGINEER (INTERN).
Activities carried out:
•Developed an understanding of effective project
management and scheduling techniques.
•Monitoring and coordinated over fifty (50) on-site
workers' activities.
• Carried out building materials (cement, iron bars, etc.)
quantity estimations.
• Helped in arranging site meetings for consultants and
clients

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 POST GRADUATE EXPERIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Project: : STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERTS
Project Particulars
Employer : HAYSH FIVE RESOURCES LTD.
Position held : Civil Engineer

Project Description: Structural Design for Reinforced Concrete Culvert

INTRODUCTION
A culvert is a hydraulically short conduit, which conveys stream flow through a roadway
embankment or past some other type of flow obstruction. Culverts are constructed from a variety of
materials and are available in many different shapes and configurations. Culvert selection factors
include roadway profiles, channel characteristics, and flood damage evaluations, construction and
maintenance costs, and estimates of service life (1).

Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like
streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the
natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance the floodwater on both sides of earth
embankment to reduce flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head
consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different shapes such as circular, slab
and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc.) or
reinforced cement concrete.

1- Types of culverts.
The main types of pipe used in highway construction are concrete pipe, metal pipe (steel or
aluminum), and plastic pipe (high-density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride). They are available in
a wide array of sizes, shapes, and properties some of the characteristics of these pipes are reviewed
below. It is well known that roads are generally constructed in embankment, which come in the way
of natural flow of storm water (from existing drainage channels). As such flow cannot be obstructed
and some kind of cross, drainage works are required to be provided to allow water to pass across the
embankment. The structures to accomplish such flow across the road are called culverts.
It is well known that roads are generally constructed in embankment, which come in the way of
natural flow of storm water (from existing drainage channels). As, such flow cannot be obstructed
and some kind of cross drainage works are required to be provided to allow water to pass across the
embankment. The structures to accomplish such flow across the road are called culverts, small and
major bridges depending on their span, which in turn depends on the discharge.

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1
1-1 :- Pipe Culverts:-
Concrete pipe is manufactured as no reinforced, reinforced, or cast-in-place pipe; as box culverts and
special shapes; and as field-constructed pipe. Shapes, as shown in Fig. (1) Include round, horizontal
and vertical ellipse, and arch configuration.

No reinforced concrete pipe is available in diameters from 10 to 90 cm and three strength classes. No
reinforced concrete pipe is available as round pipe only. Reinforced concrete pipe is available in
diameters from 30 to 365 cm. The strength of reinforced concrete pipe can be specified according to
five standard pipe classes (ASTM C 76), with Class I pipe being the most economical and Class V
offering the greatest structural strength; according to required D-load strength (ASTM C 655); or
according to a direct wall design. (ASTM C 1417). Wall thickness of reinforced concrete pipe can be
varied to meet in field conditions. The standard “class” specifications for pipe give wall thickness
according to three distinct types, which vary from Wall A, being the thinnest, to Wall C, being the
thickest Steel reinforcing for reinforced concrete pipe can be arranged in many combinations to meet
the given structural requirements. Figure (2) Shows some of the steel reinforcement layouts used in
manufacturing reinforced concrete pipe.

Fig. (1) Concrete pipe is manufactured in five common shapes; regional custom and demand usually
determine availability.

1
2
Fig. (2) Concrete pipe culvert reinforcement notation. (From PIPECAR: User and Programmer
Reference Manual, FHWA, 1989, with permission).

1-1-1 :- Cast-in-Place Pipe.

This type of no reinforced pipe is formed in a trench using a continuous process. First, a trench is
excavated so that it has a semicircular bottom and vertical or near vertical sidewalls, which serve as
the outer form for the bottom and sides. The upper portion of the pipe is cast against an inner arch
form as illustrated in Fig. (1) the form is pulled along the trench while concrete is poured into a
hopper located above Powered spading mechanisms and variable-speed vibrators aid the flow of the
concrete.

2- Box Culverts.
Box culverts are rectangular shapes with flat sides, top, and bottom. These shapes are constructed
with steel reinforcement. Factory-made boxes are shipped in sections 1 to 3 m. long and joined in the
field to make a structure of the required length. As shown in Fig. (1).

3- Design Reinforcing of Culvert (4)

Structural design of reinforced concrete culvert and inlet structures is quite different from design for
corrugated metal structures. For reinforced concrete inlets, the Designer typically selects a trial wall
thickness and then sizes the reinforcing to meet the design requirements.

1
3
The method for the design of reinforced concrete pipe and box sections presented below was recently
adopted by the American Concrete Pipe Association and has been recommended by the AASHTO
Rigid Culvert Liaison Committee for adoption by the AASHTO Bridge Committee. This design
method provides a set of equations for sizing the main circumferential reinforcing in a buried
reinforced concrete culvert. For additional criteria, such as temperature reinforcing in monolithic
structures, the designer should refer to the appropriate sections of AASHTO. Typically, the design
process involves a determination of reinforcement area for strength and crack control at various
governing locations in a slice and checks for shear strength and certain reinforcement limits. The
number and location of sections at which designers must size, reinforce, and check shear strength will
vary with the shape of the cross section and the reinforcing scheme used. Figure (3). Shows typical
reinforcing schemes for precast and cast-in-place one-cell box sections. The design sections for these
schemes are shown in Figure (4). For flexural design of box sections with typical geometry and load
conditions, Locations 1, 8, and 15 will be positive moment design locations (tension on inside) and
locations 4, 5, 11, and 12 will be negative moment design locations. Shear design is by two methods
one is relatively simple, and requires checking locations 3, 6, 10 and 13 which are located at a
distance dvd from the tip of haunches. The second method is slightly more complex and requires
checking locations (2, 7, 9, and 14) which are where the M/Vd ratio 3.0 and locations (3, 6, 10 and
13) which are located at a distance vd from the tip of haunches. The design methods will be discussed
in subsequent sections.

A-precast box sections

1
4
 B- Cast – in – Place Box Section
Fig. (3) Typical Reinforcing Layout for Single Cell Box Culverts

Fig. (4) Locations of Critical Sections for Shear and Flexure Design in Single Cell Box Sections.
Shear Design Locations-:
Method 1… 3, 6, 10, 13
Method 2… 2, 3,6,7,9,10,13,14

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5
 Note: - For Method 2 shear design, any distributed load within a distance ( ɸv d ) from the tip of
the haunch is neglected . Thus the shear strength at a locations (4, 5, 11 & 12) are compared to the
shear forces at locations (3, 6, 10 & 13) respectively.

Flexural Design Locations

Steel Area Precast Cast – In - Place
AS1 4 , 5 , 11 , 12 5, 11 , 12
AS2 1 1
AS3 15 15
AS4 8 8
AS8 - 4

Typical reinforcing schemes and design locations for two cell box sections are shown in Figure (5).

a- Typical Reinforcing Layout.

* See note, Fig. (4)

B – Design Locations: two cell box culverts.
Fig. (5) Typical Reinforcing Layout and Location of Design Sections for Shear and Flexure Design
of Two Cell Box Culverts.

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A typical reinforcing layout and typical design sections for pipe are shown in Fig. (6) Pipes have
three flexure design locations and two shear design locations. Fig. (6) is also applicable to elliptical
sections. The details of flexural and shear for the Fig. (6) are.

A-Flexural Design Locations:-

1, 5: maximum positive moment locations at invert & crown. 3:
maximum negative moment location near spring line.
B – Shear Design Locations:-
2,4 : locations near invert & crown where ( M/ Vɸvd) = 3.0 Notes:-
1-Reinforcing in crown (Asc) will be the same as that use at the invert unless mat,
quadrant or other special reinforcing arrangements are used. 2-Design locations are the
same for elliptical section.

Fig. (6) Typical Reinforcing Layout and Locations of Critical Sections for Shear and Flexure
Design in Pipe Sections.

1
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 5 - Methods for Structural Analysis
Any method of elastic structural analysis may be sued to determine the moments, thrusts, and shears
at critical locations in the structure. Computer can complete the structural analysis and design of
culverts very efficiently. The method discussed below are appropriate for hand analysis, or are
readily programmable for a hand-held calculator.

5-1 Concrete Pipe Sections.

Using the coefficients presented in Figures (7 to 9), the following equations may be used to
determine moments, thrusts and shears in the pipe due to earth, pipe and internal fluid loads.
M = (cm1We+ cm2Wp+ Cm3Wf) B'/2 … Eq. (1)
N = cn1We+ cn2Wp+ cn3Wf...........................Eq. (2)
V = cv1We+ cv2Wp+ cv3Wf..........................Eq. (-3)
Where:-
M =moment acting on cross section of width b, service load conditions, Inch – Ib,
(taken as absolute value in design equations, always+)
N = axil thrust acting on cross section of width b, service load condition (+ when
compressive, - when tensile), Ibs.
V = shear force acting on cross section of width b, service load condition, Ibs (taken as
absolute value in design equations, always +)
We = total weight of earth on unite length of buried structure, Ibs/ft Wp = weight
of unit length of structure, Ibs/ft.
Wf = total weight of fluid inside unit length of buried structure, Ibs/ft. B' = width, ft.

Cm, Cn & Cv = coefficients.

Figure (1-7): provides coefficients for earth load analysis of circular pipe with 3 loading conditions
β1= 90°, 120° and 180°. In all cases, β2= 360° - β1. These load conditions are normally
referenced by the bedding. Angle, β2. The 120° and 90°bedding cases correspond approximately
with the traditional Class B and Class C bedding conditions (2, 3). These coefficients should
only be used when the side fill is compacted during installation.

Compacting the side fill allows the development of the beneficial lateral pressures assumed in
the analysis. If the side fills are not compacted (this is not recommended), then a new analysis
should be completed using the computer program.

1
1
Fig. (7) Coefficients for M, N, and V due to Earth Load on Circular Pipe.

1
1
Fig. (8) Coefficients or M, N and V due to Pipe Weight on Narrow Support.

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Fig. (9) Coefficients or M, N and V due to Water Load on Circular Pipe.

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5-2 Concrete Box Sections.
The first step in box section design is to select trail wall haunch dimensions. Typically, launches are
at an angle of 45°, and the dimensions are taken equal to the top slab thickness. After these
dimensions are estimated, the section can then be analyzed as a rigid frame, and moment
distribution is often used for this purpose. A simplified moment distribution was developed by
AREA (8) for box culverts under railroads. Modifications of these equations are reproduced in
Table (1) and Table (2) for one and two cell box culverts respectively. This analysis is based on
the following assumptions.

1- The lateral pressure is assumed to be uniform, rather than to vary with depth.
2- The top and bottom slabs are assumed to be of equal thickness, as are the
sidewalls.
3- Only boxes with "Standard" haunches or without haunches can be considered.
Standard haunches have horizontal and vertical dimensions equal to the top slab
thickness.
4- The section is assumed doubly symmetrical, thus separate moments and shears
are not calculated for the top and bottom slabs, since these are nearly identical.
4-1 : Design Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts.

Fig. (10) Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts

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The equations cover the load cases of earth, dead and internal fluid loads. Any one of these cases
can be dropped by setting the appropriate unit weight (soil, concrete or fluid) to zero when
computing the design pressures pv and ps. The equations provide moments, shears and thrusts at
design sections. These designs forces can then be used in the design equations to size the
reinforcing based on the assumed geometry.
Table (1). Design Forces in Single Cell Box Culverts.

Design Pressures.

Eq. (4)

Eq.(5)

Eq.(6)

Design Constants.

Eq.(7)

Eq.(8)

For boxes with no haunches(HH= HV=

0) & G2= G3= G4= 0…. Eq.(9)

Eq.(10)

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 Design Moments.
Moment at origin:

Eq.(11)

Moment in top and

bottom slab: Eq.(12)

Moment in sidewall:
Eq.(13)

Design Shear.
Shear in top and bottom
slab: Eq.(14)

Shear in sidewall:
Eq.(15)

Design Thrusts

Thrusts in bottom slab:

Eq.(16)

Thrust in sidewall:
Eq.(17)

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 Notes:-

1- Analysis is for boxes with standard haunches (HH= HV= TT).

2- Equations may be used to analyze box sections with no haunches by setting
G2= G3= G4= 0.0
1- See Equation (18) for determination of

…...........................................Eq.(18)

2- If M8 is negative use AS min. for side wall inside reinforcing, and do not
check shear at section (9).

4-2 Design Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.

Fig. (11) Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.

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Table (2) Design Force in Two Cell Box Culverts.

Design Pressures.

Eq.(19)

Eq.(20)

Eq.(21)

Geometry Constants

Eq.(22)

Eq.(23)

For boxes with standard

Eq.(24)
haunches

Eq.(25)

Eq.(26)

For boxes without

Eq.(27)
haunches

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 Design Moments
Moments at Origin:

Eq.(28)

Boxes with standard haunches and uniform wall thickness

(HH=HV=TT=TS=TB):
Eq.(29)

Eq.(30)

Boxes without haunches (HH=HV=0, TT=TB TS):

Eq.(31)

Eq.(32)

Moment on bottom slab:

Eq.(33)

Moment in sidewall:

Eq.(34)

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 Design Shears
Shear on bottom slab:
Eq.(35)

Shear in sidewall:
Eq.(36)

Design Thrusts
Thrust in bottom slab:

Eq.(37)

Thrust in side slab; boxes with haunches:

Eq.(38)

Thrust in side slab, boxes without haunches:

Eq.(39)

Notes:-

1- For boxes with standard haunches and all walls of the same thickness
(HH=HV=TT=TS=TB) use Equation (31), Equation (33) and Equation (38).

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 2- For boxes with no haunches and sidewalls with the amw or different
thickness than the top and bottom slabs (HH=HV=0, and TT=TB TS) use
Equation (31), Equation (32), and Equation (39).
3- See Equation (18) for determination of Xdc.
4- If M8 is negative, use ASmin for sidewall inside reinforcing, and do not check
shear at Section 9.
5- Geometry constants F1 through F5 are not required for boxes without
haunches.
5 - Reinforced Concrete Design.
5-1 : Limit States Design Criteria.
The concept of limit states design has been used in buried pipe engineering practice, although it generally
is not formally defined as such. In this design approach, the structure is proportioned to satisfy the
following limits of structural behavior.

1- Minimum ultimate strength equal to strength required for expected service

loading times a load factor.
2- Control of crack width at expected service load to maintain suitable protection
of reinforcement from Corrosion, and in some cases, to limit infiltration or
exfiltration of fluids.
Moments, thrusts and shears at critical points in the pipe or box section, caused by the design loads and
pressure distribution, are determined by elastic analysis. In this analysis, the section stiffness is
usually assumed constant, but it may be varied with stress level, loosed on experimentally determined
stiffness of crocked sections at the crown, invert and spring lines in computer analysis methods.
Multiplying calculated moments, thrusts, and shears (service conditions) determine ultimate
moments, thrusts and shears required for design by a load factor (Lf) as follows:

Mu= LfM................................Eq. (40)

Nu= LfN.................................Eq. (41)
Vu = Lf V...............................Eq. (42)
Where: - Lf = Load Factor.

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Load Factors for Ultimate Strength: The minimum load factors given below are appropriate when
the design bedding is selected near the poorest extreme of the expected installation, and when the
design earth load is conservatively estimated.
For culvert or trench installations alternatively, these minimum load factors may be earth pressure
distribution are determined by a soil-structure interaction analysis in which soil properties are
selected at the lower end of their expected practical range. In addition, the suggested load factors are
intended to be used in conjunction with the strength reduction factors given below.
The 1981 AASHTO Bridge Specifications (4) specify use of a minimum load factor of
1.3 for all loads, multiplied by βcoefficients of 1.0 for dead and earth load and 1.67 for live load plus
impact. Thus, the effective load factors are 1.3 for earth and dead load and 1.3 x 1.67 = 2.2 for live
loads. These load factors are applied to the moments, thrusts and shears resulting from the loads
determined.
Strength Reduction Factors: Strength reduction factors,φ, provide "for the possibility that small
adverse variations in material strengths, workmanship, and dimensions, while individually within
acceptable tolerances and limits of good practice, may combine to result in understrength" . Table (3)
presents the maximum φ factors given in the 1981 AASHTO Bridge Specification.

Table (3) Strength Reduction Factors in Current AASHTO Standard Specifications

for Highway Bridges.

Box Culverts Pipe Culverts

Precast (a) Cast-in-Place (b) Precast (c)
Flexure 1.0 (d) 0.9 1.0 (d)
Shear 0.9 0.85 0.9

a. Section 1.15.7
b. Section 1.5.30
c. Currently recommended by AASHTO Rigid Culvert Liaison Committee for adoption by
AASHTO Bridge Committee.
d. The use of a strength reduction factor equal to 1.0 is contrary to the philosophy of ultimate
strength design; however, it has been justified by the Rigid Culvert Committee on the basis that
precast sections are a manufactured product, and are subject to better quality control than are cast-
in-place structures. Because welded wire fabric, the reinforcing normally used in precast box and
pipe sections, can develop its ultimate strength before failing in flexure, the use of φ= 1.0 with the
yield strength still provides a margin for variations equal to the ratio of the yield strength to the
ultimate strength. If hot rolled reinforcing is used in a precast structure, or if any unusual conditions
exist, a strength reduction factor of 0.9, instead of 1.0, should be used in flexural calculations.

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5-2 Design of Reinforcement for Flexural Strength.
Design for flexural strength is required at sections of maximum moment, as shown in Figure (4),
Figure (5) and Figure (6).

(a) Reinforcement for Flexural Strength, As.

…............Eq.( 43)

….............Eq.(44)

d may be approximated as,

…...........Eq.( 45)

(b) Minimum Reinforcement

(c) For precast or cast. -in-place box sections: min. As= 0.002 bh Eq. (46)

For precast pipe sections:

- For inside face of pipe: min. As= (Bi+ h)2/65,000 …..................Eq. (47)

- For outside face of pipe: min. As= 0 75 (Bi+ h)2/65,000............Eq. (48)

- For elliptical reinforcement in min. As= 2.0 (Bi+ h)2/65,000..............Eq. (49)
Circular pipe:

23
For pipe 84 cm diameter and min. As= 2.0 (Bi+ h)2/65,000...........................................Eq. (50)
Smaller with a single cage of
Reinforcement in the middle
third of the pipe wall:
In no case shall the minimum reinforcement in precast pipe be less than 0.07 square inches
per linear foot.

(d)Maximum Flexural Reinforcement without Stirrups.

(1) Limited by radial tension (inside reinforcing of curved members only):

…......................Eq. (51)

. Where rs is the radius of the inside reinforcement = (Di + 2tb)/2 for circular pipe

The term Frp, is a factor used to reflect the variations that local materials and manufacturing processes
can have on the tensile strength (and therefore the radial tension strength) of concrete in precast
concrete pipe. Experience within the precast concrete pipe industry has shown that such variations
are significant. Frp, may be determined with Equation (52) below when a manufacturer has a
sufficient amount of test data on pipe with large amounts of reinforcing (greater than ( As ) by
Equation
(51) to determine a statistically valid test strength, DL ut , using the criteria in ASTM C655
(AASHTO M242), "Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain
and Sewer Pipe.."

….................................Eq. (52)

Once determined, Frp may be applied to other pipe built by the same process and with the same
materials. If Equation (52) yields values of Frp less than 1.0, a value of 1.0 may still be used if a
review of test results shows that the failure mode was
diagonal tension, and not radial tension. If max. Inside (A s) is less than (As) required for flexure, use
a greater d to reduce the required As, or use radial stirrups, as specified later.

(2) Limited by concrete compression:

….....................Eq.(53)

24
Where: ………………Eq.(54)

0.65 b fc' < g' < 0.85 b fc'

If max As is less than As required for flexure, use a greater d to reduce the required As, or the
member must be designed as a compression member subjected to combined axial load and bending.
This design should be by conventional ultimate strength methods, meeting the requirements of the
AASHTO Bridge Specification; Stirrups provided for diagonal or radial tension may be used to meet
the lateral tie requirements of this section if they are anchored to the compression reinforcement, as
well as to the tension reinforcement.

5-3 Crack Control Check.

Check flexural reinforcement for adequate crack width control at service loads. Crack Width
Control Factor:

…..............Eq. (55)

Where: Fcr = crack control factor, see note c.

…...............Eq. (56)
Note: If e/d is less than 1.15, crack control will not govern and Equation (55) should not be used.
j = 0.74 + 0.1 e/d.................................................................................................Eq. (57)
Note: If e/d > 1.6, use j = 0.90.

…...............Eq. (58)

B1 and C1 are crack control coefficients that define performance of different reinforcements in0.01 in.
crack strength tests of reinforced concrete sections. Crack control coefficients B l and Cl for the type
reinforcements noted below are:

25
 Type Reinforcement (RTYPE) B1 C1
1. Smooth wire or plain bars
1.0

2. Welded smooth wire fabric, 8 in.max.

Spacing of longitudinal. 1.0 1.5

3. Welded deformed wire fabric, deformed

wire, deformed bars, or any reinforcement
with stirrups anchored thereto 1.9

Notes:
Use n =1 when the inner and the outer cages are each a single layer.
Use n = 2 when the inner and the outer cages are each made up from multiple layers.

a- For type 2 reinforcement having, also check Fcr using

coefficients B1 and C1for type 3 reinforcement, and use the larger value for Fcr.
b- Fcr is a crack control factor related to the limit for the average maximum
crack width that is needed to satisfy performance requirements at service load.
When Fcr= 1.0, the average maximum crack width is 0.01 inch for a
reinforcement area As. If a limiting value of less than 1.0 is specified for Fcr,
the probability of a 0.01-inch crack is reduced. No data is available to correlate
values of Fcr with specific crack widths other than 0.01 inches at Fcr=1.0 If the
calculated Fcr is greater than the limiting Fcr, increase As by the ratio:
calculated Fcr/limiting Fcr or decrease the reinforcing spacing.

5-4 Shear Strength Check.

Method 1: This method is given in Section 1.5.35 G of the AASHTO Bridge Specification for
shear strength of box sections .Under uniform load, the ultimate concrete strength, φv Vc must be
greater than the ultimate shear must be greater than the ultimate shear (Vu) computed at a distance
φvd from the face of a support, or from the tip of a haunch with inclination of 45 degrees or greater
with horizontal:

….................Eq. (59)

….................Eq. (60)

26
Current research indicates that this method may be unconservative in some conditions, most
importantly, in the top and bottom slab, near the center wall of two cell box culverts. Thus, Method 2
should also be checked.
Method 2: Method 2 is based on research sponsored by the American Concrete Pipe
Association and is more complex than Method 1, but it reflects the behavior of reinforced
concrete sections under combined shear, thrust and moment with greater accuracy than
Method 1, or the current provisions in the reinforced concrete design section of the AASHTO
Bridge Specification.
Determine Vu at the critical shear strength location in the pipe or box. For buried pipe, this
occurs where the ratio M/Vφvd = 3.0, and for boxes, it occurs either where M/Vφv d = 3.0 or
at the face of supports (or tip of haunch). Distributed load within a distance φvd from the face
of a support may be neglected in calculating Vu, but should be included in calculating the
ratio M/Vφvd.

(a) For pipe, the location where M/Vφv d = 3.0 varies with bedding and load
pressure distributions. For the distributions shown in Figure (12), it varies
between about 10 degrees and 30 degrees from the invert. For the Olander
bedding conditions (Figure 12), the location where M/Vφ v d = 3.0 in a circular
pipe can be determined from Figure (13), based on the parameter rm/¢vd. For
noncircular pipe or other loading conditions, the critical location must be
determined by inspection of the moment and shear diagrams.

27
 Fig.(12) Distribution of Earth Pressure on Culverts.

Angle from invert, degree

Fig.(13) Critical Shear Location in Circular Pipe for Olander , Earth Pressure Distribution

28
 (b) For box sections, the location where MU /VU φvd = 3.0 is at Xdc from the point
of maximum positive moment, determined as follows:

….............................Eq.(18)

This equation can be nondimensionalized by dividing all terms by the mean span of the section being
considered. Figure (14) is a plot of the variation of Xdc /l with l/φvd for several typical values of cm,
where,

….................................Eq.(61)
At sections where M/Vφv d ≥3.0, shear is governed by the basic shear strength, Vb, calculated as

…................Eq.(62)
Where:

….................Eq.(63)

….................Eq.(64)

….................Eq.(65)

….................Eq.(66)

29
 Fig.(14) Location of Critical Shear Section for Straight Members with Uniformly Distributed Load.

- when moment produces tension on the inside of a pipe

…...................Eq. (67)

- when moment produces tension on the outside of a pipe

…..................Eq. (68)

Eq.(69)

The term Fvp is a factor used to reflect the variations that local materials and manufacturing processes
can have on the tensile strength (and therefore diagonal tension strength) of concrete in precast
concrete pipe. Experience within the precast
3
1
concrete pipe industry has shown that such variations are significant. F vp may be determined with
Equation (70) below when a manufacturer has a sufficient amount of test data on pipe that fail in
diagonal tension to determine a statistically valid test strength DL ut , using the criteria in ASTM C655
*AASHTO M242), "Specifications for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer
Pipe."

Fvp …...................................Eq. (70)

Once determined, may be applied to other pipe built by the same process and with the same
materials. (Fvp= 1.0) gives predicted 3-edge bearing test strengths in reasonably good agreement with
pipe industry experience, as reflected in the pipe designs for Class 4 strengths given in ASTM
C76, "Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe."
Thus, it is appropriate to use Fvp=1.0 for pipe manufactured by most combinations of process and
local materials. Available 3-edge bearing test data show minimum values of Fvp of about 0.9 for
poor quality materials and/or processes, as well as possible increases up to about(1.1) or more,
with some combinations of high quality materials and manufacturing process. For tapered inlet
structures, Fvp=0.9 is recommended in the absence of test data. If (φvVb< V u) either use stirrups, as
specified as below, or if (M/Vφvd <3.0), calculate the general shear strength, as given below. Shear
strength will be greater than V b when (M/Vφv d < 3.0) at critical sections at the face of supports or,
for members under concentrated load, at the edge of the load application point. The increased shear
strength when (M/Vφvd < 3.0), termed the general shear strength, VC, is:

…................................Eq. (71)

If M/Vφv d ≥3.0, use M/Vφv d = 3.0 in Equation (71). Vc shall be determined based on M/Vφv d at the
face of supports in restrained end flexural members and at the edges of concentrated loads.
Distributed load within a distance φ vd from the face of a support may be neglected in calculating V u,
but should be included for determining M/Vφvd.

5-5 Stirrups
Stirrups are used for increased radial tension and/or shear strength.
(a) Maximum Circumferential Spacing of Stirrups:

…................................................Eq. (72)

31
 ….....................................................Eq.(73)

(b) Maximum Longitudinal Spacing and Anchorage Requirements for Stirrups.

Longitudinal spacing of stirrups shall equal SL Stirrups shall be anchored
around each inner reinforcement wire or bar, and the anchorage at each end
shall develop the ultimate strength, f v, used for design of the stirrups. In
addition, fv shall not be greater than fy for the stirrup material.
(c) Radial Tension Stirrups (curved members only):

…......................................Eq. (74)

(d) Shear Stirrups (also resist radial tension):

…......................................Eq. (75)

Vc is determined in Equation (71) except use,

….......................................Eq. (76)

Avr= 0 for straight members.

(e) Extent of Stirrups:

Stirrups should be used wherever the radial tension strength limits and/or wherever shear
strength limits are exceeded.

(f) Computer Design of Stirrups:

The computer program to design reinforced concrete pipe that as described includes design of
stirrups. The output gives a stirrup design factor (Sdf) which may be used to size stirrups as
follows:

…...................................Eq. (77)

This format allows the designer to select the most suitable stirrup effective ultimate strength and
spacing.

32
6- Examples Design of Culverts.
6-1 Design Principales(5).
Reinforced concrete pipes either spun or cast are designed to with stand the internal
hydrostatic pressure without exceeding the permissible stresses of (126.5 N/mm2), for mild steel
and (140 N/mm2), in the case of cold drawn steel wires. The thickness of the concrete pipe is
designed in such a way that under specified test pressure, the maximum tensile stress in concrete
when considered as effective to take stress along with the tensile reinforcement, should not exceed
(2N/mm2). The minimum thickness of pipe varies with internal diameter and classification of
pipes. For pressure pipes, the thickness varies from (25) mm for diameter of (80) mm to
(65) mm for a diameter of (1200) mm. The type of (NP-1) class pipes are designated as shown in
table (4). The spigot dimensions of (NP-1) are shown in Fig.(15) .The longitudinal reinforcement
is designed to support the reinforced concrete culvert pipe as a circular beams loaded with twice
the self-weight of the pipe and twice the weight of water to fill the pipe across a span equal to the
length of the pipe. Under these loading conditions, the stresses in the reinforcement should not
exceed the permissible stresses.
Table (4) classification of pipes.

33
 Fig. (15) Spigot dimension of NP-1class R.C.C Pipes.

6-2 Reinforcement in pipes.

The circumferential and longitudinal reinforcement are designed for the loads but minimum
quantity of steel reinforcement are specified or different classes of pipes in IS 458-1971. The
typical reinforcement requirements for pipes of class (P-1) as shown in Table (5).

Table (5) Reinforcements Requirement in pipes of class (P-1).

Reinforcements
Internal Longitudinal mild steel at Spiral hard drawn steel
Diameter (mm) permissible stress of (126.5 wire at permissible stress of
2
N/mm ) (kg/m) (140 N/mm2) (kg/m)
100 0.863 0.327
200 0.863 0.575
400 1.00 3.800
600 1.25 8.150
800 1.78 14.50
1000 2.50 22.50
1200 3.36 32.50

The pitch of spiral should neither to more than (100 mm) or four times the thickness of the barrel,
whichever is less, not less than the maximum size of aggregate plus the diameter of the bar
used. The minimum clear cover for concrete pipes specified in the (IS) Code for different
types of pipes are as shown in Table (6).

34
Table (6) Cover Requirements.

Barrel Thickness (mm) For Spun Pipe (mm) For Pipes other than
Spun Pipes (mm)
25 mm & below 8.5 12.0
Over 25 & including (30) 9.0 12.0
0ver (30) & below (75) 12.0 16.0
75 mm & above 18.0 18.0

6-3 Design Examples of pipe culvert.

Example (1):-

35
 Solving t=36.53 mm, but minimum thickness is not less than (55) mm. Adopted t=60 mm.
5. Longitudinal Reinforcements.
Assume the pipe to span over a length of 3m
Self-weight of pipe = (π x 1.06 x 0.06 x 24) =4.79 kN/m Weight of water=
((π x L2/4) x10) = 7.85 kN/m
Total design load =2(4.79+7.85) =25.28 kN/m
I= π/64(D4-d4) = π/64(1.124- 14) =0.028 m4. Mmax. = (25.28 x
32/8) =28.44 kN.m

Stress σ = (28.44 x 106 x 560/ 0.028 x 1012) = 0.568 N/ mm2.

Stresses are negligibly small. Provide minimum longitudinal reinforcement of
2.5 kg/m, use ɸ6 mm bars.
Weight of each bar = {(π x 0.0062/4) x 7800} = 0.22 kg/m. Number of bars
required = (2.5/0.22) = 11.363.
Spacing = (π x 1000/no. of bars) = (π x 1000/ 14) = 224.285 mm

Use 14 bars of ɸ6 mm at spaced 200 mm along the circumference as longitudinal reinforcement as

shown in Fig. (16)

36
 Example (2):- Design a pipe culvert through a road embankment of height (6) m. The width of the
road is (7.5) m and the formation width is (10) m. The side slope of the embankment is (1.5:1).
The Maximum discharge is (5 m3/s). The save velocity is (3 m/s). Class (AA) tracked vehicle is to
be considered as live load. Assume bell-mouthed entry .Given Ce=1.5, Cs=0.010 and the unit
weight of the soil=20 kN/m3.

Solution.
1- Hydraulic design.
Discharge through the pipe, Q=KAV Where,

Now, K = {1/ (1+Ke+Kf) 0.5}

Kf = 0.0033(L/R1.3)

Where L is the length of the pipe, which is equal to the base width of the embankment.
Therefore,
L= 10+ (2 x 1.5 x 6) =28 m.
Assume (1) m diameter pipe, we have
R=A/P = (π D2/4 ÷ π d) = D/4=1/4=0.25
Therefore

Kf = (0.0033 x 28) / (0.25)1.3= 0.56

And Ke = 0.08 for bell-mouthed entry.

Therefore, we have
Conveyance factor = {1/ (1+0.08+0.56)0.5} =0.78
Hence, Q=KAV
5 = A x 0.78 x 3 or A = 2.13 m2
Area provided by each pipe,
= π D2/4 = π x 12/4 = 0.785 m2
Therefore, the no. of pipes required = 2.13/0.785 = 2.71 say 3 pipes.

37
 2- Bedding for the pipes.
rom table (7), for a pipe of internal diameter (1) m, the external diameter is (1.23) therefore, height of
the embankment over the pipe = (6 – 1.23) =4.77 m
Table (7) Influence coefficient Cs (for NP3 pipes)
Internal External Height of Embankment above the pipe (m)
diameter diameter 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
(mm) (mm)
500 560 0.246 0.288 0.198 0.169 0.117 0.083 0.060 0.017 0.008 0.005
600 770 0.247 0.234 0.210 0.182 0.131 0.094 0.068 0.022 0.010 0.006
700 870 0.247 0.236 0.215 0.186 0.140 0.102 0.075 0.024 0.010 0.006
800 990 0.249 0.240 0.220 0.196 0.149 0.110 0.083 0.027 0.013 0.007
900 1100 0.249 0.241 0.225 0.202 0.156 0.117 0.089 0.029 0.014 0.008
1000 1230 0.249 0.242 0.228 0.205 0.162 0.123 0.095 0.032 0.015 0.010
1200 1440 0.249 0.242 0.230 0.209 0.171 0.131 0.104 0.036 0.020 0.011

As Ce = 1.5, therefore, the load on the pipe owing to each fill, Cewd2= 1.5 x 20 x 1.232= 45.4 kN/m

And load on the pipe owing to wheel load,

4CsIP = 4 x 0.010 x 1.5 x 700 = 42 kN/m

, three
Bedding is chosen based on the strength factor. Referring to (IS 458-1988) (6)

edge-bearing strength for a (NP3) pipe of 1000 mm internal diameter is (72

kN/m) as shown in Table (9).Hence the equation to be satisfied is:
{Three edge bearing strength (kN/m) ÷ factor of safety} = {Load owing to earth fill (kN/m)
÷ strength factor (SF)} + {Load owing to wheel load/ factor of safety}
Or, (72÷1.5) = (45.4÷SF) + (42÷1.5) ………………… Therefore, SF = 2.30
Hence, concrete cradle bedding may be provided, see Table (8),

Table (8) The types of Beddings and their Strength Factors

Type of Bedding Strength Factor
Earth Bedding 2.0
First Class Bedding 2.3
Concrete Cradle Bedding 3.7

38
Table (9) DESIGN AND STRENGTH TEST REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE PIPES
OF CLASS NP3 REINFORCED CONCRETE, MEDIUM-DUTY, NON-PRESSURE PIPES
Strength Test
Reinforcement Requirement for Three
N0minal Edge Bearing Test
internal Barrel
diameter of Wall Load to
pipe Thickness Longitudinal, Mild Spiral, produce Ultimate
Steel of Hard-Drawn Hard- (0.25) mm Load
Steel Drawn Steel Crack
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Min. Kg/ linear Kg/ linear kN/ linear kN/ linear
mm mm
number meter meter meter meter
80 25 6 0.33 0.15 13.00 19.50
100 25 6 0.33 0.22 13.00 19.50
150 25 6 0.33 0.46 13.70 20.55
200 30 6 0.33 0.81 14.50 21.75
225 30 6 0.33 1.03 14.80 22.20
250 30 6 0.33 1.24 15.00 22.50
300 40 8 0.78 1.80 15.50 23.25
350 75 8 0.78 2.95 16.77 25.16
400 75 8 0.78 3.30 19.16 28.14
450 75 8 0.78 3.79 21.56 32.34
500 75 8 0.78 4.82 23.95 35.93
600 85 6+6 1.18 7.01 28.74 43.11
700 85 6+6 1.18 10.27 33.53 50.30
800 95 6+6 2.66 13.04 38.32 57.48
900 100 6+6 2.66 18.30 43.11 64.67
1000 115 6+6 2.66 21.52 47.90 71.85
1100 115 6+6 2.66 27.99 52.69 79.00
1200 120 8+8 3.55 33.57 57.48 86.22
1400 135 8+8 3.55 46.21 67.06 100.60
1600 140 8+8 3.55 65.40 76.64 114.96
1800 150 12+12 9.36 87.10 86.22 129.33
2000 170 12+12 9.36 97.90 95.80 143.70
2200 185 12+12 9.36 113.30 105.38 158.07
2400 200 12+12 14.88 146.61 114.96 172.44
2600 215 12+12 14.88 175.76 124.54 186.81
Note 1: The actual internal dia. Is to be declared by the manufacturer and the tolerance is to be applied
on the declared dia. (see also 0.3.2)
Note 2: Minimum thickness and minimum length of collars shall be the same as that for the next
higher size available in (NP2) class pipes corresponding to the calculated inner dia. Of collars.
Note 3: The longitudinal reinforcement given in this table is valid for pipes up to 2 m effective length for
internal dia. 0f pipe up to 250 mm and up to 3m effective length for higher dia. Pipe.
Note 4: Concrete for pipe above 1800 mm nominal dia. shall have a minimum compressive strength of (35
N/mm2) at 28 days and a minimum cement content of (400 kg/m3).
Note 5: If mild steel is used for spiral reinforcement, the weight specified in col. 5 shall be increased to
140/125

39
3- Reinforcements.
The minimum reinforcements to provided according to (IS 458-1988) (6) Table
(10) are:
Spiral reinforcement = 21.52 kg/m Longitudinal reinforcement = 2.66 kg/m
Weight of the (12) mm spiral (diameter = 1.1 m) = ((π x 0.0122 x 7850)/4) (π x 1.1) = 3.068
kg/m

Table (10) Reinforcement Requirements for (NP3 Pipes

According to (IS 458 – 1988)
Spiral
Longitudinal
reinforcement Ultimate three
Internal diameter steel with
with permissible edge bearing
(mm) permissible stress
stress of 140 MPa strength (kg/m)
of 125 MPa
(kg/m)
(kg/m)
350 0.78 2.95 25.16
400 0.78 3.30 28.74
450 0.78 3.79 32.34
500 0.78 4.82 35.93
600 1.18 7.01 43.11
700 1.18 10.27 50.30
800 2.66 13.04 57.48
900 2.66 18.30 64.67
1000 2.66 21.52 71.85
1100 2.66 27.99 79.00
1200 3.55 33.57 86.22

Providing 30 kg/m 0f spiral, no. of spiral = 30/ 3.068 = 9.77 say 10 Spacing c/c
distance = 1000/10 = 100 mm.
Providing (6 mm dia.) Mild steel bars as longitudinal steel and providing (4kg/m.)
Weight of a single bar = (π x 0. 0062 x 1 x 7850)/4 =0.22 kg/m Providing at 4kg/m,

no, of bars = 4/0.22 = 18.18

Spacing = (π x 1100) / 18.18 =190.08 mm say 150 mm c/c. The
details of reinforcement as shown in Fig. (17).

4
1
6-4 Design Examples of box culvert.
Example (1): Design a reinforced concrete box culvert having a clear vent way of 3m by
3m. The super imposed dead on the culvert is (12.8 Kn/m2). The live load on the culvert is (50
kN/m2). Density of soil at site is (18 kN/m3). Angle of repose (ɸ=300). Adopt M-20 or fc=2o
N/mm2 grade concrete mix and Fe = 415 or FY=415 MPa grade for steel. Sketch the details of
reinforcement in the box culvert.

Solution.

1- Data.
- Clear span = L = 3m.
- Height of event =h = 3m.
- Dead load = 12.8 kN/m2.
- Live load = 50 kN/m2.
- Density of soil = 18 KN/ m3.
- Angle of repose = ɸ = 300.
- Class of concrete = M-20 or fc=2o N/mm2.
2- Permissible stresses.
- σcc = 5 N/ mm2
- σcb = 7 N/ mm2
- σst = 150 N/ mm2 ( water face)
- σst = 190 N/ mm2 ( Away from water face)

4
1
 - m = 13 = modular ratio (Es/Ec).
- J = 0.86 (lever arm = J= (1-k/3).
- Q = 1.198

3- Dimensions of box culvert.

- Adopting thickness of slab as 100 mm/ m span.
- Thickness = ts = tw = 300 mm.
- Effective span = 3300 mm
4- Loads.
- Self-weight of the top = 0.30 x 24 = 7.2 kN/m2
- Super imposed dead load = 12.8 kN/m2
- Live load = 50 kN/m2
- Total load = 70.0 kN/ m2
- Weight of vertical sidewalls = 0.30 x 3.3 x 24 = w = 24
kN. Soil pressure = p = wh (1-sin ɸ)/ (1+ sin ɸ)
At h = 3.3 m, ɸ = 300, w = 18 kN/m3.
The soil pressure =p = 18 x 3.3 x 1/3 = 20 kN/m2.
Uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of super imposed dead load and live load surcharge is
calculated as,
P = (50 + 12.8) {(1-sin ɸ)/ (1+ sin ɸ)} = (62.8 x 1/3 = 21 kN/m2
Uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of super imposed dead load surcharge only is,
P = 12.8 {(1-sin ɸ)/ (1+ sin ɸ)} = (12.8 x 1/3) = 4.26 kN/m2 Intensity
of water pressure is obtained as,
P = wh = (10 x 3.3) = 33 kN/m2
3- Analysis of Moments, Shear, and Thrusts.
The various loading patterns considered are shown in Fig. (18 & 19) The moments,
shears and thrust corresponding to the different cases of loading (case 1 to case 6), the
fixed end moments developed for the six different loading cases are compiled in
Table (11). For two different ratios of (L/H = 1 and 1.5 Where, L = span of the
culvert, H = height of the culvert), evaluated using the coefficients given in Table (12)
are compiled in Table (13). The design forces resulting from the combination of the
various cases yielding maximum moment and forces at the support and mid span
sections are shown in Table (14).

42
Fig. (18) Types of Loading for box Culverts.

43
Table (11) Fixed End Moments in Box Culvert.
Fixed End Moments
Loading case
MA = MA' MD = MD'
1

Note: positive moment indicates tension on inside face.

Fig. (19) Loading Cases Considered for Box Culvert for Example (1)

44
Table (12) Coefficients for Moment, Shear and Thrust.
Factor Loading Case
L:H Section
For 1 2 3 4 5 6
M WL wL2 WL pL2 pL2 pL2
N w wL w pL pL pL
V w wL w pL pL pL
1:1 B-1 M + 0.182 + 0.083 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
A-2 M - 0.068 - 0.042 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 - 0.500
V + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 0.068 - 0.042 + 0.021 + 0.019 - 0.019 - 0.042
N + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 + 0.167 - 0.167 - 0.500
E-4 M - 0.052 - 0.042 - 0.042 - 0.043 + 0.043 + 0.083
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0
D-5 M - 0.036 - 0.042 - 0.004 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 1.000 - 0.333 + 0.33 0
V 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.500
D-6 M - 0.036 - 0.042 - 0.104 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.500
V - 0.500 - 0.500 - 1.020 - 0.333 + 0.333 0
C-7 M + 0.088 + 0.083 + 0.146 + 0.023 - 0.023 - 0.042
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
1.5:1 B-1 M + 0.170 + 0.075 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
A-2 M - 0.079 - 0.050 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.500
V + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 0.079 - 0.050 + 0.018 + 0.015 - 0.015 - 0.033
N + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 + 0.167 - 0.167 - 0.500
E-4 M - 0.062 - 0.050 - 0.050 - 0.047 + 0.047 + 0.092
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 0.500 0 0 0
D-5 M - 0.045 - 0.050 - 0.118 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N + 0.500 + 0.500 + 1.000 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
D-6 M - 0.045 - 0.050 - 0.118 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500
V - 0.500 - 0.500 - 1.000 0 0 0
C-7 M + 0.079 + 0.075 + 0.132 + 0.018 - 0.018 - 0.033
N 0 0 0 - 0.333 + 0.333 + 0.500

Refer to Fig. (18) For details & notations:-

Note: 1- positive moment indicates tension on side face.
2-Positive shear indicates that the summation of force at the left of the section
acts outward when viewed from within.
3- Positive thrust indicates compression on the section.

45
 The maximum positive moments develop at the center of bottom & top slab for the condition that the
sides of the culvert not carrying the live load and the culverts running full with water. The maximum
negative moments develop at the support sections of the bottom slab for the condition, culvert is
empty and the top slab carries the dead & live load.
Table (13) Forces Components for Different Cases of Loading
Loading Case
Section Forces
Case-2 Case-3 Case-4 Case-5 Case-6(a) Case-6(b)
B-1 M 63.20 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 18.18 + 11.0 + 34.65 + 6.93
A-2 M - 31.60 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 18.18 + 11.0 + 34.65 - 6.93
V 115.50 0 0 0 0 0
A-3 M - 31.60 1.66 6.82 - 4.13 - 9.60 -1,92
N 115.50 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 18.18 - 11.00 - 34.65 -6.93
E-4 M - 31.6 - 3.32 - 15.45 - 9.36 +19.20 +3.84
N 115.50 + 39.60 0 0 0 0
D-5 M - 31.60 - 0.317 8.26 - 5.00 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 115.50 + 79.20 - 36.26 + 21.90 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 +34.65 +6.93
D-6 M -31.60 -8.23 8.26 - 5.00 - 9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 0 0 +34.65 + 6.93
V -115.50 -79.20 -36.26 +21.90 0 0
C-7 M 63.20 11.56 8.26 -5.00 -9.60 - 1.92
N 0 0 - 36.26 +21.90 +34.65 + 6.93
Note: Moments are in (kN.m) & shear force and thrusts are in (kN).

4- Design of Reinforcements
-Section: C-7, (mid span of bottom slab) as shown in Table (14)
M = 76.10 KN.m
N = - 7.43 KN (tension)
Ast = (M / (σst * J *d) = (76.10 x 106 / 150 x 0.86 x 270) = 2234 mm2/m Provide 20Ø at 140 mm
c/c
Distribution steel = (0.30 x 300 x 100 / 100) = 900 mm2 Provide 10 Ø at 150 mm(c/c) on both faces.
-Section: D-6, (support section) as shown in Table (14)
M = -54.43 KN.m
N = 34.65 KN
Ast = (M / (σst * J *d) = (54.43 x 106 / 190 x 0.86 x 270) = 1233mm2/m Provide 16 Ø at
150 mm (c/c) and distribution bars of 10 Ø at 150 mm (c/c)

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Table (14) Design Moments and Forces in Box Culvert
Loading Moment Thrust Shear Force
Section Combination M N V
Cases KN.m (kN) (kN)
D-6 2+3+5+6(a) -54.43 +34.65 -172.80
A-2 2+3+5+6(a) -43.67 -23.65 +115.50
B-1 2+3+4+5+6(b) 65.63 -1.25 0
C-7 2+3+4+5+6(b) 76.10 -7.43 0
E-4 2+3+4+5+6(b) -55.89 +155.10 0

-Section: E-4, (vertical sidewall) as shown in Table (14) M = -

55.89 kN.m … MU=1.5 x 55.89 = 83.83 kN.m
N= 155.10 KN … NU = 1.5 x 155.10 = 232.5 kN.

(MU /fck *bD2)= (83.83 x 106/ 20 x 1000 x 3002) = 0.046

with fy= 415 N/mm2

(NU / fck *bD) = 232.5 x 103/ 20 x 1000 x 300) = 0.0387

with (d'/D) = (30/300) =0.10

By referring to interaction curve of SP-16, (p / fck) (7) = 0.02

Where, Asc =Ast = 0.5 (phD/100) = 0.5(0.02 x 20 x 1000 x 300) / 100 = 600 mm2
Hence AS = 1200 mm2.
But minimum reinforcement of (0.8%) of cross section has to be provide, AS = (0.8 x
300 x 1000 / 100) = 2400 mm2

Hence, provide 16 Ø at150 mm (c/c) on both faces in the vertical sidewall.

Distribution steel of 10 Ø at 150 mm (c/c) is provide on both faces. The details
of reinforcement in the box culvert is shown in Fig. (20)

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48
 CHAPTER FOUR

5.0 CONCLUSION

This report has shown my involvement in many area of Civil Engineering Works, ranging from
composition, In the areas mentioned above, I involved in the following:
 Formulating and Supervision of Civil Engineering works.

 Construction of asphaltic road networks

 Construction pavements and culverts

 Better the life of the Nigeria populace and the world as a whole.

In summary, being in these professions has been challenging and fulfilling. Therefore, no doubt or
regret in chosen this profession. I hope to o more and submit myself tutelage under senior colleagues.

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 .1 Endorsement

I, the undersigned, have gone through the report that has been prepared and we endorse the
experience attained and reported by the writer. Based on our personal knowledge of the
character and professional reputation of the applicant, I recommend for acceptance of this
Work Experience report by the COREN in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for
registration as Registered Engineer/Technologist.

Name Stamp and Signature

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