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Class

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS

Plant Movement

Tropic movement Nastic movement

Directional movement Non-directional movement

(A) Tropic Movement

Phototropism In response to light

Chemotropism In response to chemical

Hydrotropism In response to water

Geotropism In response to gravity

Thigmotropism In response to touch

(B) Nastic Movement

(i) Thigmonasty (e.g. Mimosa Pudica)
(ii) Photonasty (e.g. Dandelion flower)

ROLE OF PHYTOHORMONES
S.No. Hormone
Functions

1. Auxin • Promotes cell enlargement and cell differentiation

(e.g. growth of stem).
• Promotes fruit growth.
2. Gibberellins • Promotes cell enlargement and cell differentiation in
presence of auxin.
3. Cytokinin • Promotes cell division i.e. cytokinesis (e.g. in fruits and
seeds).
• Helps in breaking the dormancy of seeds and buds.
• Promotes opening of stomata.
4. Abscisic Acid • Promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds.
(A growth inhibitor)
• Promotes the closing of stomata.
• Promotes the wilting and falling of leaves.

Mechanism of Auxin action

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Normal growth In experimental condition

Shoot Tip
Shoot tip
sun light incident on tip
incident sun light
Auxin starts secreting
Auxin distributes down the stem uniformly

Move towards shaded plant part

Shoot grows uniformly
Increases cell division and cell enlargement

Shaded area elongates

Shaded area grows faster than lighted area

Shoot bends

CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

Types of receptors (specialized cells sensitive to a particular stimulus)

S.No. Receptor Types of Stimulus Sense organ

1. Photo receptors Detects light Eye

2. Phono receptors Detects sound Ear

3. Olfactory receptors Detects smell Nose

4. Gustatory receptors Detects taste Tongue

5. Thermo receptors Detects heat or cold Skin

Three types of Neuron (Nerve cell)

Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Relay Neuron

Nerve Impulse
(Electrical or Chemical signals)

Transmission of nerve impulse)

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Class

Information detected by dendrite tip of a nerve cell

A chemical reaction sets up

Creates an electric impulse

Electrical impulse travels from dendrite

To cell body of nerve cell

Along the Axon

At the end of the axon, chemicals are released

Chemical cross synapse (gap between 2 neurons)

Transmits nerve impulse to a Starts a similar electrical impulse

muscle cell or gland through in next neuron and so on
neuromuscular junction (synapse)

Action by muscle / gland

Nervous System in Humans

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

(CNS) (PNS) (ANS)

Brain Spinal cord Cranial Spinal nerves Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Nerves (31 pairs) Nerves Nerves
(12 pairs)

Fore-Brain Mid-Brain Hind-Brain

Cerebrum Olfactory lobes Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata

Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe

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Class

Brain

Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain

Controls reflex
Olfactory lobes Cerebrum movements of the Pons Cerebellum Medulla
(2/3 part of brain) head, neck, eye oblongata
• Association area muscles, etc. in Regulates Maintain
Responsible Controls
for olfaction • Sensory area response to visual respiration posture and
• Motor area balance of involuntary
or auditory stimuli. actions
body
Spinal Cord: It is rod-like structure enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column
and it is concerned with reflex actions and conduction of nerve impulses to and from the
brain.
Sensory neurons
Receptors
(like skin)
Reflex arc Spinal cord

Effectors
Motor neurons
(like muscle)

Autonomic Nervous System

S. No. Name of Organ Sympathetic System Parasympathetic System

1. Heart Increase contraction and rhythm Decrease contraction and rhythm

2. Bronchi Dilation Constriction

3. Eye Dilation of pupil Constriction of pupil

4. Urinary bladder Relaxation Contraction

TYPES OF GLAND

Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland Heterocrine gland

(Ductless glands)
These glands have
These glands consist of
ducts for secretion of These glands lack ducts both exocrine and
their products. and pass their secretions endocrine tissue and
into the surrounding blood perform both functions.
for transport to the site of
E.g. sweat and action.
salivary gland E.g. pancreas and gonads are mixed
E.g. pituitary and thyroid glands. The endocrine part of pancreas
secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.
The exocrine portion secretes pancreatic
juice containing digestive enzymes.

S.No. Name of Hormones(chemical Functions

Gland messengers)

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1. Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones Regulates the secretion of hormones

from the pituitary.

2. Pituitary Growth Hormone Regulates the development of bones

and muscles.

Oxytocin Regulates the secretion of milk during

lactation and regulates uterine
contractions.

Vasopressin Regulates the water and electrolyte

balance in the body.

Prolactin Regulates the function of mammary

gland.

Trophic Hormones Regulates the secretion of hormones

from other endocrine glands like
thyroid, adrenal, ovary and testis.

3. Thyroid Thyroxin Regulates the metabolism of

carbohydrates, fat and proteins in the
body.

Calcitonin Controls calcium and phosphorus

balance.

4. Parathyroid Parathormone (PTH) Regulates calcium and phosphorus

balance in the blood.

5. Adrenal Corticoids Regulates carbohydrate, fat and protein

metabolism and maintains electrolyte
balance.

Adrenaline Regulates heart rate, breathing rate,

blood pressure and carbohydrate
metabolism.

6. Pancreas Insulin Lowers the blood sugar level

Glucagon Increases the blood sugar level

7. Testes Testosterone Regulates the development of male

reproductive organs and accessory
sexual characters like beard,
moustache, etc.

8. Ovaries Estrogen Regulates the development of female

reproductive organs and accessory
sexual characters like development of
mammary gland.

Progesterone Maintenance of Pregnancy.

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FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

Carbohydrate rich meal

Glucose-level rises in Blood

Inhibits insulin synthesis

Pancreas secretes Insulin

Glucose is utilized or stored

Glucose level falls in Blood