Control

It is the power of restrainingand regulation by which something can be started

slow down or stopped.

Coordination

The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper

manner toproduce aappropriate reaction to a Stimulus, is called Coordination.

 Coordination

The working together of various organs ofthe body of an organisnm in a proper

manner toproduce a appropriate reaction toa Stimulus,is called Coordination.

• It is mainly of 2types:

Nervous Coordination Hormonal Coordination

This happens in animals & humans. This also happens in animals but

Itconsist of : mainly in plants.

• Brain This invloves release of chem

•Spinal cord
•Nerves
 Nervous system

Nervous andmusculartissues are responsible for control & coordination

in humans oranimals.

IIn our body, the information recieves from the tip of nerve cells
all

through the receptors.

Humans (Nerve cells)

 Nervous system
Nerve cell

These type of cells Sense andreceives signals from body to brain

and vice versa.
Nerve cells are also known as "Neurons".

Receptors

These are specialised - structure which present in cell membrane.

These are usually located in our senseorgans,such as:

(Contain Receptors)

Eyes Nose Tongue Skin

 Nervous system

Receptors

These are specialised - structure which present in cell membrane.

These are usually located in our sense organs

Photo receptor Olfactory receptor Gustratory receptor Thermo receptor

"For Vision" "For Smell" "For Taste" "For Sensation"

• These receptors contains specialised neurons,which are responsible for

sending andreceiving messages & necessary informations.
• These receptors and neurons works in co-relation.

•Neurons and receptors are present mostly everywhere in our body.

 Nervous system

(CNS) Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

•Arise fromCNS.
Brain Spinal Cord • Present everywhere in the body.
Nerves

The nerves that arise from broain are called Cranial nerves.

> The nerves that arise from spinal cord are cal
 Peripheral Nervous system

Somatic nerves Autonomic nerves

These nerves control all the voluntary actions These nerves control all the involuntary actions
in our body. in our body.

Actions which are in control of our will are Actions which are not in control of our will are
called voluntary actions. called involuntary actions.

These nerves are of 2 types:

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
WALKING MOVING TALKING
• Prepare our body at the • These nerves keep us calm.
time of fight response.
Stop overthinking.
I •Or in potential danger.
 Nerve ending

Neuron Dendrites
Asmall gap between
Synapse two continous neurons

Nucleus

Cell body

Axon

Electrical Impulse
•An electrical signalwhich travelalong the axon.

Sensory neuron Motor neuron

• These neuronssense informoation and carry it to •These neuronssend responseimpulsesfrom the
the brain. brain to the effector
Reflex Action
When we do somethingwithout thinking about it, is called reflex action.

Reflex actionsare very fast & quick actions.

Message to
Splnal cord braln
(CNS)

Scnsoryncuron
-Motor
neuron

Reccptors = Hcat/ Pain Relay neuron

skin
Receptors in
Effector =Muscle fn arm

Reflex arc
 Human brain
Cerebrum

Cranium (sk

It is the most important organ/Part of our human body. Fore-Brain

> It mainly consist of three parts:

Mid-brain

Forebrain Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Pons
Hind-brain Medulla

Cerebellum

•It has 2 parts:

Cerebrum Hypothalamus
• It has Speech center,judgment center,thinking I • It controls:
center,emotional center.
• Temperature
• It is known as the "Arithmetic logical unit" of the
I• Hunger
human brain.
• Thirst
• It controls all the voluntary actions of our body.
•It is the largestpart of our brain.
 Human brain
Cerebrum

Cranium (sk

> It is the most importantorgan/ Part of our human body. Fore-Brain

> It mainly consist of three parts:

Mid-brain

Midbrain Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Pons
Hind-brain Medulla"
X
• It hasAuditory and visual processingcentre. Cerebellum

Hindbrain
• Itcontrol some involuntary actions with the help of midbrain.

Pons Medulla Cerebellum

• These both together controls our: i •It control our body posture
I and body balance.
• Sleep center Breathing

• Wake-up cycle Heartbeat

 Spinal cord
> Itis located atthe backside of our body.

It connectsthe brain to lower-back portion.

Itcoordinate in the transportation of nerve signals.

It is responsible for all the reflex actions in our body.

CNS Protection
The protection of central nervous system's organs.

Brain Spinal Cord

> isprotected by cranium/skull.
It
It is protected by Vertebral column.
>A balloon also protects the brain.
fluid-filled
Vertebral column provide shape to our body.
• It helps in shock absorption.
 Coordination in Plants

Plants do not have Nervous or muscular system for coordination.

Coordination in plants is majorly done by Hormones.

Plantsmovement areof 2 types:

O Due tostimulus
Due to growth

What is Stimuli?

Anything that can trigger a physical or behavioural change is called stimuli.

(Mimosapudica)
"Touch me not plant
 Coordination in Plants

2) Movement due to growth

Plants response to a particular direction for their growth.

hence, Plants growth is directional.

Plants respond toenvironmental triggers such as light, gravity for growth.

Respond
i)Movement towards light (Phototropism) to líght

The movement of plants towardslight.

Phototropism
(shoots)

Geotropism
(Roots)
towards gravity
 Coordination in Plants

2) Movement due to growth

Plants response to a particular direction for their growth.

hence,Plants growth is directional.

Plants respond to environmental triggers such as light, gravity for growth.

ii) Geotropism

Land or gravity Towards growth

The movement of plants towards gravity.

Plant's roots grow in opposite direction of sunlight. pollen tube

ii) Chemotropism

The movement of plants towards chemical response.

(Ex.) Movement of pollen tube towards ovules.
 Coordination in Plants

2) Movement due to growth

Plants response toa particular direction for their growth.

hence, Plants growth is directional.

Plants respond to environmental triggers such as light,gravity for growth.

iv) Hydrotropism

> The movement of plants towards Water/moisture.

H20
 Plant Hormone

Plants hormones are also known as Phytohormones.

Plantshormones are divided into 2 types :
1) Growth Promoter hormones

• Plants hormones that promotes growth.

Auxin
This hormone isresponsible for Celelongation inplants.
> It's presence causes cell elongation and hence growth.

Gibberellin Cytokinin
> It Also helps in cell elongation. > Itpromotes cell division,
It stem growth & in flower
helps in seed germination flower
development while flowering. & fruit development.
 Plant Hormone

Plants hormones are also known as Phytohormones.

Plants hormones are divided into 2 types:

2) Growth Inhibitor hormones

Absicis acid

> It inhibits plant growth by counter the growth promotivehormones.

> It maintains Seed dormancy.

> It is responsible forcurlting of leaves.

Ethylene
> a gaseous plant hormone.
It is

> Itstimulates the growth & development of flower's organs.

> Ithelps ripening of

in fruit.
 Animal's Hormone

> Inhumans, Hormones are secreted by Glands.

These glands are mainly of 2 types:

i) Endocrine gland ii) Exocrine gland

• These glands directly secrete their •These glandshave specialised duct,in
hormones into the blood. which they secrete their hormones.
pineal gland
pituitary gland

parathyroid gland

thyroid
gland

adrena
gland
-pancreas

-Ovary

testis
 Animal's hormone
Pituitary Gland
•This gland is also knownas "Mastergland".
• is located
It in the brain.

•This gland secretes "Growth hormone".

•This hormone regulates our body's growth.

•Its deficiency causes "Dwarfism"(smaller height).

• Its access causes "Gigantism" (larger height).
Adrenal Gland ADRENAL GLAND

Adrenal
glan

Capsule
• is located at the top of kidneys.
It

•This gland secretes "Adrenaline hormone". Cortex

Medulla
Blood

• prepares our body in difficult or emergency conditions.

vessels
Kidney
It

• Its deficiency causes "Addison disease".

 Animal's hormone
Thyroid Gland
• It is located in the neck side.

•This gland secretes "Thyroxine hormone".

•This hormone balance our growth.
• This hormone also balance our metabolism rate.

•Its deficiency cauUses "Goitre disease".

Para-thyroid Gland
• It is located at the backside of thyroid gland.

•This gland secretes "Parathyroid hormone". Thyroidgland

•This hormone regulates Calcium balance our body. in Parathyroid

glands

• deficiency causes lack of calcium our blood (hypocalcemia).

Its in
 Animal's hormone

Pancreas
•It is located between the upper abdomen and duodenum.
•This gland secretes "Insulin and glucagon hormone".
•This hormone maintain Glucose and blood sugar level in our body.
• lts deficiency caUses "Diabetes disease".

Sex hormones
> Inhuman beings, hormones are same in male
All & female except their sex hormones.

• In males, Testosterone the Sex hormone.

is

•In females, Progesterone & Oestrogen

 FeedbackMechanism

> This mechanism regulates the timing and amount of releasing hormones.

• When?
How much? (Feedback mechanism)
• When?

For example

"Noadrenaline secretion" "Adrenaline Secreted"