mportan freq tange
Audio freg o Hz-5MHZ
Video fa o KHz 300 Q
Radio tce 3GHz-3o09H2 (Above IG)
1650KHz.
550KHz -
Ary Boadcast MHZ
" -b&
88 MHz
PM Boadcat -
Fre Range VLe Audiofra.
3KHz -30 KHz LP
dokHz- 300kHz me
kH2 (3MHz)
30okHz -3000 HA
VHPFM
MH
3MH - 30
So MH2-300 MHz UHE.
300 MHz-34H2 SHP.
34H2 - 304H
Communication system Block Diagram
STrars mìtte
Trorsdret
mi)
mgdula hansert charnel
L noie
cdde
cleceica fom
Rererf laton
Channel
medium bluo ttanitfex Teeive
A Connecing
Types
Uhgided
guided oiele: channel.
ired channel
wsed poimt-to used fo point to poimi +
-poi Communicahon Broad cast.f
Ex- Tuoistud pais(KHe) air
for elephone lecic
Coatial Cable -T-(MH)
waveguide - (aHe) - EM ove
ophcal fabes -(TH2) - lg rt
Loovegide >Retanglag t EMFT
Single mode
opical ftoea op indey
stap mutt mode
Single mode OfC
grodad index
Multi mode
point -to-point
Secure cd.
Broadcast singie ttansoittex, nultiple veceves
Modulaion
4 is o pDcess n hich Ohe of the
of carsier signal is honged acordirg choraces4u
to the
Value
stantancous
U(t = Vmcos(ot
fM
Intantaneoa Yolue
N(t) = Um Cos
Ampm
(2nft t )
mulatron
CwM Rike modulatn igital modedoson
Contiuw
Wove muason ASK 0-Digita
cit) sCh
SK
eIt)CW
Pulse Araty Puse Bo)
Agle mol. PA
AM DPe
PwM
PM
FM ADM
7
eed e modulahon!
(1) ag distenco
ntipleing c=f.
c Fos ovading inte ferehce
Redue ras
) To inprove sinal to hoice
-f= Sott 3X196X106
Co
Ampitude ModulaHon P
a type efof Qnalog
Amplitude modultion is anpitde of caier
modalctic in ohich to the înstah
signal u changecd accaiding
-taneDu value f mesage in and
and
contant .
Keplng
he Cho nge in ampitde
2. phaue
f ccUer is
inea
Quppore iagte signal
mlt): imesage
CarrLe sigral
e(t) Ve cos luct). The carier sinal
is af high freg.. 3o that it allous meae
sigral to tavel to lng distante, olso
4 Keeps the CLAlenna lergth Shau
pec k ampl = Ve
8lt) = [Ve tmlt) cogw.t.
modulaed sinal = Ve(1* Ve intt)eosue
(t)
t
git)An = Ve(t Ka m|t) )Ccs wetsThNDARD
Ikas Amplittde sencitrity
Ka
Ve
Modulating sighal -
pascband mersage ish
Medulatsd'ciqnal Band pass signal.
Ve (it kant)CoSwrt
Envelope g- V ltt Kamit))
frcg. domain Analysis
m e t)
molulhion'- mesage synal
i) single -tone modulati the
freq, (uppose)
mt) = mCos Wmt
Stlpy = Ve(itka meos Wmt) cos t
oKaAmu : modulation înden Ka Ve
unit less
u cos mt) Coswet
St) |AM Ve(it Ve
c0S Wmt car wet
coS wet t Vel
= Ve
Upper side-bound Lower sid
(auricr bend
gnal
Doservatione
3 frequenty compon en H tm
AM od modutotr on.
singe-to
We,
LS8.
Anpitude of vsB LSe is equal.
Pouer caleulation:
Canier power( = Y
UsB power (vse) =
Pe
4
Lse powey (iss)=
Net sde-band power = PusetPse = Pse
4
Pse= Pe
-lotal yequired power fos Am
Pe (1tu2
un-modlotion
modulatron over -
modulation Csitica
modulation underwea’
wtJcosCoswmt Ve
u(itSIHe=
Pr
Power Total
Pewer Useful
Gthcieny
AM of
Case
SIE)= Ve litu cosuoit) cos wet
min : - 1
et
Cosw,t:
max : +4
|sLt>l = ve litucoswnt)
lsit = Ve litu) wohen cOYOm=1
Is( ) = V,t VcVm: == VetVm
coswml=)
Cos wet= 1
cb)
Cos wt=4
|sLbl = Ve Cos wmt =0
Cos wct- 4
CuS wmt -
Ket Coswi-1
z-Ve Cit
- Ve (1t Vn
Is(b)VeVmc
min
Cos wmt=|
Cos ut=
CowmtD
Cos wet-
u n t -l
Istt) |= - [ve-meo
,stblhm. -doe not
VetYmh CrOSs
Cnvelope = VeCitucs wmt).
bohen coS
|s(t)lay
Vmin (say) V-Vm
Vmax 4 Vmin
\e = Vmoxt Vmin
Ym= Vmax Vmin
u= m Yma-Vmin
Vmat Vmin.
Case ci)
=1.
Vm Ym=Ve
Ve llt uÇps wmt) Coc wr t:
SIt) =
(a) |st)| wmt)
Cosut:t|
aoswntt1
(sl elltuo) Cosw.t =tl
(o)
Cos omt =o
((ste))= Ve-)
IsLt] = Velitux(-)}
Ve
V -Vm
Is(tmin so
8 et cs ut =H.
(a)
|st5| -lifucorumt)
[eost
tl
1-QNe
Ist))=-itro)
(6)
(st)|
() |stwl= -(ture))
- Vc(t-u)
St)= - (Ve-Vm)
2Ve
Ve
o+ t
Caseciii) u1.
-(Vn)
ermodulatien hol ued.
Prequency domain Analysis of single tone
AM
St)Am =
uts(w-wo) +&(w+w)
Fcos
PT^cosut ’(s(w-)t s(Ote)]
tom)tfs(w-lwetom)e t
P ^cos (ue 8(wt ( uetm)e|
S(w+ (we-wm))e]
ET of e ,we get
..Taxing s(w-wo) t s(otw)t
(o-(cfwm))-t+ &(W+wet
Plotn
Vele
Vel
4 4
-fe-fmtc -4ctfm
Bw= (Mar free - min Aeg Jon posi hro sice
(fetfm) (fe-f m)
lty Mutt-ftone AM medulaßon
rne thn One B moe tha
mesage Signal
Ket mlt) = mt) tm2lt) t
Poes:
fuse =Pus e = Pe HtHt...)
2
4
et uTT Resultant modulotion index
2
1hen,u= +uz
tmpotont
C s u hat,
Bw
SCe)
imoge
fe
fe-fm
USD!
LSe fe- fm ’fe-fm, fe- fmg
auy.
4re hiç hest fres wiu be futtr
.'. Bw = (Smarfmln)tve side -
= (fe tfma-fe+fm3)
|BW = 2fms
BW= 2xhighest tregueney
Q- is
T me domain en of Ay sg2710t
Cos 2 Lot]cos -The
St) = o+o9
Signal is spae
adited into fee Sketeh the
antnha reAcisteunce
Bpetun anel calulocte Bw, Pr andn .
ot
n20=lo
2
lo6 olx
56.2
= 28-2%.
Q: An M ttansmttes radiate &o w when
the Cariex S not modulato d the caries
is moluatid and url. etunine
the total pwer Tadi atd
Carer not moduaed,
Pe =&ow
2
NOTE! modulation inder ss ato praehay
detoumind atenna cuent
) 1R = 'Rit)
when caeN not
oi auntenna c e n t
modla ted
modulaon.
d ! atanne cent ater
tansmitter is
antenna cuent ot Ay
of
The moculaton &-SA modlain
8A befe modulation
etemine n.
=|1-1°%
eqn of A signal st:
Q- Tao time demain
etumnine Bw 2 Peer
significance of ve modlation
!- No
-’ NoTE alwys taRe the mdue
&o
0nder. So
2X10=20I<H2
02
Pc (tt.t0)
FoRMULA
(ENERAllSEp foRUlA AM
for any tyee of msg
Si_nal
Synal
for any msg
xampleg'
Case s: m lt) = An Snwt sinusoid
[Pr= Pefita)|
Coye 2:. mt) trianqula
Am t
Dms= Am
2
-Aoy 3
kax A
1+ Kanm3
rectangulae Atn
P= Am 2
- Am
= PcitKa'Am
ka Am
(tp
of A sigal
find Uhe effàenty
(b) 22- f .' we dont
ONesdlalio
e
GnENERATIDN Df AM SIhNALS.
-A is c ti nCn-inea mehod
Two method s
(2) Suoitehing modul ate
(4) Square law modulate:.
Addey Volt).
mlt)
Non
t
(Cctuned cut)
bosically
asquai law deyice
a
Centtal freg ap BPf )sis Ve and Gw is 2f .
Mothern ahcalCrp
Clt) Ac cos 2nft
Vitt)= mltlt ct)
Output ot non ùnear device
Volt) = a Vit) + bv? t) arb ae Ye)
tustcnt?
Volt)= omlt) tclt +b |mt) t ctt)]2
a mlt + bm2) +blt) +aclt + 2bmltalt)
Valt)
req of mlt) tm
bf m{) =4n
of cit) =
free. of mlt)clt) = fetfrn, fe-fry
apt
BPF wi then selote siçna a
Vo= aelt) + 2bin (t) c().
) Vo = a Ac t 2nfct 42bmlb Aetor 2nft
|Vo =a Acftt 2b mlt cos 2nft
ka 2
a.
4le re n sLM,
modulattn s happening thuyh
CaUARE Aw moD ULATOR
LA
So name is
quaing
2) SwITCHING mODU LA TOR
elso nonlineoa enerction tmethod of
Ay. i o e wed.
mlt) Volt) AM mt)
BPF c)f.
(ertrol fre He'.
Loca
a soitch
RB, H is off.
when I) ’tVe hay cyde -> Diede B
hog yde Diod Re
lt)t ) when Don'
The out put 's pulsati ng 'm nato
it)' for -ve orde
Jn tve hat oycte of die
Volt)=m)tct)Jat).
9l) represent epre) eroct epresion
non-sinusoida
Hexe gt) -> pulse teoain (non-sihusignal)
&inusodal ignal
gt) = + n=|
an-l
(26fr) todd haunor e
+acos
g)
+clt)|2Cos(2rfet)f
Yeltj= [mt) odd homonits)
+2 cs (25fet)|
2 Ve- co tet. etimingted teough 8P
Of BPF
ct) +2 mlt ) Cos (2n{t)
Sdeband sy
cos(>Kfe t2 mlt).cos 2nfet
S(t) = Y
U mlt
Ve
Ve Ka4
Ti me
DETECTION /OEmoDULAT ON OP AM SIGNALS
emodulotio at receive sdQ
TYpes Dt deteion defect
detocrm r Cohe rent
>Synchn
Asynchonou Sq uaelaw deteche
detecicn detect
Envelope
(mostly uued).
în the dehectYon of
Cariey signal is wed
synchonous detectoL.
AM signol asynchonous
not ue d l
Casniex sgno
detate.
