ALTERNATING

CURRENT --------JO--ltll--gw----; ·:
-------- -- --------
re
--s,-;,;;,ic~~dRMS-~~--;;-,:i;;;,;,;t,;,gc,me,dlt
nt :
Alterlllltfngcur
uzsors only), #IJl1IIIIIIJ:I!
LCR series circuit (pl
' S y ll a b u s reacta~e amt impedance.
we r f11 eto,; wa ttl ess current AC genenz
tor tlllll •:
A.C. circuits, po
rmer.
sf.otn
:: :: :/'
____ __ ____ __ _____ ____
-·
•• •• •• •• •• •• ••
•• •• • • •• •• •• •• •• •• • •• • •• ••
• •• ••
- • • • •• • • •• • • ••
,,11•"•,. ,_ •
I
,.

_________ :
TA lt er n at in g C u rr en t _____ __ .
I UstofTqpics
. pe ak !,

I
I
. Topic-1: Al ter na tin g 7
I

Topic-1 ce pb Covarftd • Alternating cu "e nt, its

I
C on _ ___ J
I
Current Pa ge No . 11
an d i!.'1.?edance, ________
- -l __ __~ ~~~u_~ !~~':!~ ~ !l_ri:1_ To pic -2 : LCR Series 4
_ _
cir cu it Page No . 12
tor
Topic-3: AC ge ne ra

lfJ Revision N ot es
and Transformer
Pa ge No .12 8

+ Sine Wave
Allernating curre nt by sin e curve or
rre nt is rep res en ted
,r All crn ating cu
cosine cu r ve as I = 0
= !0cos CJJt wh ere, 10
of current an d I is
/ sin CJJt or I Sca
is pe ak va
ins tan tan
lue
eo us
n to kno w
mo re abo ut
this topic -
time

t/v olt ag e:
of alternating cu rr en
value of cu rre nt. Peak and rms va lue va lu e of ac is
f, is defin ed as the ive va lue or vir tua l
,r Frequ en cy ,,,.- rrns va lue or effect
let ed pe r Altern atin g or I,, :
number of cycles comp Cu rre nt rep res en ted as I,m., Jeff
z). In In dia,
second. Un it: He rtz (H
the frequen cy of ac is
50 Hz.
e on e
Inns
I
= Jz = 0.707Io
riod T, is time taken to co mplet
,r The time pe
rep res ented as:
cycle. ~ rrns volta ge va lue is
,r AC waveform
s are:
Vrms = Jz
V,
=0.707 V0
+ Squa re wa ve cuits:
re ind uc tiv e cir
<II ~ AC voltage ap pli ed to pu
-0
-----.➔ time
.2 t--+--+--+
:.:::i
0..

~
 i = i.,sin(mt + ♦}
2 I • '-"'Catt .,
Z= JR +x:
Xe= 1/coC z-Ji.1+oer-x..t
tan+ = 1/coCR
i0 = £ O/Z X=r~~L•L)
R2 I
• Power factor cos+ = ~
• current leading. vR, +x:' wit•(~ -•LfR.ie•f j
At-=
i = i0 sin Xa. -Xe
(cot -i) L-R~t
\bltapand cunentainfl-
Phase difference between V&l, cj, = n/],
Power factor cos ( cj,) = 0
Voltage leads current by n/2 . . . (fDl:t )
P=O
,=,.,.m .. ; - ;..in(• - ♦)
II
2
x - xL-Xc z- JR.'+X:.
♦ - 1(,1'2
i = i.,sin ( wt + i) • Power factor - 0, Either
x,-..a..
voll.lge or current leading tan♦-•IJR
cj, = n/2 Power factor cos4> = 0 ia•Eo/Z
.power factor • NZ
Power(P)=O
Current leads the voltage by rr/2
cos4> = l
P=V0 i0 /2
..-,--
In 1883, Nikola Tesla
___.. invented AC. motor,
I AC generator and AC
•voltap ia ludlng
I
•
C urren t & voltage both Conbibution 1 transmission technology.
a.re in same phase
The ratio of emf applied and the -~ .
current produced in an AC circu it J
Z = E0/i0 Ohm
generatlngalternatlngcunent
{Ad~
havmgelementsmagnet,
~-
t
·_______ - Impedance _ _ _.. armature and graphite b ~ /
The hindrance offered by i~·d:;:;:-j AC ~ ~~~':!!';:1ghcoll ,
r I
Reactance -

,mb - VJi
1

~RM eor r0oS1 ,,,.,v a l u CA~ not· ~~::r::_,~::;===-1

I
[ _ ✓ Ji sq uareva /ue ,,,, rurrent s:,,.\ter '119........... Lo. , ,,,A_C..,_. ~
¼... " current . "' , ar~ ~ o1a_

ime.m - 2i./,, _M""" va 1ue o r • •~»wlonner ~""'-llltlo j--~~~-1(,

" - 2Wll 1-.verag<.> value - Dirrction of C'IU'ttnt a
•mea n ~------ ~ almnaliwly ~ I ...
i•4-• / A . ~ L : .i.:
••- ./2,..,.. ' v-"-• . -:::J~l!l!!lll!lllll!ll!lllll!!lll~=-:1 P-~-.-;;r•;;r--•.,._.
(. " - ~v.r- -- · ,........... · ~..... ....,._.__7
• _:::::,, :::::,. :::::,, ~ I ...;
 ALI I lllllf,}g
'
CJ V•V111sin111
+v.
+J.
----
v = V.,sin cut Or-,--,~.....iii"=-~~~•
I= l.,(sincot-i)
tiil,.-h shows current lags the Volta by It
~ ~ i) Waveform of pure
_4.,-traff p0wer = PL = ~[sin (2o>t)) = 0
l,.V inductive circuit

[.c;il!Cf
__average of sin 2wt over a complete cyde15zero)
.

fJI _____________________
_Ke~~o~ds ." ---------------
• .i.., t i . v ~ A pure inductive circuit th
~ . ·-dL_t 'th at
ujnS a pure in UC or WI inductan L h
con"' • • • •• ce enry.
~--"'"iti.ve_MUit A pure capacitor ri ...... ·t.
~ ~ --.u1 1sa
0 ..,,it that contains a pure capacitor With .
OJ•- capaatance
ctarads.
,_...,tance: For A.C. circuits d
, pe ance is
un·

~
the measure of the total opposition that a circuit Waveform of pure
capacitive circuit
presents to electric current. Impedance indudes both I
I
[eSistance and reactance. 'I
~---.. ---------------------- -------------~
I

, AC applied to pure capacitive circuit:

w
V = Vm sin wt
V=Vmsin wt ' .
I = Imsin (wt+ i) Phasor diagram of pure
inductive circuit

[which shows current leads the voltage by ~ ]

2

Average power = Pc = ImVm sin(2wl) = 0 (Since

2
average of sin 2wt over a complete cycle is zero]

~ Phasor-diagram: A phasor diagram represents

sinusoidal ac current and sinusoidal voltage in a 90•
circuit along With the phase difference between
current and voltage.
Phasor diagram of pure
capacitive circuit
 -1 1! 8 c1a11•XII
Oa....a C11SS ~ Bank _,....iae
C ~ - 81 Toi"'-· • .... --- •

• ·""
... ... ... .. ~
ltwtw-e•.........
.,. In a J"'I~ l'f'!li."lth't' k ,11\" l
\lil. ,,li t~ Jn, r : ln
rh,a!llt "ith th(- \"\111\'f\t. R1'1¢1'- '"" rm11 value for current
,~ ftt\'a!IUR I\ ,,,.
'"""-'(m. I
.,. RHl.un.." ill t~ ilW'rti.a ~ai
nst
l'k,m,n.o; "ht'tt an .lltttnaliftS ,"Um th~ _motion_. of
lrms • 72 I
I
I
•
I
.•nt ,liter p.t5:o;ing I
thn."'Sh it J'l\"-IU,'\'!1 • wlt asi• Jn,
r whi dt is 90 out ,,,. r-s
.. , value for voltage V. I
I
,-.f rh.t~ w1th the ,"\irn.·nt.
'Ji.
I
I
r R,""-"t""'-" i!i n.•rn.'!i\·nh.-.J by · x· Vrms = I
I
and its unit is ohm s I
\lll. I

.. lnJu.."tiw n.•.t,1.tn,-e (XL) is the ,,,. rower p- V I I

resistance offered by - ~~ I
I
•n inJu._1,,r. Xi = <i>L = 2'1Cjl In a purely inductive ar~ tt if, I
I
.,. Thn .•~h a pur e inductor; alte
"' V = Vmsm mt I
rnating current ~gs
~h inJ the alternating emf by
.. Cap.idti\"e reactance (Xe) is the
phase angle of 90 ·
resistance offered by ,
I= Im O> t-i} sin(
a cap.idtor.
X _ 1 __1_ where I = Vm andXL=O>L
C- wC - 2rrfC
m XL
.. Thr oug h a pur e capacitor,
alternating current leads <Pavgk = O
the alte rna ting emf by a phase ,,,. In a purely capacitive circ
angle of 90°. uit if,
Imp eda nce is the comprehens V = Vm sin (l)t
ive expression of
all forms of opposition to elec
tron flow, including
resistance and reactance, whe
cur ren t after passing thro ugh
dro p betw een 0° and 90° which
re an alternating
it produces a voltage
I = Im sin (cot+ i)
wit h cur ren t give n as,
will be out of phase
whe re, I = -
vm 1
and Xc = -
"' Xe (l)C
Z= ✓R 2 +X 2
whe re, Z = Imp eda nce of circ Average Pow er= 1 V I cosq,=
uit, R = Resistance , Vnnslnnscos♦
X = Reactance
0 0
2 I
,... Impedance: In an ac, the I
imp edance is analogo us ,I, R.
to resistance in a de circuit (w h ere, cos 't' = - 1s powerfactorX:
tha t measure s the z
com bin ed effect of resistance, I
capacitive reactance I
and ind ucti ve reactance. I

~ - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --.. -......... !I

~~rue~~~
- Very ~hort An sw er Type Q. 4. An a.c. source is rate d at
220 V, 50 Hz. What is the
. ~-J

- time tak en for the vol tag e to

Questions (1 ma rk eac h)
cha nge from its peak
val ue to zer o ?
Q. 1. An alternating current from lEi
a source is given
by i=10 sin 314 t. What is the effe
ctive value of V
current and frequency of source? Ans.
[g] fSQP 2020-21]
Ans. Jeff = IrJ-12 = 10/-../2
= 7.07A ½
Angular frequ ency = w = 314
Or, 2nf = 314
Or, f = 314/2n ½
f = 50H z
Q. 2. What is the impedance of a cap
acit
or of capacitance
C in an ac circuit using source of
frequency n Hz ? Tim e to change from peak value
to zero is
Q. 3. Why alternating current can 0) [ill [CBSE, 202UJ
d.c. ammeter ?
not be measured by a
{0 [Q] t= (f) -(~)=( 2;)=(~)
n.:e :;-
'r-i.Thrs ;:: ;:; ;::pract
~-ice;;;and;;;their;=sol11
;;;tions
:~arez.:
avail-:=
ques tions
able at:;-
the:;:
are for
end;-.
of tire:-:
chap-:;
ter ::: -= -:; -~ -:- -.- --- --- --- - - - - - -
 ALTERNATING CtJRRBlff
~
, Give"1
,. SO Hz, hence T •
so (.!.) s
capKitor which is to be coanectied to ,.._. 11
current to tA. the~
Ans. To reduce the current from 2 A to 1A.
t = (~) is to be doubled.
When only R is present, then
R = VII = 220/2 = 110 n -~ . •es and the
=[~] Now a capacitor C is conn~cu II\ sen
impedance becomes 220 n.
__~
.

z = [R2 +X~
=(~} 1
220 = Jiio2 + x~ 1
Or,
~ cc,JDSDonly Made Error Or, 21Ji, =lla2+xe
Or, Xe= 110./3
~ e students generally confused to correlate :
_l_ == 110./3
; ~ the ba__s~~ P!~a?-'!~e!~ .?!~-~.:~~_!he graph. : Or,
27t/C
I ____ ,.,.. ------------•
1
Or, C = 21tl10✓3
. - Ju19Wering Tip
1
. C = U .93µF
~lflle period of A.C. = 4 x Time taken by the
.. 40 in 314t is
1 Q. 3. An alternating voltage V = 1. s l'i"i1
: ~ vol!~~~ -~r-~~~~ ~~ ~~a_c~ ~?~ P:~~_t?_zero. : connected across a 50 n resist0r- Fmd ~
:.---•witen an alternating current is passed th-r~~gh- • (i) The frequency of the source (A)
Q•5· inoving coil galvanometer, it shows no deflection~ (ii) The r.m.s. current through the resiSt Or. "th
WhY7 01ID Ans. (i) Comparing the given equation of voltage W1
Q. _What is the dimension of the impedan~e?
6 0 IID V = V0 sin rot
ro = 314
1f!1 Short Answer Type or, 2n/ = 314
Iii Questions~! . (2 ~arks each) Frequency = / = -
314
2n
== 50 Hz
1
Q. 1. If a charged capacitor C 1s short circuited through
an inductor L, the charge and current in the circuit VRi'-"S
(ii) ]RMS= - -
oscillate simple harmonically. R
(a) In what form the capacitor and the inductor store Vo
energy? Or, IRMs = ✓ZR
(b) Write two reasons due to which the oscillations
become damped. · IID 0 Or,
140
Q. 2. The current through a resistor is 2 A when ]RMS= .,J2x50
connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz line. Find the value of
IRMs = 1.98 A 1

l®J Short Answer Type Questions-II (:S marks each)

Q.1. An a.c. source. generating a voltage E = Eo sin rol At any moment charge on the capacitor is
is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. Find
the expression for the current I flowing through il q = CE = CEosinrot
Plot a graph of E and I versus rol to show that the Current in the circuit,
7(
3
current is ahead of the voltage by
2- i = dq = !!.._CE0 sinrot
dt dt
[CBSE Sf)P, 2023]
= roCEocosrot
Ans.
= Eo . ( rot+
sm 7t)
1 2
C roe
= ~ sin (rot +
Xe
!:)
2

0 n,,,, questions art for practice and their solutions are available at the end of t/u, chapter
 o. ... .i C'l\SS Qu fft lon Ba
nk C'haptt'rMllf & Toplcwll ,af f1C 8 Cla11-XII
f', '

Gra h of Vand I wn al llh

. · l l·)
• "'Sln alt ♦
VI

~\ the l-Urrent is ahe ad

of the voltage by ~-
2
Gr.1 h of£ an d l versus
oot:
ti

Q. 3. Th e figure sh oy s
the_ graph_ical variation
reactance of a cap aci tor of the
wi th frequency of IC
source.
(a) Fin d the capacitance
of the capacitor.
(b) An ide al ind uct or ha
s the •~m e reactance at
Q. 2. An ac vo lta ge V
= V0 sin rot is app lie d acr Hz frequency as the cap 100
oss a aat o! ha s at the li111t
pu re ind uct or of ind uct frequency. Fin d the val
anc e L. Fin d an expressio ue of inductance of the
for the cu rre nt i, flowin n inductor.
g in the cir cui t and sho (c) Dr aw the gra ph . sho
ma the ma tic all y tha t the w wi ng l:1'e variation of
cur ren t flowing thr oug reactance of thi s ind uct the
lag s be hin d the app lie h it or wi th frequency.
d voltage by a ph ase ang
of ~- Als o dra w gra ph
le 0 lORICBSE 20201
2 s of V and i versus rot for the
cir cu it '
[CBSE SQP, 2023]
14 \
An s.
,....12
9-10
QI
\
~8 \
~ 6
i 4 I"-..
e::: 2 :-.
Ap ply ing Kir chh hoff's 0
rule,
di
V - L- =0
dt
100 200
Frequency (Hz)
300 400 l
or, .
V:0sm rot = Ld
-i
dt - Long A ns w er Ty pe
or, di = Vo sinrot dt - Q ue st io ns (5 m ar be ac h)
L Q. 1. (a) De riv e the exp
res sio n for the cur ren t
On Int egr ati ng, flowing
J
i = '{ sinrotdt in an ide al cap aci tor
con nec ted to an ac sou
an d its reactance whe
n
rce of vol tag e V=V sinrot.
(b) Dr aw its ph aso r dia gra 0
or, i = - -VoCOSO) t m.
O)L (c) If resistance is ad de
d in ser ies to capacitor
cha ng es wi ll occ ur in wlw
the cur ren t flowing in
or, · i =_ Vo sin ( rot -.! :) cir cui t and ph ase ang the
O)L
le bet we en voltage and
2 cur ren t. {mJ ~ {CBSE SQP 2020-211
Ans. (a) Try it yo urself.
-21t)
Refer Ql of SATQ-ll of
or,
i = - VZL sm
0 • (
ro
t Topic 1
(b) Phasor diagram:

or, i =- ~sin ( ro1 - %)

p,;- i·
i = - i0 sin ( rot -%) r.
So, the cur ren t flowin
g thr ou gh it lags beh ind
the app lie d voltag e by
a ph ase angle of 1t
2. (c) A resistor is no w con
nec ted wi th the capacit
series: or ill
~ This question is for prac
tice and its solution is available
al the tnd of the chapter
 " 0 uage drop across R is ioR
:::: "oJtage drop across C is io Xe.
•oe a cross R is in phase With th
w!t-o- C la e CUrrent
wl..,ge across gs the current by 90°.
the "oltage drops across R and a
So• hase- They are out of Closs C are not
il'P (c) Reactance of the capacitor '9adel bf. mvene
tiase by 90". l 1
:, f1J = ✓(ioR)2 +(ioXcf Proportion to the frequ~ I.e., Xe• ]

io = Vo
✓R +X~
2
1
I

'fhe phase angle by which the current 1 d

lied voltage is ea s the
apP

(d)
Phase Angle = <I> = tan-1 Xe 1
R
Q, 2. A device X is c~nnected across an ac source of
voltage V = V0sm rot. The current through X is Iosin(rot+ rc/2) 1

given as I = I 0sin (cot+ "i). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018)

(a) Identify the device X and write the expression for Q. 3. (i) Prove that current flowing through an ideal
its reactance. inductor connected across an ac source lags the
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and voltage by fr/2.
current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
(ii) An inductor of self inductance 100 mH and a
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary
bulb are connected in series with an ac source of
with frequency of the ac? Show this variation
rms voltage 10 V, SO Hz. It is found that effective
graphically.
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X. voltage of the circuit leads the current by phase
l!J] [Delhi & OD, 2018) 7!/4.
A& (a) Identification of device and its reactance. Calculate average power dissipated in the circuit,
½+½ if a current of 1 A flows in the circuiL C!) [lJ:IAI
(b) Graphs of voltage and current with time 1+1
(c) Variation of reactance with frequency
(Graphical variation)

t llwst qMtstions art for practice and their solutions are available al the end of the chapter
 O.....cwo.--Beahoaprs.-•r....-.N*3 M.a.-XI
__ ········· 1
LCR-~c~----------· -- -·-···················
Cm JP Cl N el,,CR .lldlftn,rV/1,.,.._...,,..,eNusce..-...a"t' ,
~ /rKW. ...,,,... ""'"" . . . . . . . . . . • . . ••• • •. . •• '-.
···································· ···· ······· .. .. .
.,

U"R wrwa circuit

r In In L<.k "4·r1t·• c111 u11
- -----•-•·. -
\'• l',. wn , ,,t

., •◄ •I dfr•!; ·, r tn.:!,r.r •4 ll JI,.~

" • 1 II , I,,
J,rJc•I••" r 1/ 1, f H.1 • " , •. I; .-, ,.,.,u 4c I
,.,;; •., , ',;
the• -'l'J'lwJ J'<•kntl.ll ,!1 lf1 ,n,,r ,,,...,....._..,.._ __,
.,. n" .. ~,!£1--...,_,,,1~~·,·-t •,,-: , ,·~,,~ .. :..~
- -"'.....
,....,._ ,1: , u,~•-~ r
c·,111,11 h t lht' •11111 nf tl,r m>p111111!n "'•"
1
I .!•,~ t trl; •f'""'I ~.. ·I
..,.
,,f pntc llh.1I ,11ff 1 ,-1 n~ '° ' ;\' ,.,,,, R, I th n
,Ul,I C: c lnnrnt, a, •fJ,~(i];
._,...,
1,• 0 - -

"' •
\ '.. Mil(•,/ •
c'
1'/ .. I ,;'/' • I .,
.;r
'~}~i
'l< l . _, o_,..,
( 1111nt

"11111', ~ 1, tl w, h.11 r• ""'·'I'·,, 11,,,

r llir 1t•ady,ut1 ,,1 ... 41,.,11"illl>i•
.//
,, ,, ;
I ·.
I • ,----'-----. ""\«II · G) JnJ
', .-'.
//
\
": • l' ,,J . l
11(_ •
·--
, 0

·- , - ~
•
I'.

' ,1 - I
1
'' h, 1,·. qi t.m ' I{__
R
.,.. l h'fll tht• t.·liU.ilH.'!\, '-!l.hh ,t.!c... l UJh ht , •. ~.,'

~•nu .... 11,l.i l \\1th t,:11,·. "' 'h,1.h •!,,!<' 1L.!h !'t ,.rn 1...
,,ntt.n J,

.,. In .1n l CR c1~cl.,t "· . ..

.......
Xi= l:):
V }
.. , C • - ,
(l)L

X = XL - Xe = ('11.. - ~
l"'-.

Tr-..:~ 1~ t:,<" ~-.JL~ ...... ~ L~t~t"r.t .a! rn....-r...a:-... r

r Toe !-;-:.:;•~~.n, L'f !:_..-~.a! rr.•r..J.!'"'..,_11 =, e.~~
z ~~ Q !J,:t ...'f '-'r "'! -.:.~r-.. t.1:~. •r l'f t!'·,< '"!! ... ~! .:; 11 tt~ •
 ~ ,.c dtCfJit'
,~,_ jJIStantaneoul values of
~ :,:;tin an ac circuit are given bythe voltage and
V • V.,sin '°' Impedance for a series LCR cimdt,
I = I.,sin ((Of_
· the phase cliff
Jiett ♦ IS erence betw♦)
fl ..... current. Then, the lnsta een voltage
z- Jx>+x' -[x2+(ot1.-,kjf-
,iid p,w ntaneous PGwer .... Average powei;
p/11 s V X I= VJni5in (Of.sin('°'- ♦)
p = v.i., cos ♦ = v,..1,.cos ♦
r,a
verage pawer p,vg = ! V I
2 "'"'
COs♦ 2
""' Quality factor
V,,. I
= Ji. x-Ji.cos♦ Q =.!.ff
-- ---------------------------
RVC ---------------·
= Vrm, X Irms X cos ♦
where, cos ♦ is known as power factor.
cos ♦ = Effective power
t®l;;~~-----····
Apparent power Concept Current leads in pure ~paci-
tive circuit, voltage leads in pure mduc•
f jhe value of ~ower fact~r v~ries from O10 1. tive circui.
""'e current m an AC mcu1t is said to be u, Mnemonics: Chocolate Cookies are
f 111
h h "alt1ess
current w en I edaverage power consumed in such Very Interesting!
·rcuil correspon s lo zero. This happens • f Interpretations:
Cl . d .. in case o
pure inductive an capacitive circuits. C: Current leads
C: Capacitive circuit
V: Voltage leads
I: Inductive circuit
--------------------------------
./ sui~~~~,rJ: TYPE Q~STJONS
I Very Short Answer Type Q. 4. What is the phase difference between the cunent
and voltage in a series LCR circuit at resonance?
Questions (1 mark each)
[QI [CBS E DELHI SET 2, 2020 MODIFIED)
Q. 1. When the selectivity of a series LCR circuit will be Ans. At resonance, phase difference is zero.
large? [U] [CllSE DELI II SET 1, 2020 MODIFIED]
Ans. When L is large and R is small. 1 Q. 5. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What is the
Q. 2. Whal is the power factor of a series LCR circuit at phase difference between voltage and current in
resonance? the circuit 7 0 ~ [O.D. I, 2016)
G
[OJ [CUSE DELH I SET 1, 2020 MODIFlEDJ
Q. 3. Aseries combination of an inductor (L), capacitor B ShortAnswerType
(C) and a resistor (R) is connected across an a.c. - Questions-I (2 marts each)
source of emf of peak value E0 and angular
frequency (w). Plot a graph lo show variation of Q. 1. (a) Explain the term 'sharpness of resonance' in ac
impedance of the circuit with angular frequency circuit
(ro). (ili] [Q] [CBSE DELH I SET, 2020] (b) In a series LCR circuit, VL = Ve '# VR- What is the
value of power factor for this circuit?
~ & [A] [CBSE 1.020)

1
-+ro

i llirs, ~ions arr /r,r practict and thrir solutions are availablt at 1hr end of tht duzpln
 ~-•Q.-••--•-•_:: _-----•--_: -_; _-----••• --••--• •
2.A resistor Ra nd an induct ---------•• -_:.•••••••• -•••-soo---•-- ---•-----
or
to a source of voltage V La re connected in series
= V0 sin rot. The voltage
••• f =- = 80 Hz ••
I

is found to lea d cur ren 2n

t in phase by ~ . If the
4 (ii) Quality factor = Q ffioL
ind uct or is replaced by
a capacitor C, the voltag
e
= R
lags be hin d cur ren t in ph
ase by ~ . When L, C and 500 X 5()
10·)
R are connected in series
4 or, Q = - -X- -
wi th the same source, 40
Fin d the:
(i) average po we r dis sip Q = 0.625
(ii) ins tan tan eou s cur
ate d and
ren t in the circuit
~
B Short A ns w er Ty pe
·
Q. 3. In a series LCR cir [h] ICBSE OD SET 1, 2020] - Questlons-11
cuit, obtain the condit
ions (3 m ar a- ,
un de r wh ich Q. 1. A capacitor (C) and
(i) im ped anc e of the cir resistor (R) are connec
cuit is minimum. series wi th an ac source ted;
of
(ii) wa ttle ss cu rre nt
flows in the circuit. 50 Hz. The potential dif voltage of ~
Q. 4. Th e figure sho ws
a series LCR circuit
~ 0 are respectively 120 V
ference across C and l
to a variable frequency connected an d 90 V, and the C1Uftlll
200 V ac source . in the circuit is 3 A. Ca
Fin d (i) the source fre lculate (i) the impedancu
quency wh ich drives the circuit (ii) the value (
cir cui t to resonance. the of the inductance, whick
wh en connected in ser
ies wi th C and R will mak
(ii) the qu ali ty factor
(Q) of the circuit. the power factor of the e
[h] circuit unity.
[!]+ [A l [CBSE OD SET 1,
2019}
Ans. Calculation of im
pedance
I
.
Calculation of inductanc
e
l
SOmH BOµF 40 0 (i) Z= ✓R 2 +Xc
I
V
R= ...! .=3 0Q

71.JJV
IK
V 120
Xc =. :.£ =-
le 30
=4 00 '
An s. (i) Resonance fre
quency =ui0 = ,[L1E z = ✓(30)2 + (40) 2 = 50-~
(ii) Xe= XL
1 As power factor = 1
or,
UJu = ✓50 x 10 3 x 80 x 10 6 lOO!tL = 40
or, (/)0 = 500 2
L= -H
or, 21tf =500 Sit "-
-,
c.?) ~ questions are for practice and (CBSE M a rk in g
_their solutions are available at
tlll end of the chapter
~
 Al,TJ.RNATINO ctnUd'ff

CU) Without mallln11 anJ othn dNI,..., find

of th• addlllonal upadtor t•., lo W """;;.. . .
dW::::
r•r•ll•I with th• <•panlor C, In ontn ID
row•r fa, tnr of lh• d«ull unity,
a) :ll 1< D'il. IJI' I tfl «tf r I, 201 71

C• 2µF
L • lOOmll R • 400n

---------------~-------..___ ____
(11\ine the !murce frequency Which .
11'1('1( ·t in tt!iOnance. dnves the
l• 'l'"\11 •
,1 :-ula~ the impedance of the .
t-1 c,l•litude of current at resonance circuit and V = V0 sin (1000 t+ ♦)
l 111r 'Id .
~ "'" th.1t potentia rop across LC co . .
l'l ~rtrO at resonating frequency. mbanation . · resistor of JOO
Q. 4. A capaolorof unknown capaat.ance, a ~n2) Henry
,. IA] [CBSE OD S[T 1, 2019) Qandaninductorofselfinducun ceL = ( v
are connected in series lo an ac source of 200
Gi,•en: Source voltage, V = 230 V and SO Hz. Calculate the value of the capacitan~e9
.~ R = 40 -~' C = 80 µF, L = 5.0 H and impedance of the circuit when the current
At ~nance condition, in phase with the voltage. C~J~te ~e 1 ~~:j
ia) Ve = Vi ' dissipated in the circuiL ..:,, tYi (0. · ,

II
or; iXc=iXi LongAnswerType
or;
1
21tfC = 2njt Questions cs 1DC11b eacb)
Q. 1. (a) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissip.ate
1 power in an a.c. circuiL
or; f = 21t✓IE (b) The variation of inductive reactance (Xt) of an
1 inductor with the frequency (f) of the a.c. ~ource
= 2rt.j(S.0) x (80 x 10-6) Hz
of 100 V and variable frequency is shown 111 the
figure.
= 7.96Hz 1 ---·---- ---·---·
(b) At resonance, Xe = XL (XL inn)
So, the impedance of the circuit 60 ------------
Z = .jRz+(XL -Xc)z 40 - ------- I

or, Z=R 20- -- --

or, Z = 40Q
Since, I = Vin
rms Z 0 100 200 300
/(in Hz)
Amplitude of current, 10 = ✓2 Im,s = ✓2 x Vin
z
(i) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.
r.; 230V
= = 8.13Al (ii) When this inductor is used in series with a
-,JL,X
40 Q capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10
1
(c) Af. resonance condition, Q at 300 s- , maximum power dissipation occurs
in the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the
XL =Xe
capacitor. IA]
or, IXL= IXc
or, VL = Ve Ans. (a) Power dissipation = P = Vrm.lrms cos 4> ¼
or, the potential drop across LC combination cos$=~- ¼
VL-Ve=O. 1 z
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) For ideal inductor R = 0
cos 4> = 0
Q. 3. (i) Find the value of the phase difference between
the current and the voltage in the series LCR P = v,,,,),,,,. cos 4> = o
circuit shown below. Which one leads in phase: Thus, ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an
current or voltage ? ac circuit. t
0 '1ltts, questions are for practice and their sclulio11s are available al the e11d uf tlw chn1,ti:r

.,,
,-,--------
~ - ............ ..........., ,~.., n~,,....v • r,.,, .,~. - co.,,.x,,
Chi Ill l11,h1, II\ " h •• , . 1111 , • • x, • 2n/l.
~
ilgnlflc,nc, of the Q-f1ctor In 1c drtuJa
the 1ngul1r frequency of the 1c IIOUrq to7 Cit._
I
I. • ~ L rid/•. C.lcul1te the average power dilll be Jet
• 'I/ the circuit. iA)10.1>. Comptt ( 11 ~11tc1 i_
I 111111 >;1,1ph, ,ti/ .. IINI II, . __ _._' . :_~t '-1)1~
.\', ~ 20U ·,

,-:~ -,,: ,.,

• U.U.l2 11 • 32 mll
lill l\,wn il 1" 11'•1ll 11111~ 111.1~i11111111 wlwn
J½
r-7
L •::
HIU

•!Jc ·.
--- _
200mH

V= 50V
2n// .... . I
2n/C
Ana. (i) Clkulation of upacitlnce
/ ·• :100 \ 1 (ii) Q-factor of circuit and its Importance l
I.• IUt:1211 Calculation of average power dissipated 2
(i) As power factor is unity, 2
2n//.... I
2n/C XL =Xe
1
⇒ w= Jtc
l )r, 2n x :ltKI x O,U:12 :: ___
I --
2n >< 3(k) xC
C c 8.8 x l0 ~11 = 8,8 µ P 1½
100 = .J200xto·3 xc
-
CJ. 2.. A dc•vkc 'X' iH cunnc•fh•d to an ac source 1CJ4 X 2 X !ff X 10·3 X C = 1
V ., V11 ~in 111/ , The• variation of voltage, current and
pow1•r iH~hown in the• following graph: 1
C= - -F
y I I I
2x103
I I
I = 0.5 x 10·3 F
I ,,, c: = 0.5 rnF

(I
, J ""

-
I

211
---+
oil
(ii) Quality factor, Q=.!fI
RVc
200x to·3
10 0.5xt0·3
(J) ldl'ntify the device 'X'.
1
(b) Which of the curves A, 8 and C rl'prl'sent the = - X20=2
voltage, current and the power consumed in the 10
circuit? Justify your answer. Significance: It measures the sharpness of
(c) llow docs its imp('dance vary with frequency of resonance.
the 11c source? Show graphically. Average Power dissipated,
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit P = V,m,I,ms cost
and its phase relation with ac voltage. IU)& IAl0 50
= 50 x x1 W
Q, 3. In the following circuit, calculate (i) the capacitance 10
= 250 watts

.-. .--------.-.--·---.---------------------- --- ,

of the capacitor, if the power factor of the circuit is 1
unity, (ii) the Q-faclor of this circuit. What is the ICBSE Marking Scheme,2017)

I .,.
.
&Op~- AC Generator and Transformer
3 .C1lllc.pt1
Covem • AC generator and transformer,
·----------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------·•·'
:::

[J Revision Notes
AC gl'nerator ,... It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
,... An AC gener.i tor is an electrical machine which where a coil rotates in uniform magnetic field and
sets an induced emf given as:
conVl'rls ml'rhanical energy into alternating electrical
("n~rgy, _ _ _ _ e = e0 sin wt = NBAw sin wt
0 7 l,r, qul'\lw11 ,, /"' 11rnrl11~ n111/ 11; ,.,,/11tio11 i, a11t11l11/J/1•ul tlu· r11d of llrr cloapt,·r
 ALTIRNAflNO cuRRBNT
r ~-
- ~ ;s an •lettncal h . d-··
.. y,ce '-tot::
81.!Jft.
f - _M'i tor changtng t e amplitude of lhbi 1ap1/

~;,iatinS voltages. •
•·
,J. t,ased on the phenomenon 0 f ••
It iS al induction. • ' •
,rilltll f AC genffllor
roain use o transformer is in
, ~sroission of ac over long d" t
tta" h" h
. 11 voltagt'S w ic reduces th
is ances at
extremely
1
ltiS . e energy I
srois.-.1on. osses in
If'" . ScantolcnoW
t c0rornses of two sets of coils Which . .,.. The efficiency in a transformer is ~aboat
f I
0
another on soft-iron core
oe .
are insulated on
.
one coil 1s called pnmary (input coil) h
·
usually above 90%.
.,.. An ideal transformer is 100% rii
f
... c so we have
tu••-'
.
wtiile other coil is secondary (output a~mg NP turns
coil) having N
s
efficient as it delivers all energy it
receives.
,... Real transformer is not 100%
~
m
V 1 N efficient and at full load, its
J.=...!..=-• -k
VP 1. Np - efficiency lies between 94% to%% .
.,. Energy losses in transformers are due to:
ansformation Ratio: 1. Flux Leakage
, 1ir
N Vs . dfined as the transform ti
_J..;;;-;;- 1s e . 2. Resistance of windings
~ vp a~ra~
3. Eddy currents
In step-up transformer N 5 > N vs > Vp and J < I
f'
T}le transformation ratio k > I
P' 5
p· m-KeyPorii;u.iae ________________ _
4. Hysteresis

,.
Step-down transformer: N5 < N P' this, Vs < V and J
> Ip P s .,. For transformer:
V I N
The _!l'_a_n_s!~r-~~~~~-r~~?___ __ k< I • =k
J.=....E...=-
• Key Words -----------------] v, 15 N,
I

:~
•
, ,.,i1nsformatlon . atlo:
R .
The transformati·
Mra~
.
I
:
,
.,. V5 =( :;)v, and/ =( ~ },
5

, is defined as the ratio of output voltage to the input :

.,. The value of transformation ratio is greater than 1 fot,
voltage of a transformer. This gives the information :
step up transformer and less than 1 for step-down:
about the chan ge in voltage level by the transformer. :I transformer. :
I
I
: . . Vs I a
I
, Transformation ratio= k = - = Ns ....E.. : .,. %Efficiency = Output power x 100% I
: Vp Np = Is :
Input power
I

I :
: If k >1, then it is a step-up transformer. : Losses
I t Input power
__,.___...__ _-_ __ X 100%
:I If k < 1, then it is a step-down transformer. 'I Input power
~-.. .... -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 1
For generator:
,, Efficiency of transfor mer: ,,... e = e0sin wt = NBA w sin wt
T] = Output power ,,... I= :. = NBAwsinwt
Input power r R

-·•
of energy. If a voltage is increased, the current is

I Very Short Answer Type

Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 1. Does the step down transformer violate the
decreased in the same ratio and the product VI
(power) remains constant.
Q. 2. Mention the two characteristic properties of the
material suitable for making core of a transformer.
1

principle of conservation of energy? [Q]

Ans. No, it does not violate the principle of conservation
0[!{]] [DJ
0 Tl,isqu,sfmn is. for practice
. and its solution is available at the end of tlu, chapter
i~
i
c-., <1111& 0uNClon Donk l'h.... . - • """"""• - C l , u - X I I
Q, l. Why do w. ,,.,., r•rbon bru■hn lh•n rop,., In (U) The •verage emf generated in the COil -
•n tlf llffl•NlorP IUI complete rotation is 0. o...
An■• Thr r•rfli•n L1 11h ·q
•ru 11111'\1 In Kt'nrraton, an'
nim,,"un '""'· Ifavh,K ■m,1111•111,...n,lon on hraling,
" ■ lbol't Aalwel'....._,
• 7pr.~
It malnt411n, 1hr 11n•J'l\'r rontact II wrll. l Qaeldoal-D (I
Q. ._ Wh•t I■ the h'l•llonahlp between lhe
lr•n•form•llon r•llo tind lhe volt.ge7 IUI Q. 1. Explain wllh lhe help of a clJagram, the "O&i._ .
An■• If ~II th,• mo1gn,•tk lh111 Jul' lo any rum•nt In the • ,tep-down transformer. Why ii a lainina.;'IQf
J•nm,uy l, link,-J with thr M"O>nJnry, then core used In a transformer 7 ,
~.. . Y!_ • k Ill) (CBSE OD SET l,
N, v,, An,. Working of a step-down transformer: ~
wlwn• AI~ th,• lr,m~form,ilion rc11io A step-down transformer converts a high Volta
1
■ the primary side to a low voltage at the 5eco &eai
Short Annnr Type side. ndary
OueltJona-1 (I marll:1 each)
Q. I. A power g,•m•ratlng station produces electric
pow,•~ f,(}() kW at 4000 V whkh ls to be transported
lo a du1t,1nt vill•gr. The turns ratio of the step up
tro1nllformer UNl'J at the generating station is 1:10.
In the vill•ge if the voltage to be supplied at 200V,
th,•n what will be the turns ratio of the step-down
tran11form1•r7 Secondary
coil
An11. At g1•1wr,1ting station:

I-·or ~tl'p-up lr,1nsformcr, ~

Vp
s Transformer works on the principle of #Faraday•
5
law of electromagnetic induction".
Or, 4000 _ 1
Vs - 10 The emf induced is determined by the munberot
turns in primary and secondary windings. This
Vs= 4<XXXJV 1
Al dl'stination village: ratio is called as turns ratio (or transformation
v,. ratio).
For stl'p-up transformer, ~ The voltage reduction capability of step-d0Wn
s
transformers depends on the turns ratio of the
40000 = Np primary and secondary coils. As the number of
200 Ns turns in secondary coil is kept less as compared
Np to the number of turns in primary coil, the
Ns =200 : 1 1 amount of flux linkage to the secondary coil of the
transformer becomes less compared to the primary
Q. 2. Stale the underlying principle of a transformer. coil. Accordingly, the emf induced becomes less in
How is the long distance transmission of electric
the secondary coil.
energy over long distances done with the use of
transformers 7 @:!] [E.] 0
Q. 3. An athlete peddles a stationary tricycle whose
pedals are attached to a coil having 100 turns
each of area 0.1 m 2• The coil, lying in XY plane, is Here,
rotated in this plane at the rate of 50 rpm, about the N, = Number of turns in secondary coil
z-axis, in a region where a uniform magnetic field NP= Number of turns in primary coil
V, = Voltage in secondary coil
➔ ~

B = 0.01k Tesla is present. Find the (i) maximum

emf generated (ii) average emf generated in the VP = Voltage in primary coil ~
The number of turns in secondary winding is
coil over one complete rotation. ~ [E)
Ans. (i) Maximum emf generated = E = NBAw always less than the number of turns in the primal)'
e = NBA x 2nf ½ winding of the transformer, i.e., NP> N,. ~
50 As the number of turns is less in secondary coil, 50
Or, e = 100 x 0.01 x 0.1 x 2n x 60 the induced emf (output voltage) in the secondarY
coil is less than the primary input voltage.
e= ~ V = 0.52 V Laminated iron core is used in transformers to
6
reduce the Eddy current which prevents the
I This q11rsti,111 is /11r praclire and its S/Jlulion is avai/11ble al the e11d of the chapter
 ' . t transfer of energy front the •
, ~ndatY coil and causes e Pr&rnary l'Oil to
Ill'i,eat generation in the l'O~. nergy l<>ss in fornt tllO lwmldeal ............
cJ N""e the device used to~ 1 ',V,•i,V.
I V N
o-" (•!_...~ to a higher or lower Valuge the altern.ting ... -!-•-f ·"if
.-,.:;wer dissipation in this d~· 8tate one cauae '• , ,
fotr- ce.
a,iJl with an example, how (lv) We have
~ ~aaced ii the energy is transnu:Ower losa is ;,y-_, = i,V, • SSOW
~• ncts as an alternating curr ed over long v,-220v
9
.-;- th
ent rath
~ current. [DJ [CBSE OD SE;r an a
1 i = 550 .. ! =2.SA ~tl+l'
Transformer is used to change th , 2018]
)
(• ttage to a higher or Iower value. e alternating ' 220 2
,;- (CBSE MarJdng SdaeaM,,a6)
'iO e cause of power dissipation in tr Q. 2. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up
?.:' resistance (I2R loss) of the coppe a'.'5former is
r Wire used for transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary ~
"'e .
wiJtdlOS· . primary voltage in terms of number of tams an
1½
•• the generation end, the altern tin currents in the two coils.
(I,) f1-' d b · a g voltage
:. steppe up y using a step-up transformer (b) A power transmission line feeds input power at
.., din · 2200 V to a step-down transformer with its primary
6-, the correspon g current red
;,v, th h uces. It is windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of
roug transmission line So
transmitted . bl 12R Ioss. At the rec .s. . , there turns in the secondary to get the power output at
. no appreaa e e1vmg point
1s .
down to the de . d Ieve!,
220 V. (?) IA] [CBSE DEL SET 1, 2017)
the voltage ts stepped s1re
th . . Q. 3. (i) Describe, the working principle of a !tep-up
by using a step-down transformer and en 1t 1s transformer with the help of a suitable diagram.
distributed to consumers.
Obtain the relation between input and output
This step-up and step down are not so easy voltages in terms of the number of turns of
processes for direct current. ½ primary and secondary windings and the currents
12
• (a) What is the principle of transformer? . in the input and output circuits.
Q,~• I .
(b) Explain how anunating the core of a transformer (ii) Given the input current 15 A and the input voltage
helps to reduce eddy current losses in it of 100 V for a step-up transformer having 90%
(c) Why the primary and secondary coils of a efficiency, find the output power and the voltage
transformer are preferably wound on the same in the secondary if the output current is 3 A.
core? $~ID] ~ (Ill + (A] [Foreign I, II, Ill 2017)
Ans. (i) Try Yourself See Q.1 of Topic-3 LATQ. 1 +1

I Long Answer Type

Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down

ttansformer. State the principle of its working.
Vs _ Ns
V, - N,
= 1,
Is

(ii) Input power, P; = I; x V; = 15 x 100 = 1500 W

1

¾
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
90
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents Power output, PO = P; x =1350 W ¾
100
in terms of turn ratio of an ideal transformer.
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a 10V0 = 1350 W ¾.
b'ansformer connected to 220 V supply when it
delivers power to a 110 V - 550 W refrigerator? Output voltage, V0 = -1350-v = 450 V ¾
IA] [CBSE OD SET I, 2016] 3

Ans.(i) Labelled diagram 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017)

Principle 1 Q. 4. (a) State the principle of working of a transformer.
(ii) Expression for the tum ratio in terms of voltage ¼ (b) Define efficiency of a transformer.
(iii) Ratio of primary and secondary currents in
1 (c) State any two factors that reduce the efficiency of
terms of turns
a transformer.
~v) Current drawn by primary
Formula: ¼ (d) Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a
ulculation and result ¼ + ¼ 90% efficient transformer which steps down 220 V
fl) and (ii) Try & Yourself, See Q.1 of Topic-3 to 22 V, if the output resistance is 440 n.
SATQ-11 /U & A![CBSE Comptt. I, II, III 2018)
l+l
elliat ,,..,.tions ar, ft,r practia and their solutions art availabk at the md of the chapter
IJ"-------■

L._
-
.,__,•..,.....
~-•
- • - CBSII: Qul'1tlon Bank l'haptl'rwlll'
-cr,,,-XJI
& Toplc:Wlat, ra•-

..........
Mas 11$1al•y

MC'lblallnalhecurratdnwn
I

:& v,r,
N 'IJ It '-nelf. Set Q.1 of Toplc-3, LATQ. I 221, • 0.9
C'» The tf8cltncy of a trantlormer equals the ratio of :. 2'lDI,
the output power to the input power.
Alternatively:
1
or,
!L
,,
.!!.,
0.1
Efftdency. outputpower
inputpower
Efficiency• v,,, l • !t ..
' 9 9
(!JA
v,,,,, 1
•-A
(c) (i) Eddy current loss 180
(ii) joule heat loss • 0.0056A
(CBSEMukingSdiea.,,~

\~ OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

It
_U~
■ Multiple Choice Questions Here $= 2
So, Power= 0
O 1/4e rms current in a circuit connected lo 50 Hz o :v f'he voltage across a resistor, an inducto~ illd
V ;;· source is 15 A. The value of the current in the V ~apacitor connected in series to an ac source 1
circuit ( ~O) s after the instant the current is zero, 20 v, 15 V and_ 30 _v_ respectively. The resu1i::
voltage in the circuit 1s [CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2022!
is [CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2022] (A) 5 V (B) 20 V
(C) 25 V (D) 65 V
(A) JzA (B) 15✓2A
Ans. Option (C) is correcl
Expla11ation: The resultant voltage in the lCl
(C) ✓2 A (D)BA [QI series circuit is calculated as,
15
v = ✓v/ +(v, ~ vS
Ans. Option (A) is correcl
Here, all alphabets are in their usual meanings.
Expla11atio11: I = I0 sin rot
VR =2ov,v, = 30Vand Vl =15V
or, I= I,ms X ✓2 sin (2it/1)
X
So, V = ✓(20) + (30 ~ 15)
2 2
r;:; ( 2x1t x50)
or, I = 15 x v" x sin ~
V =J400 + 225 =✓625
or, I= 15 x ✓2 xsin(~) V = 25 V
Q. 4. A circuit is connected to an ac source of variablr
15
l = .fj,A frequency. As the frequency of the source i
increased, the current first increases and lbai
Q. 2. When an alternating voltage E = £ 0sin rot is decreases. Which of the following combinatiam
of elements is likely to comprise the circuit?
applied to a circuit, a current I = Io sin( wt+%)
[CBSE Term-I Set 4, JJ221
flows through it. The average power dissipated in (A) L, C and R (B) Land C
the circuit is [CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2022] (C) Land R (D)RandC
(A) E,m,.Irms (B) Eolo Ans. Option (A) is correcl
EI Explanation: The frequency vs. drcuit curred
(C) Jz° (D) Zero
graph in a series LCR circuit is as follo~s, "":
current initially increases, reaches a maxllJIUIII
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Explanation: Power= v,ms X Inns X co~ then decreases with increase in frequency.
 0 F
. . l'equency. /
tc.·~~. the orcu1t contains a corn'-'-_ :
t c. Ullliltion of L, R fi04fsind
, ~ 5 Sl resistor, iln 80 mH inducto
~ ol ,.a~ciunce C ue connected inr
tu .ac source. li the source Volta
Q.Pt1citor
With ;a so
:'n~ (CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2D22)
. the circuit ue in philse, the!e illld current
(A)30V (8) ssv
jJlr.adt.anCe is [CBSE lie thle Villue of (Q29V (D)l5V
c.a rm- Set 4 2022 Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(i\) tOO µF (8) 127 µF ' 1
Explanation: In the given circuit,
(0 H2 µF (D) 160 µF
aption (~) is correct. v = so.Ji sin O>I
.IJIS- £J11lanation: Voltage and CUrrent Will be . V
V so.Ji
= ""r-=~=SOV
0
when Xe = XL m phase """ -.12 v2
Or. Vc.oC = (J)L
Or, 1/21tfC = 21tfL Now, V,,,.. = Jvf + V12
Or. C = 1/41t2/2L
50 = Jvf +40
2
Or,
Or, C= 1
4 X (3.14)2 X (5())2 X 8() xlQ-3 Or, Vf = 2500 - 1600
:. C = 127µ.F :. V2 = 30V l
The core of a transformer is laminated to Q. 9. In a circuit the phase difference between the
Q. 6. ff f reduce
thee ect o [CBSE Tenn-I Set 4, 2022] ••
(A) flux leakage (8) copper loss
alternating current and the source voItage IS · 2
(C) hysteresis loss (D) eddy current Which of the following cannot be the element(s)
AJ',5· 0ption ~) is corr~ct. . . of the circuit? [CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2021)
Explanation: Lamination mcreases the resistance (A) only C (8) only L
and hence reduced the eddy current. (C) LandR (D)LorC [g; 0
Q. 1. An iron cored coil is connected in series with Q. 10. Relation between r.m.s. voltage and instantaneous
an ele~tric bulb with an AC sowce as shown in voltage of an AC
figure. When iron piece is taken out of the coil the (A) V0 = Vrms/,/2 (8) Yrms = Vo/,/2
brightness of the bulb will ' (C) V rms = 0.707V0 (D) Both (B) and (00 lllJ
Q. 11. The impedance of a series LCR circuit is 1DJ
1 1 2
(A) R + XL + Xe (B) x~ + xt + R

0 [CBSE Term I Set 4, 2021]

Q. 12. In which of the following circuit power dissipation
is maximum?
[CBSE Term-I Set 4, 2022] (A) Pure capadtive circuit
(A) decrease (B) increase (B) Pure inductive circuit
(C) remain unaffected (D) fluctuate (C) Pure resistive circuit
Ans. Option (D) is correct. (D) LR or CR circuit llll 0
Explanation: As the iron piece is taken out the self Q. 13. With increase in frequency of an A.C. supply, the
inductance of the coil decreases. impedance of a series L-C-R circuit 1DJ
So, CJlL, i.e., XL decreases. (A) remains constant.
So, the current in the circuit increases. (B) increases.
n
O
!:!¢.ce, the brightness of the bulb increases. 1 (C) decreases.
~~~~ reading of the voltmeter V 1 is 40 V, then the (D) decreases at first, becomes minimum and then
reading of voltmeter V2 is increases. 0
Q11its, qUtstions are for practice and their solutions are available al the end of the chapter
~ "'-Cl!Sl--~•-•-Cl,u-XII
Q. H. Para!Mlft th.It ftalalna undwtged in I reuon Is also true. But the reason does 1\ot -
lranalonner la the assertion. ~
(A) \'Ott~. (B) current. Q. z. Assertion (A): Capacitor blocks de and~
Ql (C) frequency. (D) none of these. 0) Ill] &::On (R): Capacitive reactance is • 'c lo
• S. The effld~ncy of transformer ls very high beause
(A) There IS no moving part
(B) It uses AC only
proportional to frequency.
Q. 3• Assertion (A): VRMS value of an alternating
v = 4 .[2 sin 3141 is 4 volt.
\I,,
11\\,~

C>lt;;
(C) It uses the copper wire for the coils Reason (R): Peale value of the alternating ,., lta
0
(D) None of the above (?> Ill] 4 .[2 voll ~ ia
~ Q. 4. Assertion (A): At resonance, the CUrrent ~ I IJ
llil Aaertlon & Reason minimum in a series LCR circuit -,"lllea
Reason (R): ~t resona~ce, ~oltage and CUrrent
phase in a senes LCR rucwt. A~
Directions: In the following questions, A statement Q. s. Assertion (A): Quality factor of a series I.CR.~
of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
isQ= ½1¥
explanation of A Reason (R): As ban_dwi_dth decreases, Q U\cre
in a resonant LCR arcu1t. iSes
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct Ans. Option (B) is correcl llli
explanation of A Explanation: Quality factor of a series LCR<lrcui .
(C) A is true but R is false I~
.!. .Assertion is true.
(D) A is false and R is true
Q. 1. Assertion (A): A step-up transformer cannot be
Q=
R 1¥
Quality factor is also defined
used as a step-down transformer. _ Resonant frequency . So, b as
R~as~n (R): A transformer works only in one Q Bandwidth as andWidth
direction. [CBSE Term I Set 4, 2021) decreases, Q increases. So, reason is also true B
Ans. Option (B) is correcl . th e assertion.
. · UI
reason does not expIam
Explanation: Step-up transformer cannot be used
as a step down transformer or vice versa. The Q. 6. Assertion (A): A transformer does not work on De.
assertion is true. Reason (R): DC neither changes direction n
.
So, the transformer is a uni-directional device. The magrutude. 01!~l

leJ Case based MCQs (4marbeacb)

3
the LC combination of the radio set resonates atthe
frequency of the desired station.

I. Read the following text and answer any four of the

following questions on the basis of the same:
Tuning a radio set: In essence the simplest tuned
radio frequency receiver is a simple crystal set.
Desired frequency is tuned by a tuned coil /
capacitor combination, and then the signal is
presented to a simple crystal or diode detector
where the amplitude modulated signal, is
demodulated. This is then passed straight to the
headphones or speaker. In radio set there is an
LC oscillator comprising of a variable capacitor (or
sometimes a variable coupling coil), with a knob on
the front panel to tune the receiver.
Capacitor used in old radio sets is gang capacitor.
It consists of two sets of parallel circular plates one When capacitive reactance (Xe) is equal to the
of which can rotate manually by means of a knob. inductive reactance (XJ, then the resonance occun
The rotation causes overlapping areas of plates 1
to change, thus changing its capacitance. Air gap and the resonant frequency is given by OJo = Ji1
between plates acts as dielectric.
The capacitor has to be tuned in tandem current amplitude becomes maximum at ~
corresponding to the frequency of a station so that resonant frequency. It is important to note Iha

(!) These questioll$ are for practice and their solutions are available at the end of the chapter
 ALTIRNATINO cuRRSNT
~ ~ phenomenon ls nhibl
, ~ if 1,oth L and C are Prese ~ by a circuit Expl111111Hon: Capacitor u..d In old radJa : ;
~~ thtn do the voltages a ~ iIn the ctrcutt. parallel plate capacitor. It conaJ•t• of two • rat•
Of',. c,ther (both being out of hand C cancel parallel dmalar plate,, one of whJch can :tlon
,,c•• . V P 4 8'-) and th
rrent amplitude Is ~ , the total e manually by mean• of a knob. The '° h
CU R source voltage cause, overlapping area• of plate• to changt", t u•
,arinS c1cros., R. changing it• capacitance.
,r~ rr,t'.ins that we cannot have reso
fh!c circuit. nance in a RL 11. Read the following text and an,wer the followlnl
11r" questions on the basis of the same:
At power plant a transformer increases the voltage
,_, tht phtnomenon involved in hani ' thtH
of generated power by thousands of volts 80 a
a, I• 1'il to a particular radio st.tion. ng a radio can be sent of long distances through high-voltage
.,. )izati
(.-\) St.ibi on (8) Rectification transmission power lines. li'ansmission lines are
(C) J{esona~ce (D) Reflection bundles of wires that carry electric pawer from
tion (C) as correct. power plants to distant substations.
,-t6- i,,or
~"'nation: Phenomenon involved . . At substations transformers lower the voltage of
. tnhmmga
(iio set to .a particu1ar radio station .is resonance incoming po~er to make it acceptable for high-
ra
..-i.e capaotor has to be tuned . · volume delivery to nearby end-users.
1 '' d' h m tandem Electricity is sent at extremely high voltage
CO ,respan mg to t
. . e frequency of .
a station So
at the LC combination of the radio se t resonates · ' because it limits so-called line losses. Very good
th conductors of electricity also offer some resistance
at the frequency of the desired station.
and this resistance becomes considerable over long
J{esonance may occur in distances causing considerable loss.
Q,Z. . .
(,\) RL orcwt.
(B) RC circuit. Eleclricity from
(C) LC circuit. Ceneralor

(D) cirCUit having resistor only.

,4J1S, 0ption (C) is correct.
,,
f.xPlanation: .A sim~le radio receiver is a simple
crystal set with a coil and capacitor combination.
Desired frequency is tuned by tuning the coil _
capacitor combination. Tuning means to make
.r.i
Slep-down Low Voltage
Transformer to cuslomers
capacitive reactance (Xe) equal to the inductive
reactance (XJ, so that the resonance occurs.
Q. 3, Resonance frequency is equal to
At generating station, normally voltage is stepped
1
(A) LC (B) 1/ Af up to around thousands of volts. Power losses
increase with the square of current. Therefore,

(C) ~ (D) ft keeping voltage high current becomes low and the
loss is minimised .

Ans, Option (B) is correct. Another option of minimizing loss is the use of wires
Explanation: The resonant frequency is given by
of super-conducting material. Super-conducting
ro0 = 1 / ✓LC.
materials are capable of conducting without
Q. 4. Resonance occurs only when resistance, they must be kept extremely cold,
(A) Xe = R (B) XL = R nearly absolute zero, and this requirement makes
(C) XL = Xe (D) Xe > XL standard super-conducting materials impractical to
Ans. Option (C) is correct. use. However, recent advances in super-conducting
Explanation: At resonance, capacitive reactance
materials have decreased cooling requirement. In
\Xe> is equal to the inductive reactance (XJ. Circuit Germany recently 1 km super-conducting cable
1s totally resistive and the current amplitude
becomes maximum. hav: been installed connecting the generating
Q. 5. Capacitor used in radio set for tuning is a station and the destination. It has eliminated the
(A) parallel plate capacitor. l'.ne loss and the cable is capable of sending five
(B) spherical capacitor. times more electricity than conventional cable.
(C) paper capacitor. Using super-conducting cables Germany has also
(D) electrolytic capacitor. get rid of the need of costly transformers.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
 o.wu 1 CBIB Que. don Bank chapt.enriH &
opictriae ....:,0 , a-a-XII
'11 ' f )leat , _ . bw & WWW 1111ML.~ ~
'hnalonnen generate wale heat when they are an . Q... Oil ..__. o:rof
the p,oc:e19_ -,
operation and olJ la the coolant of choice. It transfers (11) a>ndudon.
the heat duough convection to the trans form (A) co n~ (D) AD of theae
er (C} radiatton-
houslng, which hu cooling fins or radiators simil
to heat exch angm on the outside. ar (A) is correct-
Adt. OptiOO . • ~ generate
w._
Flu1h point la a very impo rtant param
of trantformer oil. Fla1hpoint of an oil is
eter ~are in operation and oil is the COnl. ...~
temperature at which the oil ignites 1pontaneously. the w~
ch01ce.
i(tranSfers
the heat throu gh ~ l l f
Thi• mu1t be a1 high as possible (not less than hous ing. lo
the trans form er •
J6()11 C from the point of safety).
Q. s. Flush point of anture
oil 11
Fire point is the temp eratu re at which the oil flashe at whic h the oil flashes
and continuously burns. This must be very high s (A) the temp era
'llcl
for conti nuou sly burns.
the chosen oil (not less than 20()0 q.
(B) the temp eratu re at whic h the oil
Q. J. Whic h of the following state ment is true
for long
~
dista nce trans missi on of electricity7 spontaneously.
(C) the temp eratu re at whi ~ the 0 ~ sta
(A) Step- down transformer is used at gene rts~
rating (D) The temp eratu re at whic h th e oil fonns
station and step- up transformer is used full\es.
at Ans. Optio n (8) is correct. . .
destination substation. .
(8) Step- down transformers are used al gL•ne £xplanation: flu,;h poin t •~ a very ~mP<>rtant
rating ter of trano;former 01I. Aash point of
station and destination substation .
P~ r~m~he temp eratu re at whic h the oil
(C) Step-u p trans formL'rs are used . 1
OI IS igni~
al gem•ratmg s mtan eousl y. This mu,; t ..... h 'gh
station and destination substation. 1"' as_ • as PG!,.\ib""le
(D) None of the above
Ans. Optio n (D) is corre cl
Ex11lanatio11: At powe r plant, a Sll'p- up transform
increases the voltage of generated powe
r by
er
E (::;,t less than JMr C from the poin t of safety

Case based Sub jec tive

Questions
).

thous ands of volts, so that it can be sent

of long I. For an RLC circuit dri ven with volta ge of ampli
dista nces throu gh high-voltage trans tude
mission v,,, and frequ ency 111, we foun d that the current
powe r lines.
At subst ation s, step-down transform ers lowe ampl itude is given by
r the
voltage of incom ing powe r to make it accep
table i = t•..,
for high-volum e deliv ery to nearb y end-users
Q. 2. Super-conducting transmission line has
. z
the
following advantages:
If Xi_ = Xe: the im peda nce is minim um (Z = .JR2 •
(A) Resis ta nce being zero, there is no 12R loss. R~
This frequ ency is ca lled the reso na nt frequ
(8) Ther e is no requi reme nt of costly step- ency:
up and
step- down trans form ers. 1
X = XL or - -
< (J>uC
= <JlJ.
(C) Cable is capa ble of send ing more electricity
.
(D) All of the abov e
or
1
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Wu= ✓LC
Ex11l111u1tio11: Su per-c ond uctin g mate rials
are
ca pable of cond uctin g witho ut resis tance At reson ant freq uenc y, the curre n t ampl
. So, this itude ii
eliminates the line loss and the cable is capab maxi mum; i,,, = ti,,/R.
le of
send ing more elect ricity than conv en tiona
l cable. Figur e show s the varia tion of i"' with w
Usin g su per-condu cting cables, one ca n get in a RLC
rid of series circu it with L = 1.00 m H, C = 1.00
the need o f costl y tran sform ers. nf for two
Q. 3. Why does stepping up voltages val ues of R: (i) R = 100 Q and (ii) R = 200
reduce powe r Q. for the
loss? sou rce appli ed t',,, = 100 V
(A) Since resis tance of cond uctor d ecrea \\le see that the curre nt ap titud e is maximum
ses with at the
incre ase of volta ge reson ant frequ ency.
(B) Since curre nt decre ases with incre ase of volta
ge
(C) Both of the abov e
(D) None of the abov e
:\ns. Option (B) is correct.
Explanation: At gene ratin g statio n,
l
norm ally i.., (i)
volta ge is stepp ed up to arou nd thou sand
s of volts . I 11- (ii
Powe r losse s incre ase with the squa re of {) ~
curre nt.
Thl.'refore, keep ing volta ge high, curre nt
low and the loss is mini mize d.
beco mes ,_ ~
ffir
~

-
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
• tit the value of resistance for
, t, ~II (ii)7 &raph (l) and lransformers, like all devicfl, are not ~
f ,.,,. arh(i),R • lOOQ While ideal transfonnen do not have ~ s
"" r.,r :arh
(ii), R KO :100 Q transformers have power ~ A tran5than the

II ; ,. ,.. -
output power is always slightly less tosses
·
~
~.at it the ttSOn.tnt frequency of th .
lllo =
l e Clraait7 transformer's input powei: These
end up as heat that must ~ remov4 Joss are
111
the pow:,
Jic transformer. The four own types ~ and flux
I. resistive loss, eddy currents, hysteresis,
- 1
II - ~1 X 10-3 X }x 10-9
= 1 x 10" rad/s
loss.
Q. 1. What is transformation ratio? ber
Ans. The transformation ratio is the ratio of_ n::'the
I of turns in the output (secon~ary) )coilil f the
Call we have resonance in RL and RC circuit?
I number of turns in the input (primary co 0
0-" io The resonance phenomenon is exhib"t d transformer.
."6- ~it only if both Land Care present in ~eecir~-: Q. 2. The primary coil of a transformer has lOO turnS
1
Only then the voltages across
.
L and C
cance1each
•
and the secondary has 200 turftS. f
er and the current amplitude is v /R th Find its transformation ratio. What type
0
oth m, etotal
urce voltage appears across R But thi transformer is it?
sO . RL d RC . . s cannot
1iappen in an orcuit. So, resonance does Ns 200 - 2
not occur in RL and RC circuits. Ans. Transformation ratio = NP = 100 - ·
. W)lat happens to the inductive and capacitive
a-' reactance at resonance? It is a step up transformer. •
Al resonance Xe = XL Q. 3. What are the different types of losses involved 111
~ W)lat is the phase difference between voltage and a transformer?
Ans. There are four main types of losses: resistive loss,
a- current at resonance?
eddy currents, hysteresis, and flux loss.
~
Since, at resonance the circuit becomes complet 1
th . ey Q. 4. A transformer primary is wound with 100 m~~ of
resistive, ere is no phase difference between copper wire that carries 15 A, what is the res15tive
voltage and current at resonance loss in that coil?
JI. The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio (Given: The resistance of wire is 1.5 Q/1000 meter
of output voltage to the input voltage of the at room temperature.)
transformer. It gives the information about the Ans. Resistance of 100 meter wire = 0.15 n
change in voltage level by the transformer. So, the resistive loss = flR = 152 x 0.15 = 33.75 W
. . Q. 5. Why the voltage output of a generator is stepped-
Transformation ratio = k-= -N 5 = --2.
V I
= ...f. up when transmitted over long distances?
Np Vp 15
Ans. The voltage is stepped-up so that the current
k > 1 for step-up transformer and k < 1 for step- reduces and consequently, the l2R loss reduces.
down transformer.

-~~~~~~~~ ~~~-~~':'~~!~.':-~~~~~!~-~-~ -~~~!~::_~~ ---------------

:II
:Very Short Answer Type Questions
: Ans. 2.

:
:,,
Topper Answer, 2020
______ ---....- ____ ___ __ __ _ __ __ ·,
Hence, the alternating current cannot be
measmed by DC ammeter.
Ans.5: The moving coil galvanometer is designed so
as to measme the average value of the current,
1

whid'chflis z~ro ~orhthe cobmpthlete cyalcle of ac. Hence,

,_ • - no e ection 1s s own y e g vanometer. 1
:: ~ ~ ~ Gi.«ir 1
_j~~.,Jk~ e- ~ Ans.6: Impedance has the same dimensions as that of a., :
: : _ _ _ ·- - - _ _u)- , . ~tt4i~~ _ __ . : the resistance:
::- -
11
~ ~,,J~CJ.. .,
, -
. 2~,,_.--=-'-~ - : :,,...----( - I
R= V
I
I•••--- --- --- ------ -- - -- - - --- --- ------ ----- ---- ,.
: Ans.3: The full cycle of alternating current consists of two
: half cycles. For one half, current is positive and for
: other half, current is negative. Therefore, for a full
: cycle, the net value of current average out to zero. 1
1 . . . .. _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •
 -
on.pper AMW«, IOIO

,,
:,
,'
,.,'
,.•'
,',,
I

'
-·.:::~=-- ,.., -~.-,- --- -- - - ·--- --
- ..-•:.,(••) ,,,''
,','
,'
,'
...
'
'
:,'
,'.
...' ,,,','
.. :,',
.....' ,,,,
,,
I
I,,

.,
I

(I•) I '
.. I

......
I• I
I

..
I•

I•
I I
I•
''
''
o I

''
''

.
I'
' _,
''
. I I
I 0

I
'
I

'.''
Io

... .
I I
f I

'
I•
_ r,'l~ -' ('1~-. t
''
I
If
0
--- -- ---- ----- -- ----- ------·-······
-~,-,. ------
'.
I
- ----- - - ---- -- ------------------ -----
: Long Answ er Type Ques tions = lO xlxcos~
f An ~. 3. (i) 'Iry your~d f. /{l'fer Q2 of SATQ-11. 4
: (ii) A\ll'rJ/;t' p owl'rd i.,~ipalion 10
' == v l<MS iuMS cos $ 1 =-
✓2
W
I

= 5✓2 W
---········
----- ------ -- -- ----- .. -----.. ------ --------------- -- ----- ------ -- ------- --- -------
r,,...-- ------------~
l ~ •-•.tlonl t
or Prac:t1
ALTERMTD<o cuRRJ!IIT

.'
. l'P'..-
ji,orl~TypeQuestto C90ueetiom(Top!c-8) I
I

'tf/. '(11t
p0wer fo~tor of a seriesns :
; ,:rt"'"""ce is unity. LCR circuit at ••--
: I
1
:· .ri,a!,t difference = cos- (0.5) = fJil 1 ♦
Aa Xe > XIJ phase angle is negative, _.. :
:~ ~ r_Ty~ Questlons-l current leads voltage : ~
,.,.,. fo' LR ctrC\JII (U) To make power faclOr unity, :I I
• ,,f,i X = la 45•
~ I
,,y- R Xc • Xt
n =t
":
I

1 I
,:,, XL =R - =100 I
;,vi . ·1
fof cRorCUI
f
X
= lan45° = 1
o,C'
C= tOJ,lF ": I
I
I
C=C+C1 I
I
I
SO Xe = R 10= 2+C1 I
I

fo~ LCR circuit C1 = SJ,lf " I

I
WJlell L, C and R are connl'Cled . [CBSE MarkinS 5die111e. 7'171 I
. I
adllally three Rare connl'Cled in _m senes, then I

iS resistive. senes. Thus circuit Ans.4. R =100 n, L =41n2 H, VRMS = 'liXJ V, / = 50 Hz I

I
I
When current and voltages are in phase, I
V = V0sinwt 1 ¼:
and I = I0sin wt 1 2nfL= 21ifC I
I
I
(i) ,-.verage power diss!pation, p = VI I

p = Vosm wt x Iosin wt 4 1 I
I

or, 2n x 50 x 7t2 = 2rcxSOC I

I
over full cycle, I

Vo Io 1 1'I
P,we= ✓2 x ✓2 ½ C = - x to-4F I
I
I
4 I

I
I
½ When the current is in phase with the voltage :
: (ii) Jn5tantaneous current, I = Ja5in wt
then, Z =R =100 Q
~
: ~ : (i) IJllpedance of LCR circuit :
Current = inns = R ¼ ::
z= [R2 + (XL -xd I

IJllpedance will be minimum when (XL _ xc)2 = 0 =200

- =2A
¼: I
I
or, XL= Xe , 100 I
I
1 Power = 200 x 2 x cos O" I

or, w = JLC =400W ¼' I

1 I
I
I
(ii) for wattless current to flow, the circuit should not I
Long Answer Type Questions I
have any Ohmic resistance i.e., R = O 1 ¾:
: 5110rt Answer Type Questions-II Ans. 2: (a) Identification 1 :
: AnS, 3, (i) Calculation of phase difference between (b) Identifying the curves ¼:I
: current and voltage 1 Justification I
I

: Name of quantity which leads ½ (c) Variation of Impedance ¼:

: (ii) Calculation of value of 'C1', is to be connected in with frequency ¾:I
: parallel 3 1¼
Graph 1¾:
: (i) XL = wL = (1000 X 100 X 10- ) Q (d) Expression for current ¾:
: = 1000 Phase relation ¾:
:C 1,~x:xlo-' )n
I
(a) The device Xis a capacitor
! Xe " (b) Curve B----+ voltage
Curve C----+ current ¾ :
:I = 5000 Curve A----+ power ¼ :
I Phase angle Reason: The current leads the voltage in phase, :
X - Xe
½for a capacitor.
I
I
tan~ = _L-
R by ¾ I:
100- 500 (c) XC =_!_ " II:
tan~ = - = -1 (J)C
400 I
I
I
I
so, I
I
I
I

······... -- --- ---------------------- ------------- -------------- -- --------------------------__ ,

 r•• - --~--;-·c· - ·- ·-· · · · · ·
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- Ill Tc>P.....,_,., PlfPld•-••

.• -• • Ji current lead.I the voltage, in Phaae ,., I

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---- (Note: If the student identifies the ct....
. :

''' f-0 V• V.•ull Ji an Inductor but writes corr ect illlsl\l~.- q.t :
' ,-cv-cv.•• (c) and (d) (in terms of an ind uct
or), :: II,-
e h¥ ~ :
: :
be given full marks for (only) thes

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I•~ •ou·V.C01<0I [CBSE Marking Sch~Pltfa) ;

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(To~ic~:S)
- SoJutfons for PractJc• ou es tfo ns
ons Altematively.
: Very Short Answer Type Questi __ __ __ __.,,, So ft~
rele nlivily 1/i
: An, . 2. (i) Low cot•rcivity/Low
: (ii) Low hyi.l l·rt•i,is loss
I
I
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OR
J I
' h pcrmeabilityV.
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;'' (i) 1ligh magnetic susceptibility /Hig

not I;
(ii) f ligh rei,btivily
1/,
(Note: Deduct ½ mark, if labelling is
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app lied to Prim done) :
Wh en ac volt age is
f Sho rt Answer Type Questions-I the resulting curr ent prod uce s
an al~ ~ :
the principle of also links the seco n~" """ :
Ans. 2. A transformer is based on magnetic flux, which
that due to in the seco nda ry coil ha~ :
I mut ual indu ctio n which states The indu ced emf,
' Vlng :
ent in the prim ary N turn s, is
con tinu ous cha nge in the curr
I
I 5
ss the secondary dcp
coil, an emf gets indu ced acro e5 -- - N5 -
I
I
I l dt ll
I
coil.
the pow er stati on, is k
Electric pow er gen erat ed at This flux, also indu ces an emf , call ed ba
by mea ns of a c ell1(
stt•p ped -up to very high voltages in the prim ary coil.
smW ed to a distant
step-up tran sfor mer and tran es = -Ns dcp
ped dow n by a
: place. At rece ivin g end , it is step dt ½:
1
step -do wn tran sfor mer.
I
: eP = VP I
I
But
i Short Answer Type Questions-II 1
and es= Vs
ic-3 SATQ-1 -Vs _N
i Ans. 3. (a) Try Yoursel f. as Q.1 . of Top resistan ce is high.
_ s

i , its
(b) Each lam ination bein g thin
d with in thin
VP - NP
: So, the edd y current is con fine
e net edd y current. 1 For an idea l tran sfor mer
: lam inat ion. Thu s redu ces th
neti c flux, both the
' (c) For maximu m shar ing of mag
nd on the sam e
: coils are preferab ly to be wou
1
; core.
I

f Long An swe r Type Qu esti ons NS vs

Soll Iron-cote
(b) =
NP VP
, Ans.2: (a)
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I
NS 220
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I
=--
3000 2200
J
I

...
I

I
I
NS= 300 1'
I

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I [CBSE Marking Scheme,201~
-- ---- - -- - - - - --- -- - - --- --- --------• •""
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·------- - ------------------------
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------ ---
 ALTERNATING CURRENT

.,
•/ OBJECTl'\TE TYPE OUESTIO_NS
-~
....... cttol~ Questions
~on(() I, l"Or~l compared to any olhl'I' rotating machlnt, htn~ :
I

,,-t. .,,.,,,,,,,ti,lff: llnly pun.• c ,lnJ L c,1 ,,fficimcy of transformers is very high which Is '
1., ,h,t"l' J11h-n•nr,•. Hut if R i. _ " proviJe the about 95% to 98%.
~-,1 J 1
S,l!iOpn.'Sl•th
..... th,· J'h,t"l' tlkn•nre Jl•v,· •t f · n t ere Assertion & Reason
""'•• " cs rom lf/2.
tlfli,,n (I>) Is corrttt. Ans.2: Option (A) is correct.
1
,r1~.,,.,,,,,,,,i,1n: ~·,.,. = VrJv2:. 0.707Vo ExplanaHon: Capacitive reactance = 27t/C
ti:l'lfti11n (0) .•s correcl
,,,.. •· Ortion (C) IS Correct. So, as/ (frequency) increases, reactance decreases.
.... 1... . s· . For de, frequency = O, hence capacitor offers
"" C•r'"""'"'": me..- m pure resistive . . infinite reactance. So, it blocks de.
rn•nl ,1nd voltage are in ph arcu1t the
•11 . . . ase, the pow For ac, frequency ~ o, hence capacitor offers low
J,~,ir,1t100 IS maximum. er
reactance and allows ac to pass.
I): Option_(D) is correct. Hence, assertion and reason both are true.
,11-4- l)"l"n"tion: The frequency vs. lm d Assertion is properly explained by reason.
,. . LCR . . . pe ance graph
1
,f a :,enes mcu1t 1s as follows: Ans.3: Option (B) is correct.
&planaHon: Comparing with the general
expression of an alternating voltage
V = Vo5inrot
~
Peak value of the given alternating voltage
.. V0 = 4✓2V.
V
C

I] VRMS = ~ = 4 ✓2 = 4V
1i L----~--......
✓2 ✓2
So, the assertion and reason both are true. But the
reason does not explain the assertion.
l Frequency
--
Ans.4: Option (D) is correct.
Expla11atio11: At resonance, Xi = Xe, so the circuit
With increase. in frequency' the ,·mpedance impedance becomes minimum and resistive and
decreases at first, becomes minimum and then hence the current becomes maximum. So, the
increases. assertion is false.
Al resonance, Xi = Xe, so the circuit impedance
: AJis.14: Option (C) is correct. becomes resistive. In resistive circuit voltage and
: Explanation: TI:ansformer does not change the current are always in same phase. Hence, reason
frequency of the applied AC. is true.
: >,ns.15: Option (A) is correct. Ans.6: Option (A) is correct.
: Expla11atio11: TI:ansformer is a static device which Expla11atio11: Transformer has two coils. If current
transforms power from one circuit to other fluctuates in one coil, e.m.f. is induced in the other
through electromagnetic induction. In electrical coil. For DC supply current does not change, so
there is no induced e.m.f. Hence both assertion
transformer as there are no moving parts, no
and reason are true and reason explains the
, friction. Losses in the transformer are very less assertion .
.... ---------- -- -- - .. - -- ------ -- - ---- -- - -------- -- - ---------------------------------------------

REFLECTIONS
:11) Ale you clear with the following concepts? (e) hysteresis loss
: (a) impedance, (2) Are you now clear with the various types of :
(b) inductive reactance, circuits mentioned in the chapter? Now, may you :
(c) capacitive reactance, find impedance in that circuits too? :
: (d) transformation ratio, and :
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