2024-25 PAM eer PSS aera TTT PIS aaa Follow on Insta : Telegram :CHAPTER 7 Alternating Current SUMMARY ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) It is the current which varies in both magnitude as well as direction alternatively and periodically as shown in the figure. I = hsinwt or I = heoswt 5 where, Jy = peak value of AC MEAN AND RMS VALUE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT An electrical device reads root mean square value as, he Toma = Phy = 0.707 Ly Then mean value of alternating current over complete cycle is zero. 5A (Come) ste = 0 While for cycle it is, (uaa) ryan = 222 = 0.6361 82 ALTERNATING EMF OR VOLTAGE It is the emf which varies in both magnitude as well as direction alternatively and periodically. The instantaneous alternating emf is given by V = Visinwt V = Vocoswt Vem = Yi = 0.707 v2 Vins = 7.07% of Vo 2% _ Vy = 2% = 0.637 Va = 6.37% of REACTANCE ‘The opposition offered by inductance and capacitance or both in AC circuit is called reactance. It is denoted by Xo or X:. The opposition due to inductor alone is called the inductive reactance while that due to capacitance alone is called the capacitive reactance. Inductive reactance, X, = wh = 2nfl Capacitive reactance, (iw xf) | a F X00 = taf! POWER In an AC circuit, both emf and current change continuously w.r.t. time, so in circuit we have to calculate average power in complete cycle (Ola) > T) P= VinalmmC08d where, Purely Resistive Circuit If a circuit contains pure resistance, then difference 9=0 ie., current and voltage are in the same phase impedance, Purely Inductive Circuit Ifa circuit contains pure inductance, then 6 = 5, 1. current lags behind the applied voltage by an angle $. i, V = Vesinwt i x Josin(wt — 2) In this case inductive reactance, X,= wh. ‘The inductive reactance increases with the increase of frequency of AC linearly [Figure (b)]. cos $ = power factor ‘Then, IrPage 280 53 34 | x/2 r - @ ) Purely Capacitive Circuit If circuit contains pure capacitance, then @ = §, i.c., current leads the applied voltage by angle ¥. ie, V = Yesinwt and 1 = hsin(wt+5) Capacitive reactance, aad, MeO oo. Clearly, capacitive reactance (Xe) is proportional to the frequency v [Figure (b)]- 1 x] a | a iz (@) 0) LR Series AC Circuit When the inductance L and resistance R are connected in series to an AC source of voltage, then the circuit is called an LR circuit. As they are connected in series, they both will have the same amount of current flowing through them. ky 4 R Z, AM fern. inversely ey “Le 90° ——+%y i AC Source (a) Alternating Current Chap 7 (b) 1, Impedance, 2 =JBEXI = Ye 2. For the phase angle, wo ptf Voltage leads current by phase $. 3 IE V= Visinat, then I = hsin(ut— 9) R-C Series AC Circuit When the inductance C and resistance R are conn in series to an AC source of voltage, then the cin is called an RC circuit. As they are connected it series, they both will have the same amount of cur flowing through them. Pay WN {f g @ —— i. Me 2 source (a) Cirenit diagram — “xX Voltage lags current by hase @ ae () Phasor diagram2. For the phase angle, 6 hot 3. If V= Vsinwt, then Josin (wt + @) 4. Power factor, af R ot 2" Trae 5.6 L-C Series AC Circuit Im an LC circuit, a pure inductor L is connected in series to a pure capacitor C connected to an AC source, 1. Impedance, 2 = Yue X-Xo 2. Phase difference between voltage and current is - 3. Power factor, cosd = 0. ‘5.7 L-C-R Series Circuit ‘An LOR series circuit, also known as an RLC circuit, is an electrical circuit that consists of a resistor R, capacitor C, and inductor L connected in series. R pie wan} (@) VaVysinut Alternating Current Page 281 Tha circuit contains inductance L, capacitance C and resistance R, connected in series to an alternating voltage, V = Ysinot ‘Then impedance, Z = YT’ +(Xo— Xi)" and phase, 6 = tan Ae Me Net Voltage, 9 V =/Vi+(Ve— Vi) Resonant Circuits In series LGR circuit, when phase ¢ between current and voltage is zero, the cireuit is said to be resonant, circuit. In resonant cirenit, Xe =X, VIC Resonant angular frequency, o, =z vic Linear frequency, f =—1 IVC At resonant frequency, @=0,V= Va. ‘AC GENERATOR It is a device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. If a coil of N turns, area A is rotated at frequency fin uniform magnetic field of induction B, then motional emf in coil (if initially it is perpendicular to field) is, ¢ = NBAwsinut with wo = Inf Peak emf, @ = NBAw ‘TRANSFORMER A transformer is a device which converts low AC voltage into high AC voltage and vice-versa. It works on the principle of mutual induction. If N, and 1, are ‘the number of turns in primary and secondary coil, V, and J, are voltage and current in primary coil, then voltage V, and current J, in secondary coil will be,Page 282 Altemating Current Chap 7 end =(%)» OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ‘Step up transformer increase the voltage while step 1 In AC circuit, the current and voltage are given by down transfer decrease the voltage. i=Scoswt and V=200sin wt respectively. Power 1. Instep up transformer V, > Vj, s0 N, > Ny loss in the circuit is 2. Instep down transformer V, < V,, 80 N.< Ny (a) 20W (b) 40 W 3. Efficiency of a transformer is given by, (c) 1000 W (@) Zero aVh Ans Ce oe We have i =Seosut = Ssin(wt+$) and V =200sinut Power loss in circuit, P= (Vim * fms) where, 6 is the phase difference between current voltage. sZuo=% o st 2 0= z Hence, P= (Vows * tems) P=0 (Since, cos § = Thus (4) is correct option. 2 Ifthe equation of an electric current is I= 0.6 sin , the frequency of electric current is (a) 500 (b) 50 (©) 100% (a) 100 Aus sor Electric current, J = 0.6sin 100n¢ ff ‘The standard equation of electric current is given I = hsint § ‘After comparing equation (1) and (2), we get w =1000 Since, w = inf ‘Now, 2af = 100 = 100 = sone Thus (b) is correct option. 4 The unit of reactance is {a) Ohm (b) Parad (©) Ampere (€) Mho ‘opposes the flow of electric current is known reactance. The unit of reactance is Ohm. ‘Thus (a) is correct option. 4 The relation between peak current, f and root mean square current, Jom is (@) h=V2 low Sal (b) Io = Temea (©) Io= ome @) h= Ans We have /rf Pat (1) Here, I = hsinwt Now, [tae = [" hsin’wedt 2H f "La sgsBut gp heey = He = 0) gylain ef] = Ar- pe (sinds ~sino)] an From equation (1), we get Ins eof ex BE aw =e h=V8lw Thus (a) is correct option. ‘The power factor of L-R circuit is R (a) R+wl © TE (©) RVR (4) wh/R Ri come Power factor of L-R circuit is given by, ate R ee Oy TE: a R 7 = = cD (Since, X; = wh) _ R o e + wr ‘Thus (b) is correct option. If N and Ny are numbers of turns in primary and secondary coils of a step-up transformer. Then @ N>M (b) > M © M=™ @ M=0 ‘is Foro 06 In Step up transformer, N; > Ni i.e., the turns ratio is greater than 1 and therefore ¢; >. The output voltage is greater than input voltage. ap 7 Alternating Current Page 283 Here, _-N = number of tums in primary coil N, = number of turns in secondary coil Thus (b) is cotrect option. Impedance of L-R circuit is @) +r (b) VRYOE (©) R+wh (@) VR +0E 0 sapanis Impedance of L-R circuit is given by, 2 = VRE Here, Xow Hence, 2 = (Prey =VEGOE ‘Thus (d) is correct option. ‘The ratio of peak value and r.m.s value of AC is (a) 2 (b) V2 Ow @5 Aw oan ms.o02012 ‘The rms value of current is —- times of the peak vi value of current i.e., th Irae = a be _ fp Ta where, Jy = peak value of current Jug = Fins value of current ‘Thus (b) is correct option. The peak voltage of an AC is 440 volt. Its virtual voltage is (a) 20V (b) 440 V (c) 220V72V (a) 440V2V At oom % Veen = He ‘We have Wr Here, Vo = 440 Volt. 440 ,, v2 He 3 Views = ue x HS au v2 °° V2 = 220/2 Volt ‘Thus (¢) is correct option An AC source of angular frequency w is connected in a series LCR cireuit. The peak value of current will be maximum when,Page 284 iL w () we (b) w< VEC a 1 ol =o @) o> Fe come For maximum value of current, Foeeky hele wh =a0 weakly “te =, vlc ‘Thus (c) is correct option. WIE L be the inductances, R resistance and C be the capacitance of a capacitor, then dimensional formulae of f and RC are (a) M°LD!ML°T* (>) M°L°T, MET? (c) M°LT,1 (@) MPT, MDT Ans Dai atea Dimension of inductance, a) Dimension of resistance, p — Potential difference current = MET#A+ A =(MET*A-4 (2) Dimension of capacitance, © = perenne ——_ AT META = (M"b?T'ay, (8) After dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get L _(MPT?A} R > [MPT *A4} = (0) = err] After multiplying equation (2) with (3), we get RC =(MUT*A4 MOL? T4A4] =(T] = (MTT) ‘Thus (A) is correct option. Alternating Current 2 Chap Tf ¢ is the phase difference between AC current e.m.f., then the value of power factor is (a) tan d (b) cos? (©) sin @ @ cos @ Aus Feri Power factor is the magnitude of difference in phase of voltage to current wave form. It is de by cos¢. ‘Thus (4) is correct option. A hotwire ammeter reads 10 A in an AC circuit peak value of the current is (a) 5xA (b) 10/24 @ a An 0708 on Reading of hotwire ammeter or r.m.s. value of curt ws =10A Peak value of current, Ty =V2 X Teme. =V¥2x10=10V2A ‘Thus (b) is correct option. © Tha Analternatingcurrentisgiven Equation of alternating current, I = hooswt + hsinwt Resultant or maximum current, h=VE+E ‘Therefore, r-m.s. current, = heme = 75 ‘Thus (c) is correct option. Alternating current can not be measured by ammeter, because (a) AC changes direction (b) DC ammeter will get damaged