CHAPTER

A.C. CIRCUIT

7.1 INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
Voltages and currents that vary with time are 1. Introduction
very common in our day to day life.
The electric 2. L-R Circuit
mains supply in our homes and offices is a 3. R-C Circuit
voltage
that varies like a sinusoidal function with time. 4. L-C Circuit
Such a voltage is called alternating
voltage (ac 5. L-C-R Series Circuit
voltage) and the current driven by it in a circuit 6. L-C-RParallel Circuit
is
called the alternating current (ac current).
Today, most of the electrical devices
we use require ac
voltage. This is mainly because most of
sold by power companies is transmitted
the electrical energy
and distributed as alternating current.
The main reason for preferring use
of ac voltage over dc voltage is
voltages can be easily and efficiently converted from one
that ac
voltage to the other
voltage by means of transformers.
Further electrical energy can also be
transmitted economically over long distances. AC
circuits exhibit characteristics
which are exploited in many devices
of daily use. For example whenever we
our radioto a favourite tune
station, we are taking advantage of a
ac circuits -one of many special property of
that are discussed in this chapter.

7.2 L-R CIRCUIT

\v=Vo sin wt
Consider that an a.c. voltage (V = Vo sinot) is
000000

applied to the circuit containing a series

L
combination of an inductor having inductance L
and a resistor having resistance R as shown in
R

Figure - 1.
Figure -1
Published By :BHARNT
 Physics - 401
7.2
difference across and
L

Ifi is the instantaneous

current, is the potential
V

any instant
. VRÌS

difference across R in the above circuit then at

the potential
+VR=V
Vi,

•.. (1)
ut
V, sin sin
LiR=
dt sumn of these two parts : (a) the
equation will be the
The complete solution this
of
= 0 and (b) any solution, which satisfies
solution of the equation L+ iR
dt

equation ().
The solution of the first part is
Rt
I=Ihe L
zero.
Which decreased with time and finally becomes
Let us assume the solution of the second part be,
O
are constant.
i=Asin(wt + 0) where A and
di Aw cos cos(wt
Hence, +0)
dt
di
Substituting for iand in equation (1) from the above, we get
dt

LwA cos(wt+ 0) + RAsin(wt + 0) = V sin wt = V, sin[(wt + 0) - 0]

= Vasin(awt + 8) cos
0- cos(wt+ 0) sin0]

This is true for all values of t.

Hence equating the coefficients of sin(ot+ 6) and
cos(at+ 9) separately, we get
LoA =-Vo sine and RA=Vo cos
Lw Vo
tan = R
and A =:
VRZ +
w²12
Hence the equation for the current
at time t is given as
Vo
i=: -sin(wt+ 0)
VR²+w?
Here 0 is negative, putt =
-9 and in the above
equation.
-sin (ut
+w'?
-)
(2a)

Lw
where, tan= R (2b)
Published By :tBHARINT
 A.C. Circuit
Ch. 7:
7.3
amplitude of
the current is I, = Vo
The
VR'+w'?
of
impedance the circuit is
and the
Z
=R +wI
For the small frequencies, this reduces to R, and for very large frequencies it
becomes wL and is termed as the reactance of the circuit. The equation (2b).
indicates that the current is not in phase but lags behind the applied voltage by
an angle
.
Explanation by vector method (Phasor) : Let and I be the
V

instantaneous values of ac voltagé and ac current in the L-R circuit and

V, and VR be instantaneous values of the voltages across the inductor L and
the resistor R respectively.
and VR= IR
Then, VL=IXL, here XL= oL is reactance due to the inductor
V, VL and VR, let us draw phasor
In order to find the relation between
as below.
diagram for the current and voltage explained B

As we know, when a.c. current flows through

a resistor, the voltage and the
current are in
wl
other. That is why, the
phase with each
across R) and I (current
phasor VR (voltage
are represented along 0A in o RI
through R) Figure -2
- 2.
Figure inductor, the voltage leads the
an
a.c. current flows through across L) leading I
Further, when Hence, the phasor Vz (voltage
current by phase angle n/2. along AB (figure-2).
represented
by phase angle /2 is Vk and VL
respectively;

If OA and AB represent magnitudes

resultant of OA and
AB,
of the phasor
.
represents Thus, from right
angled

then OB, the

OAB, we have
triangle
AB? OR V=/v;+V
OB= VOA+
VR and VL, we have
Substituting the values of
+(X, = I|R +X
V-R (3)

Or

By.:BBHARNT
Published
 The effestive oppasition offered by the geries combination of L and Rto
current is called impedance of L-R circuit. If Z is impedance of L-R circuit.,
then

I (4)

From the equations (3) and (4), we have

Z=R+X =R +wI?
This equation gives the impedance of L-R circuit.
From the phasor diagram, it follows that in L-R circuit, voltage leads the
current by phase angle A0B =p (as angle is traversed in anticlockwise
direction). From right angled triangle OAC, we have
AB V,_IX
tanp =
OA V IR

tan = X wL
R R
The above equation gives the phase angle , by which alternating voltage
leads the current in an L-R circuit.
Ex1A Coil,ofinductance 0:4/Thenry 1sjoined in series:
witha resistance of30
S2Câlcülate thecuirent flowngin he irmKEZA
circuit, connected
when to an dc
mains. of200 volt and frequency.50 Hz.
Soln: Here, L =0.4/n henry; R= 30 ; V= 200V;f= 50 Hz
Inductive reactance, XL= wL=2fL = 2n × 50 x
0.4/n = 40 Q
Now, impedance of L-R circuit,

B=JR+ X
=(30) +(40) =502
Therefore, the current in the circuit
is given by
V 200
I= Z
50 -=4A

7.3 R-C CIRCUIT v=Vosin wt

Consider a
resistor R
and capacitor C
connected
in series to an
a.c. voltage SOurce as
shown in
the C

Figure-3.
R

Published By :BHARNT
Figure -3
 7:A.C, Circuit 7.5
401 Ch.
of time t, the charge on capacitor C g,
any.instant is then
a.c. At
... (5)
uit, iR+=V=V, sinut

d therefore we get
Asi=. dt
... (6)
L+=V, sinut
dt
compete solution of this equation will be the these two parts: (a) the
sum of
The which satisfies the
and (b) any solution,
solution of the equation R+=0
the
equation (6).
ise
The solution of the first part is
... (7)

which decreased with time.

part be,
Let us assume the solution of the second (8)

age q=Asin(wt +0) (9)

Hence, g Awcos(wt +0)

dt the equation
q and from equations (8) and (9) in
Now substituting the value of dt

(6)we get, (10)

A +0)= V,sin[(ut
+9)-0)
RAw cos(ut +0) +sin (ut
we have
coefficient of cos(t
+ 0)and sin(wt + 8), .
(11)
Bquating
RAw=-V, sin8 (12)

A
and C
relations, we have
From these ** (8)
V,C
A =

.. (14)

and tan =-wRC

By:3BHARNT
Publshed
7.6 25Physics- 401

V,C
Therefore, q = sin (ut -6) (15)
1+w'RC)
where, tan = RwC
&

Now, the expression for current becomes,

dg V,Cw V
cos(ut -S cos(wt-6) = -sin(wt +)... (16)
dt 1+uRC)
Where, -5

1
Therefore, tang= cot8=
wRC
Thus the current is in advance of the applied ac voltage by phase angle p. The
amplitude of the current,
Vo

(R'+e)
and the impedance is,

Z= ... (18)

Since I increase asa increases, hence at high frequencies the circuit

transmits
considerable current. Also, the frequency is zero for de
voltage source thus the
impedance becomes infinite and current becomes zero.

Explanation by vector method (Phasor) : We know

across the resistance is that the voltage
in phase with the current through
across the capacitance lags it and the voltage
the current in phase by 900, The current is the
same phase in in
theresistance and capacitance as both are connected in series.
If the potential difference across the
resistance R is represented by a vector RI A

having magnitude OA(VR = IR) and

that
acrosS the capacitance by AB 1
ZI
(Vc= IXc. here Xc = 1/C is reactance wC
due
to the capacitor) as shown in
the phasor
diagram(4), VB
Figure -4 is!

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 Then the resultant potential difference 7.7
OB (V =
ZI)
OBVOA2 + is given as
AB2

V=
Substituting
v+ V2

the values of VR and Vc. we

have
V=/((R)² +
(IX)2 =

OR I=
JR+X; R
+1/w'c (19)

The effective opposition offered by C

and R to a.c. is called impedance of R-C
circuit. If Z is impedance of R-C circuit,
then,

I= (20)

From equations (19) and (20), we have

... (21)
Z=R+ X; =R +1/wc?
The equation (21) gives the impedance of R-C circuit.
From the phasor diagram, it follows that in R-C circuit, the ac voltage lags
behind the current by phase angle BOA =p.
we have
From right angled triangle OAB,
AC VcIXç Xc ... (22)
tan OA V IR R
behind
(22) gives the phase angle p, by which ac voltage lags
The equation
a circuit.
the current in R-C an current
circùitcontains resSistor of1OS2,a capacitor and
a
A series is connected to
an ac source of 220V-50
resistance. It
meter of negligible calculate the reactance th
Aj,
of
an ammeter is2
H2.
If the, reading of
capacitor:
2A
10S2; V= 220 V;f=50F; I=
So]n: Here R=
then
impedance of the R-C circuit,
If Z is the
=(220/2)= 1102
Z=(VI)

But Z-|R2.+ XE
RZ =V1102 -102 = 109.54 2
Or, X¢= VZ2- Publlshed By
RBHARNT
7.8 .Physics- 401
7.4 L-C CIRCUIT
y=Vo sin wt
Let an inductor of inductance L and a
capacitor of capacitance C are connected in
series as shown in Figure-5.
When an ac voltage (Vo sin wt) is applied, we
have at any time t, Figure - 5
di
.+=V, sin wt
(23)
dt C

Since current is defined as given by i dq

dt
Hence the above equation becomes

L42=V,
dt? C
sin wt

OR d'q VYo gin wt

di? (24)

This is the linear differential equation of second

order, the solution of second
order, the solution of such type of equation
consists of two parts. The first part
(known as complementary function) of
the solution of the equation.
d'q + 9 t
=0 is q=4, sin 2
LC WLC ...(25)
Thus the motion is simple harmonic and
the frequency,
1
f= 2rVLC .. (26)
Here. fis kown as the natural frequency
of the L-C circuit.
The second part (known as particular
integral) can be found by
usassume
that the solution of the equation (24) is trail method. Let
q= Asin(ut +0)

Substituting the value of q

and its derivatives
.. (271)

in equation (24), we
A get
-u'A sin (ut +e) +sin (ut +8) = Yo
ginwt
L
V sin|(ut+ 8)
-o
=(sin
L (wt +0) cos0 -
... (28)
cos(ut +0)
Published By
:BBHARNT sin]
 7:A.C. Circuit 7.9
Ch.

Equating
coefficients of sin(ot+0) and cos(ot+0)
separately,
A -cos
-o'A+ LC L
and 0= sinsin 0

V,JL
Thus 6=0 and A= 1

Therefore from equation (27)

V/L
-sin wt
q1 -

dq V (29)
Also, i=
dt

phase with the applied ac voltage.

Thus the current is exactly n/2 out of
The amplitude of current,
... (30.1)

-
wC

and the impedance,

(30.2)
Z=
1
- wL
wC
1
i.e., when the frequency
of current becomes
infinite when w=
The amplitude frequency of the circuit.
exactly equal to the
natural
of the applied
ac voltage is
resonance.
This condition is called : The current through
the
method (Phasor)
Explanation by vector same as they are connected in
series.
capacitance is
inductance or the leads the current
A
V,= wLI
across the inductance
The voltage reactance XL is ol, when
inductance
by 900 and the a/2n; the V=V,-Vc
fof the applied ac voltage is
the frequency
capacitnce lags behind the
across the reactance Xc is 90°
voltage capacitive
current by 900 and the potential difference 90°
we can represent
l/aC. Thus as
capacitance by vectors,
across the inductance and Vc
given in igure -6.
Figure - 6
:3BHARNT
Publlshed By
7.10 iT2 Physics - 401
From this figure it is clear that the resultant potèntial difference will ha
|VL-Ve| It will lead if V,> Vo and lag if Vc > VL. the current by an angle n
In other words we can say that the combination is equivalent to a singla
element, either an inductor of a capacitor depending on whether the quantity
(oL- 1/oC) is +ve or -ve.
series tircuit contains
a
capacitor of capacitance (100/n)pR anda coil ot
inductance (0.5/n) H. It is connected to a source of 220V-50FHz:Caleulate
the r.m.s.
LS..value of the.Current in the circuit,

Solr :
Here, C= (100/) F= (100/n) x 10-6 =
(1/n) x 104F;
L= (0.5/n) H; V= 220V and f= 50Hz
Inductive reactance, XL,
oL=2fL= 2nx 50 x (0.5/) = 502
And capacitive reactance, Xc = (1/oC) =
(1/2nfC) = 1002
Impedance of the series LC circuit is,
–
Z= Xc-XL= 100 50= 502
The r.m.s. value of
the current is, I = = 220 =
4.4A
50

7.5 L-C-R SERIES CIRCUIT

Consider. a circuit containing inductance L,
capacitance C
and resistance R
connected in series as shown in Figure-7(a). V is the r.m.s.
a.c. voltage (Vo sinot) value of an applied
I and r.m.s. is the value of current flowing through the
circuit.

B H

1Z=A

R -IR
A
V=
Ve
V=Vo sin wt
Figure - 7(a)
and (b)
Now, voltage drop across R, VR= IR which is
in phase with
Voltage drop across inductor VL=IXL
which
the current.D
leads the current
Voltage drop across capacitance Vc=IXc, which by 90°.
lags behind
the current, by 90°.

Published By :BBHARNT
 7:A.C. Circuit 7.11
Ch.
consider the phase diagram of voltage and current as shown in the
Now
Figure-7(b). and I are in phase. So,
VR
Vr is
represented in the direction I by of

Jeads the current by 90°, So it is represented in the perpendicular

direction off I by OB. Vc lags behind the current by 90°. So, it is represented in
perpendicular direction of I by OF. If we assume VL>Vc then their resultant
the
leads the current by 90'. So, It is represented in the perpendicular
OD.
direction of by I
dLo resultant of Va and VL-Vc is denoted by OH. Itsmagnitude is

OH = (04} +(oD)'
= .(31)
Therefore V= i'R+(x, -Ix,} IJR' +(X,-Xç •.

...(32.1)
Therefore
R'
+(X, -X} =Z

is called impedance of the circuit.

Where Z= /R' +(X,-XJ
with alternating
Thus the current I flowing through the series L-C-R Circuit
supply is given by
...(32.2)
R

I2R +(X,- Xe

can be determined
the Phase angle between V and I. This
In the Figure-7(b) ó is
as under.
From the figure-7(b)
1
IX _X
- Xç ... ...(33)
AH_ 0D_ V,-VeIX,- R
tan =F IR R
V
comprises of three parts; i.e. resistance
As the impedance Z= JR+(X,-Xc* can have three
reactance Xc., we
XL and capacitive
R, inductive reactance
different cases as under.

Case - 1: XL> Xc

X-Xc
In this case, tanp=
means, voltage
R
leads the current by
is positive
an angle . Such L-C-R
This
inductance dominated circuit.
Circuit is called
Publlshed By :BHARNT
 7.12
Physics - 401
-
Case 2: X, = Xc or o,
C

In this case tand= 4LAc=0

R
It means, there is no phase difference between voltage and current.
Such L-C-R Circuit is equivalent to a pure resistive circuit.

Case - 3: X< Xc or

In this case, tan o=4LAC will be negative. This means voltage

R
.
lags behind the current by an angle Such LCR circuit is called
capacitance dominated circuit.
Resonance in Series LCR Circuit:
a
In series LCR circuit current I is given by

,VR+(X,-x,f 2

Inductive reactance XL =
oL= 2nf. So, atlow frequencies, XL is very small.
1 1l
Capacitive reactance X, =
oC 2fC
So, at high frequencies, Xc is very small.
Thus, we get a particular frequency fo. At
XL =
Xc for
that frequency the
impedance of L-C-R circuit becomes Z =R and
current becomes maximum as shown in figure- I,
8. The frequency fo is called the resonant
frequency and the phenomenon is called
resonance.
Thus in a series L-C-R circuit, resonance is said
to take place when current passes through the
circuit becomes maximum at a particular fo

frequency.
f
. Figure -8
Expression for resonant frequenov
Eor electrical resonance XL = Xc or ol,1
wC

BBHARINT
Published By
 7:A.C. Circuit 7.13

Therefore, 2rnf
=

1
(34)
OR 2rVLC

resonant frequency. It clear from the above

is
This is the expression for
expression that resonant frequency is independent of resistance. But the
oharpness of resonance decreases with the increase in R.
of frequency
Acceptor Circuit
:
If the ac supply contains number
a series L-C-R circuit across
components (radio and television signals), then
a response, i.e., pass a maximum current and
the supply will give maximum
a maximum potential difference across its inductance for that
having a
= 1 This is the procedure by which
component of frequency for which 27ryLC' f a
set may be tuned to receive the signal from
radio or television receiving
a particular frequency. Thus the series
desired station sending signals at
L-C-R circuit is known
as an acceptor circuit.
resonance curve of the series L-C-R circuit is
Q-factor The sharpness
: of the
or Q-factor. It is
terms of a quantity known as quality factor
measured in
voltage drop across inductor (or capacitor) to the
defined as ratio of the
applied voltage.
h(35)
Thus, Q or
circuit, then the voltage
instantaneous value of current through the
IfI is the
across L,
(36)
VL= IXL
is equal to potential
drop
frequency, the applied voltage
Since at resonance (37)
applied voltage, V= IR
across R, the
VL and V from equations
(36) and (37) in equation
Substituting the value of
(35) we get,
(38)
LX
IR R
1 we have,
Science, Wo J

(39)
L 1
RVC
VLC R large i.e. the circuit will
LCR circuit will be
Q-factor of series
Itfollows that or more sharpness, if R is low or L is large
or C is low.
nave more selectivity
3BHARNT
Published By
7.14 Physics
-401
source of 230V 8 connected in serieswith 5H inductor,S9R
a
Ex.4: An ac
capacitor and 40A rosistor.At.résonance, c
ealculatethe folowings,
resonant frequoney, (2) The impedance of tlhe circuit (3) The: 3.value
the current (4) 1he ma Value %ftheelectricpotential; acroR ot
components of the.circuit he
=
Solr: HereV 230V; L= 5H; C= 80 uF; nd R=40 S2
1 1
(1) Resonance frequency, =: =7.96Hz
f 2nyLC 211v5x 80 x 10-4

(2) Impedance, Z =R+(X,-X¢)

At resonance, = Xc. hence Z =

XL,
R=40
(3) At resonance, I=VIZ=230/40 = 5.75 A

=Ix 2nfL 5.75 x 2n x 7.96 x 5= 1437 V:

=
(4) Vi= IXL
Vc= IXc =Ix (/2nfC) =5.75 x [1/(2 X 7.96 × 80 × 10-6)] = 1437 V

VR= IR=5.75 x 40= 230 V

7.6 L-C-R PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Let us consider an ac source connected across an
inductance L
in parallel with a
capacitor C as shown in the figure-9. The
resistance in series with the inductance is R and
with the capacitor is zero.
WW000

Let the instantaneous value of applied ac

voltage
be and corresponding current be I, the current
V

through the inductor be IL and through C

the
canacitance be lc. The currents IL R
and lc will be
almost in anti-phase if R is very small.
The total
current.
Figure-9
I= IL+ Ic .tertibatu
(40)
V V V
Therefore
Z R+ jwL
1 1
Hence,

Or,
1
R- jwl +
jwC
R+jwCR +wIC-wL)
(4)
R"+w'?
Published By :BBHARINT
 7:A.C-Circuit ng
Ch.
Therefore the magnitude ofthe admittance,

1
Y siHReti....(42)
R+w? tf
in
l tnod
sog* gtbrpttars
ls0. the magnitude of the itnneonen

Z= no. (43)
JR*+fuCRË +oC-wL

Resonance in parallel LCR Circuit : From equation (43) it is clear that

the impedance will be maximum, when uot vlgmiz i,
1
3!
wCR +wC-wL =0
R
1
or, w=Wh =

resonance and the corresponding frequency

o
It gives the condition of
1 R' .... (44)
fo= 2r V| LC L²
21

This is the expression for

resonance frequency.

For the value of

L C,
Rand o satisfying the
component of Y
above equation, the reactive a
vanishes or Y is real. Ach
At minimum

admittance or, maximum impedance the circuit

figure-10. h03
current is minimum as shown in min

does not allow this

Thus the parallel circuit
source to pass in the circuit. fo
frequency from the a
reason the circuit with such
Due to this at
C9Figure- 10
frequency is known as rejecter circuit.
or
at resonance is called the parallel resistor
The reciprocalof the adittance
resonance the current and voltage are
the dynamic resistance. At the tne of
dynamical resistance is thus reciprocal of the real patt of the
in phase. The
admittance.

Dynamic psistance

Published By :3BHARNT
7.16 Physics - 401 Ch

Now substituting the value of 'a' we get

p2)
R+ LC (45)
Dynamic resistance RC
R

At resonance the peak current from the supply,also

called make up current is
given by,
Vo CRV
The peak current L

forced oscillatory current is the current passing through capacitor and

The
capacitor. The peak current through
inductor circuit of simply through
capacitor is
Vo
QCVo
1/w,C
by n/2
This current will lead the applied voltage
resonance of amplitude of oscillatory current to the amplitude of
At the ratio
as Q-factor and it is given by,
makeup current from supply is known Ex
...
(46)
Q- factor = R

The Q-factor is the

measure of the current magnification. Thus the rejector So
magnification of ooR, Similar to the
circuit at resonance exhibits current
magnification of the same ratio exhibited by the series acceptor circuit
voltage
at resonance.
source of 220 Vis connected in L=5 mH R= 1552
Ex.5: An ac
parallel with parallel combination.of
a
capacitor C8 uF and an inductor
series
L=5 mH. The resistance= in as Q

with the inductor is R 15.

shown in figure.
Calculate OsOnance frequency V= 220 V E
o
calculate the value of
and 1,at resonance

220V, L=5mH =5x10°H, C= 8uF =

8×10F, R=152
Sol : V=
1 1 2
Resonance frequency f=. 2r VLC
:RBHART
Publlshed By
 7:A.C. Circuit
Ch. 7.17

1 1 15
2Tr
5x10x8x10-6 5x10*
1
1000×10--(3x10
2t 40
1
(25-9)x10

=x4x10°
2T
Hz = 636.94Hz

220
I,=
JR' +(oL J15 +(4000x5x10)°2
220 220 220
-=8.8A
V225+400 V625 25
x
Iç=(Vm) (oC)=(220)(4000 8x10-)=7.04A
: SOLVED EXAMPLES
#t
pAo7 a henry inductance
Ex.6 An ac circuit consists of a 2202 resistance and
ac sourçe. Find the impedance
connected in series with 220 V and 50 Hz
and current flowing in the circuit.
= 220 V
and f= 50Hz.
Soln: Here, R = 220 2, L=0.7 H,
Vrms

as
The impedance Z of the ac circuit is given
t
2=yR +w'?

-JR+(2fL)
- (220) + (2x3.14 x50 x0.7

= 310. 99 S2

Irms =
Vms/Z=(220/310.99) =0.707A
an ac circuit given that Xc = 30
S2,
R=40.2 connectedin series with 100
Ex.7 n current:flowing in the circuit.
Vacsource. Find the impedance and
and Vrms = 100 V
Soln :
Here, Xc =30 2, R=402,
= 502
= (40) +(30)'
Z=R +X
= 2A
Irms = Vms/Z = (100/50)
BHARNT
Published By
7.18 Physics - 401
n s
Ex.8An inductor inductance 0.06/nhenry
of is joincd series ith a
of
the circuit, when connected
resistance of 8 2: Calculate the impedance
menev BO Hz. Also calculate the cur
to an a.c. mains of 10 volt,and frequencyi
flowing in the circuit.
Sol" : Here, L =
0.06/nhenry: R= 82:V= 10V; f= 50 Hz
Inducti1ve reactance, X,
=
oL= 2fL
=
2n x 50 x 0.06/n=62
+ X
=/(8)² + (6)² = 100
Now, impedance ofL-R circut, Z =R2
Therefore, the current in thecircuit in the circuit is given by
10
10 =1A
Z
and a coil o
series circuit contains 'a capacitor capacitance (1000/n)uF
A of
Ex.9
a source of 20V-50Hz. Calculata
inductance (0.05/n) H. It is connected. to
the r.m.s, value of the current in the circuit.
x x
Sol" : Here, C= (1000/n) uF= (1000/n) 10-6= (1/n) 10-F;
L=(0.05/n) H; V= 20V and f= 50Hz
x
Inductive reactance, XL,= oL=2ufL=2n 50
x (0.05/) = 52
= (1/2nf C) = 10S2
A
0.x4
oAnd capacitive reactance, X¢= (1/oC)
= – 5 = 5S2
Impedance of the series LC circuit is, Z Xc- XL= 10
The r.m.s. value of the current is, I =
20
5
-=4A
Ex.10An ac source 200 is connected in series with an inductor of inductance
of V

(5/) H, a capacitor of capacitance (80/n)

F
anda resistor of resistance of
e,
40 S2. At.resonance calculate the: (1) The resonant frequency, (2) The
impedance of the cireuit (3) The r.m.s. value of the current (4) The rims
value of the electric potential across the components of the circuit:
Solr: Here V=
200V; L=5H; C= (80t) uF; and R=40 2

frequency, f, =
1
(1) Resonance = 25Hz
2nvLC

(2) Impedance, Z= R*+(X,-X)?

At resonance, XL = Xc, hence Z = R=409
= = BA
(3) At resonance, I = VIZ 200/40
(4) VL
= IXL
=I x 2ufL= 5 × 2rt x 25 x (5/) 1250V;
Ve= IXc =IX (lIZmiG) =b x 1/(2n x 25 x (80/m) x 10-6)] = 1250V
= V
VR = IR =5 X 40 200

:BBHARNT
Published By
 7.19
7:AC. Circuit
Ch.
#
SUMMARY #

chapter
we
have studied different combination of L, C, R
in ac circuits and
athisproperties. The obtained results are summarized here:
theit R
ac circuit containing L
and in series,
For
[J = +
The
impedance of the circuit is, Z VR2
w?
Current flowing in the circuit is, i =
Vo
sin(wt ) -
VR'+w
ac
difference between current and the applied
Where
=
tani
R
(phase
current by phase
applied ac voltage is in advance of the
voltage) Thus the
angle
.
The amplitude of the
current is, I, =

series,
ac circuit containing R and in
C
121For , 1
+ 1/w²C*)h stitst ht ncb toi
The impedance is, Z=/(R²
the circuit is,
Thecurrent flowing in
Vo
-sin sin(ot+)
i=

1
Here, g=tan-l
oRC
f
ac voltage by phase angle o. The
in advance of the applied
Thusthe current is
current is,
amplitude of the
Vo

JR+ 1/cw?)
and in series,
C
containing L
(3] For ac circuit

The impedance
is, Z=-l wC
Vo sin(ut +)
is, i=
The current flowing in the circuit
applied ac voltage.
exactly 2 out of phase with the
Thus the current is
The amplitude of current, lo
at)
BBHARNT
Published By
7.20 Physics - 401

[4] For ac circuit containing L, C and R in series,

The impedance is, Z=JR+ (X,-X)

L-C-R Circuit with alternating supply
The current flowing through the series
is given by
i=
Vo
sin (wt - 0)
JR'+(X-x}
Where Ø = tan1
R

1
In this combination, the resonance frequency 1s, Jo 2rvLG

The expression for Q-factor,

Q= R R

[5] For ac circuit containing L, C

and R in parallel,
Here L and R are connected in series and this combination is connected in
parallel with C
The magnitudeof the impedance,
R2 + w2L2
Z=
VR2 +
(wCRZ +
wSL2C - wL)2

And the currents are,

I,= I = and Ir= wCV

VR2+(wL)2
Also, I
=J+ 1¿

In this situation, the expression for resonance frequency

is,
1 1 R2
fo = 2
LC

The expression for Q-factor,

Q= R

BHARNT
Published By :B
 Circujt 7.21
7:A.C.
#
EXERCISE :

Questions for 1 Mark:

Write an
expression of impedance for L-R series circuit.
(Ans. Z
=R+wI)
Write the expression of current for L-R series circuit.
2
(Ans. i= sin(wt-¢))
VR+w'I
for R-C series circuit.
Write an expression ofimpedance
3 (Ans. Z=R* +()

, Write an expression of current for R-C series circuit.

(Ans. i=.

impedance for L-C series circuit.

6. Write an expression of
(Ans.Z=|-ul)

current for L-C series circuit.

6. Write the expression of
Yosin(wt +), if z, > $1
(Ans. i= 1

wC
x
Or, i=
Vo
sin(wt t-), if <z)
1
-ul
wC
L-C-R series circuit.
of impedance for
Write an expression
7.
(Ans. Z
=\ +(wL-)
L-C-R series circuit.
8. Write the
expression of current for
(Ans. i= -sin(wt-¢))
R+(wL
connected
impedance for the circuit in which C is
of
9. Write an expression
combination of L-R.
(Ans, Z=+w"L
parallel to the series

current through capacitor (Lo) for the circuit

of peak
10. Write an expression combination of L-R.
connected parallel to the series
in which is
C
an
current lags behind the applied voltage by
11. In L-R series circuit the
(Ans. True)
Q
angle p tan~1
R

BBHARNT
Published By
7.22 PhysicS - 401
12, Write an expression of phago difference between
current and
applied
(Ans. ¢= tan wl
voltage for L-R series circuit.
R

13. Write an expression of phaso difference between current and applied ac

voltage for R-C serics circuit. (Ans. = tan-! 1

ac
14. In R-C series circuit the current is in advance
of
the applied voltage by
phase angle p = tan-1 wRC (Ans. True)
l5. Write an expression of resonance frequency for L-C-R'series circuit/
1
(Ans. f,=
2wLe
16. At resonance what is the phase difference between current and applied ac
voltage for L-C-R series circuit. (Ans. Zero)
17. What is Q-factor for L-C-R series circuit?
18.What is an expression ofQ-factor for L-C-R series circuit?
(Ans. Q

19. What is series accentor oirouit 0i J52 i0 i0iA29229 9rdi 9iri

20. What is rejector circuit?zf)
21. The Q-factor is the measure of the Voltage
magnification for acceptor
circuit. (Ans. True)
22.The Q-factor is the measure of the current magnification for rejector
circuit.
(Ans. True)
23. The rejector circuit at resonance
exhibits current magnification of LR.

24. The series acceptor circuit at resonance (Ans. True)

exhibits the voltage magnification
of oL/R.
(Ans. True)
Questions for 3 or 4 Mark:
1. Describe L-R series circuit.
Write the expressions for
andphase difference between current impedance, current
and applied potential difference.
2. Explain L-R series circuit
using vector method
3. Describe R-C (phasor).
series circuit, Write
and phase difference between
the expressions for impedance,
Cur
current and applied
4. Explain R-C series circuit potential difference.
using vector method
(phasor),
Published By :BBHARINT
 7.23
Circuit
circuit. Write the expressions for impedance, current,
Describe L-C series
difference between current and applied potential difference.
5 and phase method (phasor).
using vector
Explain L-C series circuit
expressions for
impedance,
7Describe L-C-R series circuit. Write the potential
difference between current and applied
current and phase
difference. discuss
of L-C-R series circuit and
Write the expression for impedance
different cases.
three resonance circuit. tngt ssgte /
L-C-R
Discuss series #
9.
acceptor circuit. t la3te
(10. Discuss
series LCR ciuit expression for the
Q-factor for
11. Discuss circuit. Also write. the
Discuss parallel L-C-R
19
o13
impedance.
rejector circuit.
the
13.Discuss parallel L-C-R circuit.
Q-factor for
o14. Discuss
connected
Mark: circuit
or 7 current in L-R
Questions for 5 impedance and ac
expressions for connected
Derive circuit
1. ac source. ac current R-C
with impedance and
in series the connected
expressions for circuit
Derive L-C
2. ac source.
and ac current
with impedance
in series the circuit
expressions for current L-C-R
3.
Derive
ac
source.
impedance and ac
with
in seriesexpressions for the L-C-R
circuit
source. current
ac
4.
Derive
series with impedance and ac
connected in
expressions for
the
source. L-C-R series
resonance of
Derive parallel with ac series
5. condition for
connected in factor.
Writethe Q-factor. quality
resonance? expression for explain
What an circuit and expression for
6. find ac
circuit and series
L-C-R Derive an
resonance in a circuit.
L-C-R
Discuss parallel
7. resonance in
Discuss
8. ByBBHARNT.
Q-factor.
Published
7.24 Physic8 -
401
Unsolved Numerical for 2 or 3 or 4 Mark :

1. An alternating e.nm.f.volts at 50 Hz is connected to a circuit.

200
resistance 12 and inductance 0.01 henry. What is thecurrent and Ja
phase between the e.m.f. and the current? Ans. :(60.6 A, 720)
2. A
resistance and inductance are connected in series acroS8 a voltage
V= 283sin(314t). The current is found to be I= 4sin (314t-n/4). Find tha
values of the inductance and resistance. Ans. : (0.16 H,
5O)
3. If a 0.03 henry inductor, a 10S2 resistor and a Zul capacitor are connected
in series. At what frequency will they resonate? What will be the phasa
angle at resonance? Ans. : (650 H, 0)
4. A series L-C-R circuit has L=l mH, C=0.1uF, and R=102. Calculate the
resonance frequency of the circuit. Ans. : (1.59x10H2)
5. A series R-C circuit contains a resistor of 6S2, a capacitor and an ammetey
of negligible resistance. It is connected to an ac source of 20V-50 Hz. If the
reading of an ammeter is 2 A, calculate the reactance of the capacitor.
Ans. : (80)
6. A series R-C circuit contains a resistor of 62, a capacitor of reactance 80
and an ammeter of negligible resistance. It is connected to an ac source of
20V-50 Hz. What is the reading of the ammeter? Ans. : (2A)

* See page no. 10. 23 for Solution of above Unsolved Numerical.