College of Engineering and Technology

Electronics and Communication Department

EEC3220 Introduction to Communication Systems

LECTURE (2) – TYPES OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 1
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Contacts
 Lecturer: Dr. Dina A. Ragab
 Email: [email protected]
 Section and Lab: Eng. Hesham Tarek
 Email: [email protected]

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 2
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Text Book

Charles L. Philips, John Parr, and Eve Riskin “Signals,

Systems and Transforms,” 4th Edition, Prentice Hall,
2008.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 3
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Grading System
 7th Week = 30%
 5% : Section (5th)
 5%: Lab (5th)
 20%: Exam (7th)

 12th Week = 20%

 5% : Section (10th)
 15%: Exam (12th)

 10% = Lab Exam (14th)

 40% = Final Exam

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 4
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
ABET Outcomes

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 5
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Course Outline
Week Description
1 Introduction
2 Types of Signals – Types of Systems
3 Fourier Series
4 Fourier Transform
5 Fourier Transform Properties (1)
6 Fourier Transform Properties (2) – Convolution
7 7th week Exam
8 Fourier Transform of Special Functions
9 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
10 Correlation
11 Filters in Time and Frequency Domain
12 12th week Exam
13 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
14 Digital Systems and Digital Modulation Techniques
15 Revision

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 6
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 Lecture (2)
Types of Signals and Systems

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 7
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
How Can a Signal be Represented?

Signal

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Representation Representation

Why we use frequency and time domains? When to use each?

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 8
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Different Classes of Signals
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals.
2. Analog and digital signals.
3. Even and odd signals
4. Periodic and non-periodic (aperiodic) signals
5. Deterministic or random signals
6. Causal, Anti-causal, and Non-causal signals

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 9
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
1. Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals
 A signal, x(t), is said to be a continuous-time (CT) signal if it is defined for all time t.
Figure 1 illustrates a continuous-time signal in time domain.
 Discrete-time (DT) signal is derived from a continuous-time signal by sampling it at
a uniform rate as shown in Figure 2.
x(t) x[n]

t n

Figure 1 Figure 2

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 10
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Discrete-time signal can be defined as:

x[n]  x(nTs ) n  0,1,2,...

where Ts is the sampling period and n is an

integer that may assume to be positive and
negative values.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 11
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
2. Analog and Digital Signal
Analog signals
 Amplitude of analog signal can take any value at each time/sample.
Digital signals
 They consist of pulses or digits with discrete levels or values.
 The value of each pulse is constant, but there is an abrupt change from
one digit to the next.

1
-1

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 12
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
3. Even and Odd Signals
 A continuous-time signal, x(t), is an even signal if
𝑥 −𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡
 A signal is said to be an odd signal if
x(t)
𝑥 −𝑡 = −𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙
x(t)
𝑡

t t

Even signal Odd signal

Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/20/2024 13
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 Even Functions

x  cos(t ) x t

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 14
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Odd Functions

xt
x  sin(t )

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 15
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
If f (t) is even:
a a

 f (t )dt
a
 2  f (t )dt
0

a a

 f (t )dt  f (t )dt
0
a

-a a

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 16
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 If f (t) is odd:
a

 f (t )dt
a
0

 f (t )dt
a

-a a

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 17
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Properties of Even and Odd Functions
If f (t) is Even and g(t) is Odd then:
 h(t) = f (t) x f (t) is even
 (even x even = even)
 h(t) = g(t) x g(t) is even
 (odd x odd = even)
 h(t) = f (t) x g(t) is odd
 (even x odd = odd)

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 18
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
4. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
 A periodic signal is a function of time that repeat itself every certain period of time.
 It can be defined as:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑇 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡, where T is a positive constant,
If the condition is satisfied for T=T0, it will be also satisfied for T=2T0, 3T0, 4T0, …
 The smallest value of T that satisfies previous equation is called the fundamental
period of x(t).
 The fundamental frequency of the periodic signal, x(t), can be written as:
1 1
𝑓= =
𝑇 τ

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 19
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Cont’d
x(t) x(t)

t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 t
T1

Periodic signal Non-periodic signal

 The angular frequency, measured in radians per second is defined by:

2π
𝑤 = 2π𝑓 =
𝑇

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 20
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Frequency and Period
 Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.
 Change in a short span of time means high frequency.
 Change over a long span of time means low frequency.
 If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero (example Dc
signal).
 If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 21
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 An example of a simple periodic CT signal is a Sine wave

Two signals
with the same
phase and
frequency,
but different
amplitudes

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 22
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 Two signals with
the same
amplitude and
phase, but
different
frequencies

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 23
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Frequency and period are the inverse of each other

1 1
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 =
𝑇 𝑓

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 24
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Units of Frequency and Period
Unit Equivalent Unit Equivalent
Seconds (s) 1s Hertz (Hz) 1 Hz
Milliseconds (ms) 10-3 s Kilohertz (kHz) 103 Hz
Microseconds (µs) 10-6 s Megahertz (MHz) 106 Hz
Nanoseconds (ns) 10-9 s Gigahertz (GHz) 109 Hz
Picoseconds (ps) 10-12 s Terahertz (THz) 1012 Hz

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 25
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Example (1)
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?
Solution
100 𝑚𝑠 = 100 × 10−3 𝑠 = 10−1 𝑠
1 1
𝑓 = = −1 Hz = 10 Hz = 10 × 10−3 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 10−2 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑇 10

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 26
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
What does the Phase represent?
Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.

Three sine waves with

the same amplitude and
frequency, but different
phases

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 27
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Example (2)
1
A sine wave is offset cycle with respect to time 0. What is its
6
phase in degrees and radians?
Solution
1
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, cycle is
6
1 𝑜
2π π
× 360 = 60 = 60 × 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = rad = 1.046 rad
6 360 3

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 28
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
5. Deterministic and Random Signals
 Deterministic signal is a signal which there is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.

 Random signal is a signal which there is uncertainty before it occurs.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 30
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
6. Causal, Anti-causal, and Non-causal
 Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time.

 Anti-causal are signals that are zero for all positive time.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 31
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Cont’d
 Non-causal signals are signals that have nonzero values in both
positive and negative time.

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 32
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Types of Systems

10/20/2024 Dr. Dina A. Ragab Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems 33
 What is a System?
 A system is a combination and interconnection of several components to
perform a desired task.
 Subsystems are the systems which are connected with each other to form
other systems such as transceiver.

Input Output Input Output

Transmitter Receiver
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/20/2024 34
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
System Representation
x1(t) y1(t)
x2(t) y2(t)
System
xn(t) yn(t)

x1(t) y1(t)
x2(t) y2(t)
MIMO
y1(t) xn(t) yn(t)
x1(t) SISO System System

Single Input Single Output Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 35
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 1 Input System (1) System (2) Output “Series or Cascade connection”

System (1)

2 Input Output “Parallel connection”

System (2)

3 System (1) System (2)

Input System (4) Output

System (3) “Series – Parallel connection”

System (1) Output

4
Input “Feedback interconnection”
System (2)

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 36
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
Basic System Properties
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time systems.
2. Linear and non-linear systems.
3. Time invariant and time varying systems
4. Causal and non-causal systems
5. Stability

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 37
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
1. Continuous Time (CT) and Discrete Time (DT) Systems
CONTINUOUS TIME (CT) SYSTEM DISCRETE TIME (DT) SYSTEM
 The input and output signals are  The input and output signals are
continuous discrete
X(t) CTS Y(t) X[n] Y[n]
DTS

 Represented by Differential  Represented by Difference

equations equations
 Solved by Laplace Transformation
(LT)  Solved by Z Transformation (ZT)

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 38
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
2. Linear and Non-Linear Systems
LINEAR SYSTEM NON-LINEAR SYSTEM
 It obeys the properties of:  It does NOT obey neither
 Scaling (homogeneity) scaling nor superposition.
𝑎 𝑥1 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑦1 𝑡 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡  Examples:
 Superposition
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑚𝑥 𝑡 +𝐶
𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑦1 𝑡 + 𝑦2 𝑡
 Examples: 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥2 𝑡

𝑦 𝑡 =𝑚𝑥 𝑡

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 39
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
3. Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems
TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM TIME VARYING SYSTEM
 Systems which input and output  Systems which input and output
relation does NOT change with relation is changed with time
time
 Examples:
 Examples:

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑥 𝑡 ] 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑡

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 40
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
4. Causal and Non-Causal Systems
CAUSAL SYSTEM NON-CAUSAL SYSTEM
 The output at any time depends  The output is a function of future
on the values of input at present values of the input.
time and in the past.
 Examples:
 Examples:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 + 1) CTS
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥(𝑡 − 1) CTS

𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 1] DTS 𝑦 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[𝑛 + 1] DTS

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 41
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 5. Stability
 A system is called stable when it remains at rest unless excited by external
source and will return to rest if all the excitations are removed.
j Im z
The necessary conditions for stability: Unstable
jω Unstable
Region Region

Stable Unstable Stable Stable

Region Region Region Region
σ Real z
Stable Stable
Stable Unstable Region Region
Region Region Unstable Unstable
Region Region

Continuous time system in the s-plane Discrete time system in the z-plane

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 42
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems
 Thank you
Good Luck

Dr. Dina A. Ragab

10/20/2024 43
Lecture (2) - Types of Signals and Systems