GPC510 - Well logging
Semester - Winter 2024; Lecture-4
Partha Pratim Mandal
Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Geophysics
E:
[email protected] /
[email protected] 1
TEACHING OUTLINE
Week 3
Tutorial 4 – Borehole effects, environmental impacts
Tutorial 5 – Tool geometry, resolution, rock composition, resistivity
Tutorial 6 – Resistivity, salinity, clay definition
2
EFFECTS OF TOOL GEOMETRY
Tool geometry
Tool Spacing Vertical
positioning sensors resolution
3
TOOL POSITIONING
¡ Borehole diameter need to be higher
than logging tool for a safer data
acquisition
¡ Tool can be placed in any of the three
positions relative to hole axis (i)
centralized (ii) excentralized (δ =0) (iii)
stood of from the wall by an amount (δ =
constant)
¡ The coefficient of excentralized is
!"
defined as ϵ = , where ϵ=1 for
($! & $"##$ )
perfectly centered tool sonde
¡ Multi-arm centralizers (BHC), one-arm
excentralizer (CNL), etc
4
DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION
¡ Logging tools do not take point readings, the
received signals come from a finite volume of
formation surrounding the sensor
¡ Single detector devices accumulates data
from the spherical volume surrounding the
sensor
¡ For source (S) and receiver (R) devices
(electrical, acoustic), the signal is coming
from a volume whose height is equal to S-R
spacing
¡ For double detector system (compensated
sonic), the difference between received
signals is a measure of distance of the
formation approx. to detector spacing
¡ Log measurements are average values,
integrated over a volume of formation whose
dimensions and shape depend on the tool
geometry, as well as the nature of the
measurement. Ref: Bond, 2009
¡ Tools are categorized according to their
depth of investigation 5
DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION
¡ Resistivity tools can
provide different
depth of
investigation (
shallow, medium,
deep)
Serra, 1985 6
VERTICAL RESOLUTION
¡ Bed resolution on a log run across a sedimentary rock
formations depend upon several factors. Such as:
(i) Bed thickness
(ii) Tool geometry and type of measurement
(iii) Contrast between readings of the investigated bed and its
neighbours
¡ For radioactive tools, bed resolution can vary according to
logging speed and time constants
¡ Bed boundaries on logs are not perfectly sharp but appear as a
gradual transition between a lower and a higher reading
¡ Rule of thumb, depth of investigation increases with sensor
spacing while vertical resolution deteriorates.
7
ROCK COMPOSITION
¡ In well-log analysis, the
reservoir rock is divided into
three components: (i) matrix
(all solid components) (ii)
shale and (iii) pore space
¡ Matrix composed of all solid
constituents including grains,
matrix and cement
Ref: Virtual-geology 8
ROCK COMPOSITION
¡ Shale is a fine-grained, indurated
sedimentary rock formed by a
combination of clay and/or silt
¡ It is fissile and laminated
¡ Silt: fine-grained detrital particles with
diameter in the range 1/256 – 1/16 mm
¡ Clay: extremely fine-grained with
particles smaller than 1/256 mm,
composed of hydrous silicates
(kaolinite, smectite, Illite, etc)
¡ Clays have high water hydrogen
content
¡ Log response will vary according to the
clay fractions and its characteristics 9
BASIC ROCK PROPERTIES
Four fundament properties of interest for reservoir characterization:
1. Resistivity
2. Porosity
3. Permeability
4. Water saturation
10
RESISTIVITY & CONDUCTIVITY
¡ Electrical resistance is defined as the ability of the
material to obstruct the flow of current
¡ Ohm’s law: 𝐸 = 𝑖 ∗ 𝑟 where E= electromotive force
(volts), i = current (amperes) and r = resistance (ohms)
11
RESISTIVITY
¡ Resistivity (R) is a measure of the resistance of a given
volume of material
R = r * A/L
Where R= resistivity (ohm-m), r = resistance (ohms), A =
cross-sectional area (m2), L= length (m)
12
RESISTIVITY
¡ What is the difference between resistivity and resistance
?
13
RESISTIVITY
¡ What is the difference between resistivity and resistance
?
14
RESISTIVITY
¡ What is the difference between resistivity and resistance
?
15
CONDUCTIVITY
¡ The electrical conductivity is the measure of the
material’s ability to conduct electricity
C = 1/R
¡ Where R = resistivity (ohm-m), C = conductivity
millimhos/m, mmho/m , C (mmho/m) = 1000/R (ohm-m)
¡ Two types of conductivity (i) electronic - property of
solids (ii) electrolytic
¡ Sedimentary rocks have electrolytic conductivity –
presence of water in pore space
16
FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTIVITY IN
ROCKS
¡ Water resistivity (Rw) present within the pores. Will vary
with nature and concentration of salt
¡ Porosity and saturation
¡ Lithology
¡ Texture
¡ Temperature
17
ANISOTROPIC RESISTIVITY
¡ Horizontal resistivity (RH) along the bedding plane and vertical
resistivity (RV) is perpendicular to bedding plane
!!
¡ We define anisotropic coefficient 𝜆 = , ranges from 1 to 2.5
!"
Rv
RH
¡ Tool measured horizontal resistivity
¡ Mean resistivity of an anisotropic formation is 𝑅 = 𝑅" 𝑅#
18
RESISTIVITY AND SALINITY
¡ Resistivity of an electrolyte depends upon concentration
and type of dissolved salts
19
RESISTIVITY AND SALINITY
¡ Charts to convert other dissolved salts in terms of
equivalent NaCl
Ref: Schlumberger 20
RESISTIVITY& TEMPERATURE
¡ Resistivity of a solution
decreases with increasing
temperature
%# ().++
¡ 𝑅$%& = 𝑅$%' [ ] in (0F)
%$ ().++
%# (&'.,
¡ 𝑅$%& = 𝑅$%' [ ] in (0C)
%$ (&'.,
¡ Chart presented here can be
used to convert resistivity at a
given temperature to that at
any other temperature
Ref: Schlumberger 21
END OF LECTURE
Thank you
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