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TRADITIONAL E N G IN EERIN G G RAPHICS
DRAWING
The graphical representation of any object or idea can be termed as drawing.
A drawing can be prepared either using free hand or using engineering instruments
or using computer program.
Drawings help u s in developing our thoughts and ideas in to a final product.
Engineering Drawing is the Universal Language for Engineers.
ENGINEERING DRAWING
A drawing of an object that contains all information like actual shape, accurate size,
manufacturing methods, etc., required for its construction.
It is the graphic language from which a trained person can visualize objects.
No construction/manufacturing of any (man-made) engineering objects is possible
without engineering drawing.
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN EERIN G G RAPHICS
TYPES O F DRAWING
Artistic Drawing Engineering Drawing
ARTISTIC DRAWING
The drawing representing any object or idea which is sketched in free hand using
imagination of artist and in which proper scaling and dimensioning is not
maintained is called an artistic drawing. Example: Painting, Posters, arts etc.
Not any type of standard followed.
Sketches are generally prepared by means of pencils, brushes and paints.
Artistic drawing is not informative; it provides just an idea about looking of an object.
Artistic drawing is based on just imagination.
Artistic drawing can be understood or read by everyone.
Artistic drawing generates only just an idea about object.
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN EERIN G G RAPHICS
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Engineering drawing can be defined as a graphical language used by engineers and
other technical personnel associated with the engineering profession which fully and
clearly defines the requirements for engineered items.
It is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object.
Accuracy largely matters.
Drawings are prepared by using drawing instruments.
Drawings are prepared with dimensions and necessary information of an object.
Engineering drawing is based on rules and standards.
Engineering drawing can only be read by a technical person.
Engineering drawing converts idea into reality.
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN E E RING G RAPHICS
Artistic Drawing
Engineering Drawing
Computer Drawing
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN EERIN G G RAPHICS
MANDATORY INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN AN ENGINEERING DRAWING
Shape of an object
Exact sizes and tolerances of various parts of the object
The finish of the product
The details of materials
The company’s name
Catalogue no of the product
Date on which the drawing was made
The person who made the drawing
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN EERIN G G RAPHICS
DRAWING STANDARDS
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawing convey the same meaning to
every one who reads them.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
1. Drawing Board
Drawing board is made of soft well-seasoned wood.
It is used for supporting the drawing paper/tracing paper for making drawings.
A strip of hard ebony edge is fitted up in a groove on the shorter edge of the board and
perfectly lined to provide the guide for the T-square.
Width x Length Recommended for
Designation (mm) use with sheet sizes
D0 1000 x 1500 A0
D1 700 x 1000 A1
D2 500 x 700 A2
Drawing Board
D3 350 x 500 A3
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
2. Drawing Sheet
Drawing sheet is the medium on which drawings are prepared by means of pencils.
Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes.
Designation Width x Length (mm)
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
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TRADITIONAL ENG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Orientation of Drawing Sheet
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TRADITIONAL ENG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Dimension of Title Box
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TRADITIONAL E N G IN E E RIN G G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
3. Mini-drafter
Mini-drafter consists of an angle formed by two arms
with scales marked and rigidly hinged to each other.
This is mounted on the top left corner of the
drawing board by means of a clamping mechanism
which is an integral part of the device.
It combines the functions of T-square, set-squares,
scales and protractor.
It is used for drawing horizontal, vertical and
inclined lines, parallel and perpendicular lines and Mini-drafter
for measuring lines and angles.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND A CC E S S O R I E S
4. Set Square
They are used to construct the most common angles (i.e. 30º, 45º and 60º) in technical drawings.
The 45º x 45º and 30º x 60º triangles are the most commonly used for ordinary work.
They are used in conjunction with each other and with T-square to draw parallel, inclined and
perpendicular lines.
S et Square
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
5. T-Square
It consists of two parts: the stock and the
blade joined together at right angle.
The stock is placed adjoining the working edge
of the board and is made to slide on it as and
when required.
The T- square is used for drawing horizontal
lines.
T-Square
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RI NG G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
6. Instrument Box
Instrument box contains
i. Compasses,
ii. Dividers and
iii. Inking pens.
The position of the pencil lead with respect to the tip
of the compass should be at least 1 m m above.
Because the tip goes into the board for grip by 1 m m .
Instrument Box
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
7. Protractor
Protractors are used for constructing and
measuring angles.
Protractors are generally semicircular in shape.
The base diameter of the semicircle serves as
the straight edge.
A semicircular protractor can measure and
Protractor
angles of any measure between 0º to 180º.
Least count of the protractor is generally 10.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
8. French Curves
French curve is free form template and is used to draw a smooth curve passing
through a number of points.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
9. Drawing Clips or Drawing Pins
They are used to fix the drawing sheet firmly in position to the drawing board as one
construct the drawing.
Both drawing clips and drawing pins serve the same purpose.
Drawing Clips Drawing Pins
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
10. Pencils
Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in the market.
The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H , HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc.
The grade HB denotes medium hardness of lead used for general purpose.
The hardness increases as the value of the numeral before the letter H increases.
The lead becomes softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases.
HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free sketching.
H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges and boundary lines.
2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines, Extension lines,
Centre lines, Hatching lines and Hidden lines.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
10. Pencils
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
11. Scale
There is a wide variation in sizes for engineering objects.
Some are very large (Aero planes, rockets, etc.). Some are very small (wrist watch,
electronics components).
Scale refers to the ratio between the linear measurement of a particular element in
an object as depicted in the original drawing and the corresponding linear
measurement of that element within the actual object.
Or Simply
Scale means comparing the size of something in a drawing to its size in real life.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
11. Scale
Full size scale: If we show actual length of an object on a drawing, then the scale used is called
full size scale.
Reducing scale: If we reduce the actual length of an object so as to accommodate that object on a
drawing, then the scale used is called reducing scale.
Enlarging scale: If we enlarge the actual length of an object so as to accommodate that object on a
drawing, then the scale used is called enlarging scale.
BIS Recommended Scales for Drawing
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND A C C E S S O R I E S
Representative Factor (R.F.)
The ratio of the size of drawing of an object to its actual size is called
representative factor, usually referred as R . F.
𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑹. 𝑭. = (𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑰𝒕′𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
For reducing scale, the drawing will have R . F. values of less than unity.
For enlarging scale, the drawing will have R . F. values of greater than unity.
Example: If 1 cm on drawing represents 1 m length of an object, then find its R . F.
𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟏
𝑹. 𝑭. = = = <𝟏
𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Example: If 1 m m length of an object is shown by a length of 1 c m , then find its R . F.
𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑹. 𝑭. = = = 𝟏𝟎 > 𝟏
𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝒎𝒎
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Length Conversion Chart
1 kilometer (km) = 10 Hectometers (hm) = 1000 m
1 Hectometer (hm) = 10 Decameters (dcm) = 100 m
1 Decameter (dcm) = 10 Meters (m)
1 Meter (m) = 10 Decimeters (dm) = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 Decimeter (dm) = 10 Centimeters (cm) = 0.1 Meter
1 Centimeter (cm) = 10 Millimeters (mm) = 0.01 Meter
1 Millimeter (mm) = 0.001 Meter (m)
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Type of Scales
Simple Scales
Diagonal Scales
Vernier Scales
Comparative Scales
Scale of Chords
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Type of Scales
1. Simple Scales:
Simple or plain scales are used to read lengths in two units.
It consists a line divided into a suitable number of equal units.
The first unit is subdivided into smaller parts.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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QUESTIONS
Construct a scale of 1:2 to show “centimeters” and long enough to measure
Question 1:
up to 4 decimeters?
Solution 1: Given data: 1:2 Centimeters Decimeters
RF 10 c m 1 dm
Maximum length = 4 m
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝑹. 𝑭. = =
𝐼𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑅𝐹 × 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
1 1
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = × 4 𝑑𝑚 = × 40 𝑐𝑚 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
2 2
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AC C E S S O R I E S
Type of Scales
1. Diagonal Scales:
It is used to measure three different dimension at a same time.
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
QUESTIONS
Construct a diagonal scale with RF of 3:200 showing meters, decimeters and
Question 1:
centimeters. The scale should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 m .
Solution 1: Given data: 3:200 Meters Decimeters Centimeters
RF 1 m 10 dm 100 c m
Maximum length = 6m
𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝑹. 𝑭. = =
𝐼𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑅𝐹 × 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
3 3
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ×6𝑚 = × 600 𝑐𝑚 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒎
200 200
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E N G INEE RING G RAPHICS
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TRADITIONAL E NG INEE RING G RAPHICS
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