Bonga University
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Strength of Material-I Lecture notes
Prepared by:
Balemlay Alehegn (MSc. in Mechanical Design)
January: 2024
Bonga,Ethiopia
Strength of Material I &II Lecture Notes
CHAPTER ONE
1. CONCEPT OF STRESS
1.1. Introduction
When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo some deformation. Due
to cohesion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This resistance by which
material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength of material.
The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the future engineer
with the means of analyzing and designing various machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept of stress.
In this chapter you are going to study the concept of stress in a member of a structure, you
will consider successively the normal stresses in a member under axial loading, the
shearing stresses caused by opposite transverse forces, and the bearing stresses created by
bolts and pins in the members.
A two-force member under axial loading is considered again, it will be observed that the
stresses on an oblique plane include both normal and shearing stresses and six components
are required to describe the state of stress at a point in a body under the most general loading
conditions.
➢ Mechanics is the science of forces and motions.
• Force has an ability to alter the motion of the system (in case of rigid body)
or may change the shape of the system (in case of deformable body).
• Motion involves geometry and time.
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Strength of Material I &II Lecture Notes
Strength
of
material
1.2. Forces and stresses (Review of Statics)
Force/Load is a physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist and accelerate a
body which is measured in Newton (N).
Typical loading types are:
a) Static or dead loads, i.e. non-fluctuating loads, generally caused by gravity effects.
b) Live loads, as produced by, for example, lorries crossing a bridge.
c) Impact or shock loads caused by sudden blows.
d) Fatigue, fluctuating or alternating loads, the magnitude and sign of the load
changing with time.
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DIRECT STRESS
➢ When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms. The way in which the
body deforms depends upon the type of force applied to it.
➢ Compression force makes the body shorter .
➢ A tensile force makes the body
longer.
➢ Tensile and compressive forces are called direct forces.
➢ Stress is the force per unit area upon which it acts.
Stress = = Force = F
( Symbol – Sigma )
Area A Unit is Pascal (Pa) or
❖ Note: Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa.
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Concept of Strain
➢ When a body is subjected to some external force, there is some change of dimension
of the body.
➢ The ratio of change of dimension of the body to original dimension known as Strain.
➢ It is a geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body.
➢ Strain is the deformation per unit of the original length.
x
Strain = = The symbol called epsilon
L
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Example: A short review of the methods of statics. The structure is designed to support a
30 kN load.
➢ Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural member
and the reaction forces at the supports.
➢ The structure consists of a boom and rod joined by pins (zero moment connections)
at the junctions and supports.
Free-Body Diagram of the Structure
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Component Free-Body Diagram
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➢ Axial Load is a load that applied perpendicular to the materials.
Shearing Stress
➢ Shear force is a force applied sideways on the material (transversely
loaded).
When a pair of shears cut a When a material is When a beam has a
material punched transverse load
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➢ Shear stress is the force per unit area carrying the load.
➢ This means the cross sectional area of the material being cut, the beam
and pin.
➢ Shear stress, = F
A
➢ The sign convention for shear force and stress is based on how it shears
the materials as shown below.
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Allowable Load / Allowable Stress
➢ Max load that a structural member/machine component will be allowed
to carry under normal conditions of utilization is considerably smaller
than the ultimate load.
➢ This smaller load known as Allowable load or working load or design
load.
➢ Only a fraction of ultimate load capacity of the member is utilized when
allowable load is applied.
✓ Ultimate stress is defined as the largest stress obtained by dividing the
largest value of the load to the original cross-sectional area of the
material.
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Factor of Safety
✓ It is defined, in general, as the ratio of the maximum stress to the working
stress. Mathematically.
➢ The ratio of the ultimate load per allowable load is used to define
factor of safety.
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡
➢ Factor Of Safety = Ultimate Load
=
Allowable Load 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡
➢ Factor Of Safety = Ultimate Stress = 𝐹. 𝑆 =
Allowable Stress 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
Selection of Factor of safety
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Bearing Stress in Connections
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CHAPTER 2: STRESS AND STRAIN – AXIAL LOADING
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CHAPTER 3: TORSION
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Solution
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Prismatic Members in Pure Bending
4.3. Deformations in a Symmetric Member in
Pure Bending
4.4. Stresses and Deformations in the Elastic Range
4.5. Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
4.6. Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
4.7. Unsymmetrical Bending
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CHAPTER-5
TRANSFORMATIONS OF STRESS AND STRAIN
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Transformation of Plane Stress
5.3. Principal Stresses;
5.4. Maximum Shearing Stress
5.5. Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
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Transformation of Plane Stress
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CHAPTER-6
Analysis and Design of Beams for
Bending
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