I-REVIEW – SCIENCE 8 – Q3

I. MATTER
Definition of Matter:

• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

• Made up of tiny particles called atom.
• Everything that we can see, touch, or feel is made up of matter.

Properties of Matter:

• Mass: The amount of material or substance an object contains, typically measured in

kilograms (kg) or grams (g).
• Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object, typically measured in liters (L) or
cubic meters (m³).
• Shape - The external form or outline of an object. It describes the object's appearance.

Physical Properties: Characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without

changing the substance's chemical identity.

Examples: Color, texture, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility.

Chemical Properties: Characteristics that describe a substance’s ability to undergo chemical

changes and form new substances.

Examples: Flammability, reactivity with oxygen or acids, ability to rust.

Intensive Properties: Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter.

Examples: Density, boiling point, color.

Extensive Properties: Properties that depend on the amount of matter present.

Examples: Mass, volume, length.

Physical vs. Chemical Changes:

• Physical Change: A change in the form or physical appearance of matter without
changing its chemical composition.
o Examples: Melting ice, tearing paper, dissolving sugar in water.
• Chemical Change: The formation of a new substance with different composition and
properties than the initial substance.
o Examples: Burning wood, rusting iron, cooking an egg.
3 States of Matter:

Solid - Atoms or molecules are packed tightly together in a fixed arrangement. Solids have a
definite shape and volume. They don't change unless you apply force (like cutting or breaking)

Liquid - Atoms or molecules are closer together than in a gas, but they can still move around a
bit. Liquids have a definite volume, but they take the shape of their container.

Gas - Atoms or molecules are spread far apart and move around freely. Gases don't have a
definite shape or volume.

II. PHASE CHANGE

What is Phase Change?

• A phase change is the transition of matter from one state to another due to changes in
temperature or pressure.
• Phase changes are physical changes because the chemical composition of the substance
remains the same.

Types of Phase Changes:

1. Melting: Solid → Liquid

o Example: Ice turning into liquid water at 0°C.
2. Freezing: Liquid → Solid
o Example: Water freezing into ice at 0°C.
3. Evaporation/Vaporization: Liquid → Gas
 o Evaporation occurs on the surface, while vaporization occurs throughout the
liquid.
o Example: Boiling water producing steam at 100°C.
4. Condensation: Gas → Liquid
o Example: Water vapor in the air condensing into droplets on a cold glass.
5. Sublimation: Solid → Gas without passing through the liquid state.
o Example: Dry ice (solid CO₂) turning into carbon dioxide gas.
6. Deposition: Gas → Solid without becoming a liquid.
o Example: Frost forming on cold surfaces.

III. PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENTS

What is the Periodic Table?

• The periodic table is an organized chart of elements arranged by their atomic number,
electron configuration, and chemical properties.

Key Parts of the Periodic Table:

• Group or Column: Elements in the same column have similar chemical properties
because they have the same number of valence electrons.
• Period or Row: Elements in the same row have increasing atomic numbers and electron
shells.

Examples of Elements:

• Hydrogen (H): The lightest and most abundant element in the universe.
• Oxygen (O): Essential for respiration and combustion.
• Carbon (C): The backbone of organic molecules.

Categories of Elements:

1. Metals:
o Properties: Shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity.
o Example: Iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Aluminum (Al)
2. Non-metals:
o Properties: Dull, brittle, poor conductors.
o Example: Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S)
3. Metalloids:
o Properties: Have properties of both metals and non-metals.
o Example: Silicon (Si), Boron (B)
IV. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sub-atomic Particles - Are the building blocks of atoms. The three main sub-atomic particles
are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Parts of an Atom:

• Proton: Positively charged (+), found in the nucleus. Determines the identity of an
element.
• Neutron: Neutral charge (0), found in the nucleus. Helps stabilize the nucleus.
• Electron: Negatively charged (-1), orbits around the nucleus in electron shells or energy
levels.

Key Concepts:

1. Atomic Number (Z):

o The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
o Atomic number also equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
o Example: Carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6, so it has 6 protons and 6
electrons.
2. Mass Number (A):
o The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
o Formula: Mass number = Protons + Neutrons
3. Calculating Neutrons:
o Formula: Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number
o Example: Oxygen (O) has a mass number of 16 and an atomic number of 8.
Neutrons = 16 - 8 = 8 neutrons

Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons.

Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon.

Ions: Atoms may gain charges. This happens when electrons are lost or gained by the atom.
When this happens, the atom becomes an ION. Atoms or molecules that have gained or lost
electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.

Electron Configuration:

• Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells around the nucleus.

• Example: Carbon (C) has 6 electrons with the configuration 2, 4 (2 in the first shell and 4
in the second shell).

Formulas and Relationships:

• Atomic number = Protons = Electrons

 • Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number

Example Table:

ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS CHARGE PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS

NUMBER NUMBER
(PROTONS) (PROTONS (MASS # -
AND ATOMIC #)
NEUTRONS)
²⁴Mg ₁₂ 12 24 0 12 12 12

³⁹K ₁₉ 19 39 0 19 20 19

²³Na⁺¹ ₁₁ 11 23 +1 11 12 10

VI. MIXTURES
Heterogeneous Mixtures:

• The mixing is not uniform.

• Have regions of different composition.
• Consist of two or more physically distinct phases.

Examples: Sand and water, oil and vinegar, concrete (a mixture of cement, gravel, and
sand).

Homogeneous Mixtures:

• The mixing is uniform.

• Have a constant composition throughout.
• Also called solutions.
o Gaseous Solution: Pure air
o Liquid Solution: Syrup
o Solid Solution: Steel, bronze

VII. PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. These particles are constantly moving.
o The speed of particles increases as temperature increases.
 3. There are spaces between particles.
o The amount of space depends on the state of matter.
4. Particles are attracted to each other.
o The strength of attraction varies among different substances.
5. The movement and arrangement of particles explain changes in states of matter.
o Example: In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions, while in gases, particles
move freely.

VIII. THE PERIODIC TABLE (CONTINUATION)

1. History of the Periodic Table

• John Newlands (1864): Proposed the Law of Octaves, noting that every eighth element
had similar properties.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1869): Credited with creating the first widely recognized periodic
table.
• Henry Moseley (1913): Arranged elements by increasing atomic number instead of
atomic mass, correcting previous inconsistencies and forming the modern periodic table.

2. Structure of the Periodic Table

a. Periods

• Definition: Horizontal rows in the periodic table.

• Number of Periods: There are 7 periods.

b. Groups (or Families)

• Definition: Vertical columns in the periodic table.

• Number of Groups: There are 18 groups.
• Significance: Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties
because they have the same number of valence electrons.

c. Electron Configuration

• Definition: The distribution of electrons in an atom’s electron shells.

• Notation: Written using the order of orbitals (e.g., 1s² 2s² 2p⁶).
• Example: Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
 GROUPS NAME ELEMENTS VALENCE KEY
ELECTRONS PROPERTIES
+ USE
1 Alkali Metals Li, Na, K, Rb, 1 Highly reactive,
Cs, Fr soft, good
conductors
2 Alkaline Earth Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, 2 Reactive, form
Ba, Ra basic oxides
3 – 12 Transition Fe, Cu, Zn, Au, Varies 1 – 2 High melting
metals Ag points, good
conductors, form
alloys
13 Boron Group B, AI, Ga, In, TI 3 Moderate
reactivity,
aluminum for
packaging
14 Carbon Group C, Si, Ge, Sn, 4 Varies
Pb (nonmetals to
metals), silicon
in
semiconductors
15 Nitrogen Group N, P, As, Sb, 5 Forms essential
Bi biological
molecules
16 Oxygen Group O, S, Se, Te, 6 Oxygen for
Po respiration,
sulfur for
industrial acids
17 Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At 7 Forms salts with
alkali metals
18 Noble Gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Full (2 or 8) Inert, used in
Xe, Rn lighting and
industrial
applications

Done by: Yesha Liwanag and JZ Joy Reyes