DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: Science and Technology
Lecture -02
Cells and Tissues,
Microorganism Basic
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Cells and Tissues, Microorganism Basic
❖ No-Layered Cell Organelle
Ribosomes
Centrosomes
❖ Single-Layered Cell Organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
❖ Nucleus
❖ Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
❖ Microorganisms
Bacteria
Fungi
About Plastids:
Chromoplast can be available in colors apart from green. They can also be available
in the colors yellow and orange-red. If the chromoplast is yellow in color, then it will
be known as Xanthophyll (found in eukaryotic cells) and if they are in the color of
red and orange, it will be known as Carotene.
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Lycopene is found only in tomatoes and gives the red color to the tomato. It is an
antioxidant that helps in fighting cancer.
About Vacuoles:
It is a membrane-bound cell organelle.
In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help
sequester waste products.
In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance.
Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the
interior space of the plant cell.
No-Layered Cell Organelle:
Ribosomes: These are non-layered (non-membranous) organelles that help in protein
synthesis. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. Ribosomes are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum (giving it a rough texture) in both plant and animal cells. They
play an important role in translating DNA into proteins.
Centrosomes: These too are non-membranous cell structure that plays a significant role
in the process of cell division. It is composed of protein.
Single-Layered Cell Organelle:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ER is the largest organelle in the cell
which has a network-like structure and is a major site of protein
synthesis and transport, protein folding, lipid, and steroid synthesis.
Types of ER: There are two types of ER, rough endoplasmic
reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Both types are present in plant and
animal cells.
Functions:
The ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing protein and ER acts as the
kitchen slab to which the former sticks. This is how the surface of ER becomes
rough. Thus, altogether, rough ER helps in the process of protein synthesis.
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The smooth ER is responsible
for the production of lipids and
is essential in the process of
metabolism. The protein that is
synthesized inside of ER
gradually comes out of the
inner surface in the form of
tiny droplets. When these
droplets join with each other,
they will form multiple long strands of protein known as Golgi
bodies.
Golgi Bodies: The Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply Golgi originate
from the ER. Golgi is involved in the modifying, packaging, and
movement of the protein molecules before they are sent to their
destination (outside of the cell membrane). These organelles help in
processing and packaging the macromolecules like proteins and lipids that are
synthesized by the cell and hence act as the ‘post office’ of the cell.
Lysosome: It is a very powerful enzyme and is also known by the name of ‘suicidal bag.’
They originate from Golgi bodies and when any foreign body (damaged or infected cell)
tries to enter a human body, this cell organelle becomes active. Lysosomes are mostly
found in white blood cells (WBCs) and these bodies fight for our body's immunity. Thus,
lysosomes are a part of our defense system. These organelles are found only in animal
cells.
Nucleus:
The nucleus is the control room of the cell.
It is a double-layered membrane-bound
structure (nuclear membrane) that
contains the cell’s hereditary information
and controls the cell’s growth and
reproduction.
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The nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell or the cytoplasm by a nuclear
membrane.
The nucleoplasm is the gelatinous substance within the nuclear envelope.
The nucleolus and chromosomes are surrounded by nucleoplasm, which functions to
cushion and protect the contents of the nucleus.
Contained within the nucleus is a dense, membrane-less structure composed of RNA
and proteins called the nucleolus.
The nucleus is the organelle that houses chromatin networks. The chromatin network
can be divided into two parts.
First, they consist of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), which contains heredity
information and instructions for cell growth, development, and reproduction.
The second part is the Histone protein (non-genetic material). Along with these,
DNA, genes, and chromosomes are housed inside a nucleus.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA is the molecule
that carries the genetic information for the
development and functioning of an organism. It
also carries the information that specifies all the
proteins that make up an organism including
information about when, in what types of cells,
and in what quantity each protein is to be made.
Gene: A gene is the basic physical and functional
unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Every person has two copies of
each gene, one inherited from each parent.
Chromosomes: In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into
thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of
DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support
its structure. One molecule of DNA and one protein make up one chromosome.
Types of Cells:
Procaryotic Cells: These are primitive cells. While prokaryotic cells do not have
membrane-bound structures, they do have distinct cellular regions but do not contain
a nucleus.
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Eucaryotic Cells: These are advanced forms of cells.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a
nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma
membrane.
Organelles are internal structures responsible
for a variety of functions, such as
energy production and protein
synthesis.
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Plasma
membrane, Cytoskeleton or cell
wall, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, etc
are the primary components of an
eukaryotic cell.
Microorganism:
Understanding Microorganisms: These are tiny living things that cannot be seen with
the unaided eye. Fungi, algae, protozoa, and bacteria are living microorganisms whereas
a virus which is a non-living microorganism, becomes alive when comes in contact with
a foreign body.
A microorganism with one cell is termed a unicellular microorganism. Examples:
Bacteria, Protozoa, and a few types of algae, etc.
When a microorganism has more than one cell, it is called a multi-cellular
microorganism. Example: Fungi and a few types of algae.
Bacteria (Unicellular Microorganism): These are small single-celled organisms that
are prokaryotic. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and can thrive in
extreme climatic conditions including boiling point, freezing point, in a desert,
within a volcano, and below a pH level (highly acidic in nature). Bacteria are
microorganisms that come in various shapes. They can be spheres, they can be rods
(bacilli), or they can be spirals (spirilla).
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Bad Bacteria: Harmful bacteria are called pathogenic bacteria because they
cause diseases and illness. Clostridium Tetnae (Tetanus), Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis (causes TB), etc are among the category of bad bacteria.
Good Bacteria: Good bacteria work to fight off the bad bacteria and help our
bodies digest foods and absorb nutrients. This constitutes Lactobacillus and
Bifidobacterium.
Aerobic Bacteria: Some bacteria can only be alive in the presence of oxygen,
those are called aerobic bacteria.
Anaerobic Bacteria: Anaerobic bacteria are germs that can survive and grow
where there is no oxygen.
Fuculative Bacteria: Some bacteria can be alive whether or not there is a supply
of oxygen. These types of bacteria are called Fuculative.
Bacteria can exist freely without requiring any support. They can also act as
decomposers and can also be grown synthetically (Lactobacillus).
Epidemic typhus, also called louse-borne typhus, is an uncommon disease
caused by a bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. Epidemic typhus is spread
to people through contact with infected body lice.
Fungi (Multicellular Microorganism): These are eukaryotic cells. Example: Bread
mold and Aspergillus are among the bad fungi whereas, mushrooms, yeast, etc are
good fungi.
Penicillium which is formed on rotten oranges, lemons, etc is used in
manufacturing antibiotics that help kill bacteria.
Fungi too are free living in nature and can be produced synthetically. These
also function as decomposers.
It is to be noted that fungus can also cause diseases. Example: Ringworm
