See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/365996067

“LOCAL ORNITHOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF

DARJEELING HILL AREA”

Chapter · January 2022

CITATIONS READS

0 196

1 author:

Bireshwar Bera
St Joseph's College, Darjeeling
32 PUBLICATIONS 53 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Bireshwar Bera on 26 November 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Birds Around Us:
Science and Emotion

Edited By
Dr. Debabrata Das
Dr. Pampi Ghosh
Dr. J. K. De

Bharti Publications
New Delhi- 110002 (INDIA)
Copyright ©Editors

Title: Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

Editors: Dr. Debabrata Das, Dr. Pampi Ghosh, Dr. J. K. De

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced

or transmitted, in any from or by any means, without permission.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims
for damages.

First Published, 17/11/2022

ISBN: 978-93-94779-62-4

Published by :
Bharti Publications
4819/24, 2nd Floor, Mathur Lane
Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
Phone: 011-23247537, 011-46172797
Mobile : +91-989-989-7381
E-mail : [email protected]
[email protected]
Website : www.bhartipublications.com

Printed in India, by: Sagar Color Scan, Delhi

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the book are the author and
not necessarily of the publisher & Editors. Author is themselves
responsible for any kind of Plagiarism found in book and any
related issues in book.
 Preface
We see our surroundings every day when we have enough time. In our
surroundings, we see plants, animals, microbes and people working
separately for their own purposes. Among the animals, if you distinctly
watch you can see a large number of flying creatures that lay eggs and
give us relax by their color; songs and melody enchant us even for their
ecological interactions. They help us by doing something beneficial to the
environment. Birds pollinate, washes pollutants, clean the environment,
and act as agents to disperse seeds. Sometimes they scarify seeds and help
them to germinate. Many birds establish ecological balance directly and
help to check population of other organisms. Water birds help to grow fish
better in many ways. They disperse propagules of many aquatic plants
and help them grow in different habitats. A good example is duckweed.
Many birds in coastal areas help to run biochemical cycles. Guano, a good
organic fertilizer obtained from birds and bats. Birds used as indicator to
know the environment quality i.e. good or bad. Common birds help to
know the difference between natural and polluted environment. Pet birds
are a source of income generations for people in many ways. Colorful
birds help people to earn money. They help zoo garden authority and
attract people. We purchase foreign birds for their beautiful appearance
even for meat and eggs. Good examples are Cockatoos and Emus. Due
to huge pollutants in nature, birds are under threat. So, we need to study
common birds. Remembering the theme in mind the present book has
been written. The book ‘Birds around us: Science and Emotion’ will helps
to many readers and researchers to know the common birds and the
surrounding atmosphere around us.

Thanks
Date: 07/11/2022
Editors,
Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion
Kolkata, W.B.
Bulganin Mitra, M.Sc. Ph. D. Office Address
Emeritus Professor, RKMVCC Department of Zoology Ramakrishna
Former Scientist-C Mission Vivekananda Centenary
Zoological Survey of India College (Autonomous), Rahara-700118
Member of XVth ISE, Antarctica

Foreword
India, officially the Republic of India is a
country in South Asia with a geographical
land area of 32,87,263 sq. km. ranks among
the top ten countries in the world in terms
of the greatest number of bird species. India
harbours about 12.5% of avifauna for its
great variation in eco-geography. Given this
avifaunal richness, and the fact that scientific
Indian ornithology goes back three centuries,
it may amaze many that the total number of bird species recorded from
India is still a matter of speculation. Therefore, more number of authentic
documentations on regional, state, district including local level will
provide the exact figure of bird species in India. The book entitled “Birds
around us: Science and Emotion” is compiled with several research /
review articles on biodiversity and other aspects of birds from various
areas of India. This publication presented ornitho faunal diversity of
Darjeeling hill area, Midnapore town & Uttarpara of West Bengal; Burnihat
of Assam; Mandya district of Karnataka; and Mumbai, Bhandara district
of Maharashtra etc. In addition to these, several renowned authorities
have reflected their expertise on role of birds in agricultural & forestry
and also on the threats of aquatic birds in their habitat. Moreover, this
book presents three very special publication. The first one is on bird Lore,
second one on the important biodiversity areas for bird watchers in India,
and last one on the diversity and conservation measures of Pet birds in
India.
I hope this publication will help all the bird lovers, researchers, students,
educationists, academicians, and those, who are interested to carry out
further studies on avian fauna of our country.
Lastly, I convey my sincere thanks to the editor-in-chief for taking a great
pain in completion of this book in a befitting manner. Thanks are also due
to the authors and co-authors who contributed their expert writings in
this book.

(Dr. B. Mitra)
 Message

I am delighted to know about the publication of this book entitled Birds

Around Us: Science and Emotion. To know about the nature has remained
a matter of curiosity and interest for human being since his origin, on the
planet earth. Birds are the glorified reptiles. These are the living dinosaurs
around us.
This book is a very good book which is catering to the need of common
readers as well as researchers. Human being is always interested to know
about birds and he has learned many things from birds. Many innovations
and inventions have been done by human being, after getting inspiration
from the life of birds. India is a home to many birds. Birds have been
mentioned, sketched and photographed under the subject of arts as well
as science. Birds are providing us services in the form of food, source of
entertainment, pollination, biological control etc. Birds are an integral,
inseparable part of our environment.
There is a great need of conservation of biodiversity including birds and
their habitats. I hope this book shall be very useful for the readers and
researchers to gain knowledge from it and it shall provide motivation to
them to carry this knowledge ahead. I want to congratulate the authors
and editors of the book for creating such an excellent piece of work in the
form of this book. I provide my good wishes to the authors, authority of
publication division and editors of this book.

Dr. Krishan Lal

Associate Professor
Department of Zoology
NSCBM Govt. College Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh)-177005


Message
I feel immense pleasure that the book entitled, 'Birds around us: Science and Emotion’ is going
to be published very soon. In nature, birds are feathered animals that lay eggs and can fly. Many
colorful birds attract us and wild birds help us in many ways. Traditional knowledge on birds and
myth based on the feathered creatures have been noticed since time immemorial in various parts
of the globe. People of remote villages are aware to bear their own traditional practice which is
associated with their culture, tradition, and economy. Ecologically traditional knowledge and
beliefs are significant because part of the ethics is parallel with culture and practice
geographically in different communities. Apart from the extrinsic value, its intrinsic value and
cultural practice goes in diverse directions as birds and bird’s lore found in many episodes and
written form even in pictorial guide books. India is a mega-diversity country so its flora and fauna,
even a part of its living components is important. So, it’s a special kind of book in which authors
and experts presented many articles from diverse areas of the country. It goes from review,
research and ethics-based articles though the scientific approach is vivid.
I convey my best wishes to all the authors who have presented their articles in this book. I also
convey my gratitude and best wishes to our editors who have taken such a beautiful effort to make
a book common for all. Again, I convey my love and affections to the entire team of the publisher
and well-wishers to make such a beautiful book complete in a concise manner.
Thanks,


Prof. (Dr.) Tapan Dutta
Principal, Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya,
Lutunia, Sabang, Paschim Medinipur, W.B.


ZĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ͗Zϰϳͬϭ͕^ĂƌĂƚƉĂůůLJ͕ƵĐŬĂŶŐůŽǁZŽĂĚ͕DŝĚŶĂƉŽƌĞWĂƐĐŚŝŵDĞĚŝŶŝƉƵƌͲϳϮϭϭϬϭ




 Contents
Preface iii
Foreword v
Messages vii-viii
1. Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling  1-24
Hill Area
Dr. Bireshwar Bera
2. Bird Diversity in Cities and Impact of  25-38
Urbanization on Avifauna
Vinutha R Bhatta
3. A Review on Role of Birds in Agriculture  39-44
and Forestry
Dipu Samanta & Samadrita Deb
4. Avifaunal diversity in and around  45-56
Belagola Village, Mandya District
Ramyashree M & Milan S.P
5. Preliminary survey of Avifauna in and  57-64
around D. G. Ruparel College of Arts,
Science and Commerce, Mumbai
Niyati Chavan, Shashank More, Gayathri N
6. Diversity and Threats of Waterbirds in  65-75
three Important Wetlands in Purulia
District, West Bengal, India
Prantik Hazra
7. The Avian diversity in Uttarpara,  76-85
Hooghly, W.B.
Somdatta Ghosh
 x Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

8. Bird Diversity in and around Bhandara  86-101

District of Maharashtra, India
Arti A. Salwe
9. Avifauna Diversity in the Vicinity of  102-122
Central Academy for State Forest
Service Campus, Burnihat, Assam, India
Kirubaharan K , Biswa Ranjan Goswami &
Narayan Chandra Saha
10. Bird Lore from Prehistoric Period to  123-151
Present Day
Balaknath Bhattacharyya
11. Electromagnetic Radiation and its  152-160
Biological Effects on two Natural
Pollinators: Birds and Honey Bees
Hemen Biswas
12. The First Ramsar Site of Karnataka:  161-169
Ecology and Conservation of
Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary,
Shrirangpatna, Mandya, Karnataka
Supreet Kadakol
13. Discussion on Endangered, Endemic,  170-186
and Threatened Birds
Sayan Banerjee, Debajyoti Saha
14. Study of Neighbouring Bird Diversity  187-202
During Lockdown Period in Different
Districts of West Bengal
Aahitagni Das, Anamitra Sen, Mayukh Mitra, Sandip
Acharyya, Rohan Ghosh, Rudraditya Chackraborty,
Swapnomoy Chackraborty, Shrayan Bhattacharjee,
Pradipta Kumar Ghosh, Samir Sardar,
Arunava Mukherjee
15. A Report on the Avian Flower Visitors of  203-218
Indian Coral Tree (Erythrina
variegata L.) from West Bengal
Bulganin Mitra, Aritri Chatterjee, Lina Chatterjee,
Debarnab Sen Arjan Basu Roy, Atri Bhattacharya
  xi

16. Birds of Malnad Ranges in the Central  219-235

Western Ghats of Southern India
Hemantha Raj M and Ivan Aranha
17. Assemblage of Winter Water Birds in  236-250
Chupi Oxbow Lake, Purbasthali, Purba
Bardhaman, West Bengal
Lina Chatterjee, Arjan Basu Roy, Tarak Samanta,
Bulganin Mitra
18. Diversity of Pet Birds and Conservation  251-258
Measures in and Around the Country
Dr. Pampi Ghosh
19. Avian Diversity and Conservation Measures  259-270
in Midnapore Town of West Bengal
Atmaja Avirupa Das
20. Avian Diversity and Ecosystem  271-289
Characteristics to Qualify IBAs in India
Dr. Debabrata Das
21. A Comprehensive View of South India’s  284-297
Avian Diversity
M Keerthana and G Maheswari
Birds of different species seen at  298-303
various habitats of India
Prabir Mukherjee
 1 Local Ornithofaunal Diversity
of Darjeeling Hill Area

Dr. Bireshwar Bera

ABSTRACT
Birds are very colourful and feathered organisms ecologically
significant in the ecosystem. Birds are our friends as they act many
things that are helpful in our ecosystem processes. We are in a
day-and-age during which more bird species are threatened with
extinction than ever before. Birds are an integral part to maintain
the whole ecosystem but due to the deforestation, urbanization
and anthropogenic disturbances there is shortage of birds in our
ecosystem. There is no more chitter-chatter in the morning; the big
black crow does not come any more on the railing for his piece of
bread, large groups of sparrows don’t return home after the day’s
work together. But during survey of Darjeeling birds, it was amazed
to learn that the place’s civilization unmoved by the urbanization
has been successfully preserved birds of many species. In this article,
general ideas on birds of Darjeeling have been presented.

INTRODUCTION
The most vulnerable and hazardous environments in the world
are hills or mountains, harbour rich repositories of biodiversity.
In the year 2010, mountains have been recognised as important
ecosystems by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
its special programme on ‘mountain biodiversity’ which aims to

Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College, North

Point, Darjeeling, West Bengal
 2 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

reduce the loss of biological diversity in the mountains at global,

regional, and national levels.
Expanding urbanization at global rate has affected bird diversity
and composition drastically (Leveau et al., 2017). Forest vegetation
assists in avifaunal maintenance which provide food and water to
birds and thus promote biodiversity (Silva et al., 2020). Darjeeling
covers a variety of ecosystems in India are the main source to
country economy as they provide a site for ecotourism and
important habitat of many valuable species of birds. Knowledge
of the composition of avian communities is crucial to determine
the ecology and health status of the local ecosystem or regional
landscapes. So, understanding of avian community structure and
diversity is therefore essential to recognize the importance of
landscapes for avian conservation. There are about a total of 10,721
species of birds having been reported, globally. From Southeast
Asia a total of 1932 species and 113 families of bird species having
been recorded, whereas from India 1263 species from 23 orders, 107
families and 492 genera were listed. In a healthy ecosystem birds
play an important role, such as predators, pollinators, scavengers,
seed dispersals, seed predators and ecosystem engineers. They act
as an excellent bio-indicator to assess environmental changesof a
healthy environment as they exploit all trophic levels in a food
chain. Natural disasters like drought or anthropogenic stress in the
ecosystem and urbanization may indicate population dynamics
of bird species. Anthropogenic activities that could lead to habitat
destruction, pollution and overexploitation are main key factor
for the rapid decline of variety and variability of avian species
population. Diversity and distribution of avian species are not
consistent with the landscape but pattern of biodiversity changes
with the environmental factors, climatic conditions, topography
and habitats. India now ranks at 10th among the top bird rich
countries of the world where 1340 species of birds inhabit too.
Out of these, 80 % of the birds are found in the Indian Himalaya
(Mandal et al., 2018), thus making it a paradise for ornithologists
as well as conservationists.
In the context of mountain, altitudinal gradients display a number
of diversity patterns of birds (McCain, 2009). Moreover, the
Himalayan avian diversity for a wider range remains relatively
least investigated (Sultana et al., 2007). However, some important
studies on Himalayan context of bird diversity and community
structure have been made (Laiolo, 2004). Continued degradation
of the forests at the present pace is likely to wipe out over 90% of
the Himalayan forests by the year 2100, leading to the extinction
 Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 3

of many valuable species (Pandit et al., 2007). Eastern Himalayan

region (EHR), including Darjeeling, is the part of the biodiversity
hotspots in India is also identified as an endemic bird area (Birdlife
International, 2001). This region harbours an extensive variety of
birds, attributed for its physiographic and topographic characters.
Darjeeling, situated in the north-eastern part of India, has always
been known for her natural resources. The hills and forests,
besides enhancing the beauty of the land, contain valuable flora
and fauna, some of which are rare in the world. Darjeeling, a small
but beautiful hill station is nestled in the lap of the mighty Eastern
Himalayas, bounded by lush green forests and gentle streams. In
other words, it is an amazing place of hidden valleys, mystical
monasteries, temples, churches, mosques, historical monuments
and a mountain setting covered with flowers and rare fauna. In
other words, Darjeeling is a veritable paradise on the earth and a
tourist destination. The flora and fauna of Darjeeling is a treat for
nature lovers. The bio-diversity of the flora and fauna naturally
covers a wide and myriad spectrum tropical to alpine.
Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is home to some of the
magnificent birds found in planet earth, threats to the habitats of
these magnificent birds is a matter of serious concern. Conserving
our feathered friends from the impending threats to them thus
becomes a prime concern. The present issue brings some of the
important birds from the Darjeeling Hill Area. A fuller knowledge
of the habits of birds is always useful, also their typical modes of
flight, general bearing etc.-a fairly accurate aid, are the season,
and locality birds are found. The Darjeeling district was also rich
in birds’ life. It contained nearly a quarter of the species of birds
found in India Burma and Ceylon that means about 550 species.
Of the approximately550 species in the district, more than half
are passerine group. Of these groups the largest families are the
Timalidae with 61 species of birds including laughing thrushes
and babblers.
STUDY AREA
In this study various species of birds found in the hills of
Darjeeling during the months February- May, 2022 were recorded.
Birds’ sampling was done in Darjeeling Hill area covering the
area Singamari, St. Joseph’s College Campus, Chawk Bazar,
Mall Road, nearby area of Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological
Park, Chitray Tea Garden, Happy Valley Tea Garden and Hooker
Road. I hope it will aid everyone dedicated to study the place or
gather casual knowledge of the beautiful hills and personally, it
 4 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

was a great opportunity and experience. Early morning walks

sometimes traded for deep evening strolls helped me understand
the place even better. I covered forests, towns and semi populated
areas in my quest. It was serene and educating at the same time.
The documents in its collection has a total of 80 number of species
included.
Binocular was used to view birdsfor identification and photographs
taken during walking through existing tracks and trails. References
for identification of species were done from various sources
including my own resources. The specimens were identified by
using available literature and matching the specimens with the
photographs from research article’s photograph and local name
from local people. Some published and unpublished literatures
were also consulted for relevant information. To avoid erroneous
identification, knowledgeable persons and Ornithologists were
taken to the forests to verify the bird samples.
 10 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

CONCLUSION
We are in a day-and-age during which more bird species are
threatened with extinction than ever before. Birds are an integral
part to maintain the whole ecosystem but due to the deforestation,
urbanization and anthropogenic disturbances there is shortage of
birds in our nature. There is no more chitter-chatter in the morning,
the big black crow does not come any more on the railing for his
piece of bread, large groups of sparrows don’t return home after
the day’s work together. But during survey of Darjeeling birds,
it was amazed to learn that the place’s civilization unmoved by
the urbanization has been successfully preserved birds of many
species. Therefore, when I visited divine Darjeeling one of my
sole intentions was to watch some of the rare birds inhabiting in
the area. But lot of these birds that I watched there were nameless
to me. But with help of some of the locals, I spotted birds like Hill
Myna, Flycatcher, Finches. Also during evening some of the birds
return home with their pals, and the scene is charming for an
enthusiast nature photographer. From steep mountain ridges, to
lush green valleys and a vast horizon of tea plantations that look
like green carpets from far above. Darjeeling is a quaint town that
attracts a lot of tourists and travellers alike who come to break
away from the monotony of the urban life and find respite in the
lush green wildlife of Darjeeling.
Acknowledgements
I convey my best thanks to our Principal, Staff members and
fellow Colleagues for their support. Students of our College are
well acknowledged. Lastly I convey my thanks to local people
who helped me during visit.

1 2
Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 11

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10
12 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

11 12

13 14

15 16

17 18
Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 13

19 20

21 22

23 24

25 26
14 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

27 28

29 30

31 32

33 34
Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 15

35 36

37 38

39 40

41 42
16 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

43 44

45 46

47 48

49 50
Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 17

51 52

53 54

55 56

57 58
18 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

59 60

61 62

63 64

65 66
Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 19

67 68

69 70

71 72

73 74
 20 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

75 76

77 78

79 80
Photograph: Bird species seen in this study
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND SUGGESTED
READINGS
1. Ali S, Ripley SD. 1983. Handbook of Birds of India and
Pakistan,Compact Edition. Oxford University Press, New
Delhi.
2. Bates RSP, Lowther EHN. 1952. Breeding Birds of Kashmir.
Oxford University Press, Bombay.
3. Billerman SM. Keeney BK. Rodewald PG. Schulenberg
 Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 21

T.S. 2020. (Eds.) Birds of the World. Cornell Laboratory of

Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://birdsoftheworld.org /
bow/home
4. Birds of Indian Himalaya.2022. Available from: https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/325010482 _Birds_of_Indian_
Himalaya [accessed Aug 06 2022].
5. Brash AR. 1987. The history of avian extinction and forest
conservation on Puerto Rico. Biological Conservation 39, 97–
111.
6. Chettri N, Sharma E, Shakya B, Thapa R, Bajracharya B, Uddin
K, Oli KP, Choudhury, D.2010.Biodiversity in the Eastern
Himalayas: Status, trends and vulnerability to climate change;
Climate change impact and vulnerability in the Eastern
Himalayas – Technical report 2. Kathmandu: ICIMOD
7. Debnath S, Biswas S. Panigrahi AK. 2018. Present status and
diversity of avian fauna in Purbasthali bird sanctuary, West
Bengal, India. Agriculture Science Digest-A Research Journal.
38(2): 95–102. DOI: 10.18805/ AG.D-4711
8. Green RJ, Catterall CP. 1998. The effect of forest clearing
and regeneration on the fauna of Wivenhoe Park, south-east
Queensland. Wildlife Research, 25: 677–690.
9. Harvey W, Grewal B, Pfister O, Harvey B. 2002. A photographic
guide to the birds of India: and the Indian subcontinent,
including Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka &
the Maldives. Singapore: Princeton University Press.
10. Jankowski JE, Ciecka AL, Meyer NY, Rabenold KN. 2009.
Beta diversity along environmental gradient: implications of
habitat specialization in tropical montane landscapes. Journal
of Animal Ecology. 78: 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-
2656.2008.01487.x
11. Jerdon TC, 1862–1864. The Birds of India. Calcutta. (2 Vols).
12. Khan JA, Khan DN, Ahmed A. 1993. Preliminary investigations
of bird community structure at Aligarh, India. Tropical
Ecology, 34:217–225.
13. Kremen C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of the
species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecological
Application, 2:203–217.
14. Laiolo, P.2004. Diversity and structure of the bird
community overwintering in the Himalayan subalpine
zone: Is conservation compatible with tourism?. Biological
Conservation, 115: 251-262. 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00145-9.
 22 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

15. Leveau LM, Leveau CM, Villegas M, Cursach JC, Suazo

CG. 2017. Bird communities along urbanization gradients:
a comparative analysis among three neotropical cities.
Ornitología Neotropical, 28: 77-87.
16. Mahato S, Mandal S, Das D.2021. An appraisal of avian
species diversity in and around Purulia Town, West Bengal,
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13( 3) : 17906–17917.
17. Mandal K, Bhattacharya K, Chatterjee P, Dey PK, Maheswaran
G, Alam I. 2018. Aves. In, Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya:
831-854 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).
18. McCain CM. 2009. Global analysis of bird elevational
diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18: 346-360.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00443.x
19. Nagya GG, Ladányib M, Aranyc I, Aszalósc R, Czúczca B.
2017. Birds and plants: Comparing biodiversity indicators in
eight lowland agricultural mosaic landscapes in Hungary.
Ecological Indicators. 7: 566–573.
20. Nurrofik A, Muhammad FM, Agung Sih Kurnianto AS,
Septiadi L, Kurniawan N. 2021. Avifaunal Diversity and
Community Structure in Universitas Brawijaya Forest,
East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and
Biotechnology. 06 (01): 1-12. Jtbb58335 DOI: 10.22146/
jtbb.58335.
21. Panda BP, Das AK, Jena SK, Mahapatra B, Dash AK, Pradhan
A, Parida SP. 2021. Habitat heterogeneity and seasonal
variations influencing avian community structure in wetlands.
Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 14(1): 23-32.
22. Pandit MK, Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Bhaskar A, Brook BW.2007.
Unreported yet massive deforestation driving loss of endemic
biodiversity in Indian Himalaya. Biodivers Conserv, 16:153–
63.
23. Parihar A, Parin DP, Khandla Y, Parmar D, Parihar V,
Hiteshkumar PH. 2020. Checklist of avifauna from some
selected sites of Visnagar city, Mehshana, North Gujarat.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8(2): 1232-1243.
24. Praveen J, Jayapal R, Inskipp T, Warakagoda D, Thompson
PM, Anderson RC, Carr P, et. al. 2019. Checklist of the birds
of South Asia (v5.0), 2019. Website: http://www.indianbirds.
in/wp-ntent/uploads/2019/12/south_asia_checklist_v5_0.xlsx.
25. Red-throated thrush Wikipedia article - https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Red-throated_thrush
 Local Ornithofaunal Diversity of Darjeeling Hill Area 23

26. Red-throated thrush on The IUCN Red List site - https://

www.iucnredlist.org/species/103892167/132202551
27. Rodríguez-Estrella R. 2007. Land use changes affect
distributional patterns of desert birds in the Baja California
peninsula, Mexico. Diversity and Distribution. 13: 877–889.
28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00387.x
29. Roy S. 2018. Oriental Turtle Dove / Rufous Turtle Dove
(Streptopelia orientalis) | Biodiversity of West Bengal. In:
Adhurya, S., Das, S., Misra, S., Adhurya, S. 2019. Birds:
Biodiversity of West Bengal.<https://bdwb.wildwingsindia.
in/share.php?id=B6VeBiCoCoStorx5> Accessed on: 24.05.2022
30. Shafiq T, Javed S, Khan JA. 1997. Bird community structure
of middle altitude oak forest in Kumaon Himalayas, India:
a preliminary investigation. International Journal of Ecology
and Environmental Sciences, 23: 389–400.
31. Silva P A, Silva L L, Brito L. 2020. Using bird-flower interactions
to select native tree resources for urban afforestation: the case
of Erythrinavelutina. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening,
51: 1-9.
32. Sohil A, Sharma N. 2019. A preliminary Survey of Bird
Communities around Jammu, (Jammu & Kashmir). Biological
Forum – An International Journal. 11(2): 27-49.
33. Sultana A, Hussain MS, Khan JA. 2007. Bird communities of
the proposed Naina and Pindari Wildlife Sanctuariesin the
Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc., 104(1): 19-29.
34. Whelan CJ, Wenny DG, Marquis RJ. 2008. Ecosystem services
provided by birds. Annals of the New York academy of
sciences. 1134(1): 25-60.
35. Whitten AJ, Bishop KD, Nash SV, Clayton L. 1987. One or
more extinction from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Conservation
Biology, 1: 42–48.
36. Xeno-canto bird call - https://xeno-canto.org/649139
37. https://biodiversityofwestbengal.wildwingsindia.in/
description.php?sname=Psittacula%20krameri
38. https://biodiversityofwestbengal.wildwingsindia.in/
description.php?sname=Heterophasia%20capistrata
39. h tt p s : / / b d w b . w i l d w i n g s i n d i a . i n / s h a r e .
php?id=B6VeBiPaLeHecax5
 24 Birds Around Us: Science and Emotion

40. h tt p s : / / m . f a c e b o o k . c o m / g r o u p s / i n d i a n b i r d s /
permalink/10152284121467411/
41. https://www.naturesafariindia.com/birding-areas/darjeeling-
hills/
42. https://m.facebook.com/St.Pauls.School.Darjeeling/photos/
pcb.1301169893367057/1301166093367437/?type=3&__
tn__=HH-R&eid=ARCc9xti9Bag5I4nmyN30p-G3aZ238fov
43. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rufous-gorgeted_
Flycatcher.jpg
44. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wedge-tailed_
Green_Pigeon_%2834439653416%29.jpg
45. http://www.escapeintothewild.net/2020/10/yellow-bellied-
fantail-male.html
46. https://mbdis.in/resources/gallery

View publication stats