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CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICAL

SERIES.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

G.

BELL AND SONS, LTD.

:

LONDON

PORTUGAL
:

ST.,

KINGSWAY

CAMBRIDGE: DKIGHTON, BELL AND co. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

BOMBAY

A.

H.

WHEELER AND

CO.

A KEY
TO

ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY

I5Y

W. M.

BAKER,
AND

MA
M.A.

A. A.

BOURNE,

LONDON
G.

BELL AND SONS, LTD.

1917

First published 1904. Second Edition revised, 1906. Third Edition revised, 1900. Fourth Edition revised, 1913.

Fifth Edition revised, 1917.

GLASGOW. PRINTED AT THB UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT MACLK^OSE AN1> (JO. LTD.

CONTENTS

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES xvn.

xxv.

(29-39),
(39-81),

173-174
174-177
178

LXV. (4-8),

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES
14.

A,

end points of the line. points by means of the

original line
15.
is

Place a straight ruler with its edge against the two Trace a straight line between these ruler. If the two lines coincide, the
straight.

piece of paper, and Trace a line from A place the edge of the ruler against them. to B along the edge of the ruler. Again place the edge of the ruler against the points A and B, the ruler being on the other side of the line AB. Again trace a line from A to B as before.

Take any two points A and B on a

If these

two

lines coincide, the ruler is straight.

Place the straight edge of a ruler on the surface. If in all positions of the ruler the surface touches the edge oi the ruler at every point, the surface is flat.
16. 18.

Two

planes intersect in a straight

line.

EXERCISES
1.

B,

in.
in.

= 7*62
=

cms.

.*.

1 in.

= 25'4 mm.
to the

2.

3.

10*16 cms. nearly /. 1 in. = 25-4 mm. 6 cms. = 2-36 in. .-. 1 cm. = '39 in. = '4 in.

nearest tenth.
4.

8 cms.
11*45

5.

= 3*15 in. cms. = 4 in.

.-.

cm.

= '39

in.

= '4

in. ...

nearly.

&

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES
6, 8. 9.

IBookt

0.

Cut them out and superimpose them.

360, 120, 180, 240.
30,

7,

22|.

10.
14.

90, 150, 240, 15, 75,

187|.

The angles

are

rt. LS.

17. If the perpendicular is drawn along the edge AB of the set-sq. ABC, turn the set-square over, so that C lies on the other side of AB. Trace another line along the edge AB. If the two lines coincide the perpendicular is a true one.

23.

Any two

30.
31. each.

sides together > the third. In an isosceles A.

They meet

in a pt.

This
D.

pt. is

pt.

of trisection of

EXERCISES
2.

90.

3.

90.
E.
3.

4.

90.

5.

90.

EXERCISES
2.

A regular hexagon.
EXERCISES
See Book I, Prop. 31,

square.

G.

3.

first

method.

EXERCISES

H.

Fold again so that BC falls along 3. Make a crease ABC. A fola BA. If DBE is the second crease, DBC is a rt. L. along DC makes DBC a rt. Ld. A. 4. Make a crease ABC, and, as in Example 3 above, a second crease DBE at rt. /.s to it. Fold the double thickness again along DC, and we have an isos. A. 5. Fold so that BC falls along CA, and the crease is at rt. /.s to ABC at C. Mark (or prick through) 6. Fold the paper about AB. CD when joined is the reqd. line. the pt. D where C falls.

Ex. C-P1

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Make two
5.

9.

creases at rt. L& to

any

st.

line

AB
9.

as in

Example 10. and

These two creases are

parallel.

11.

Use the methods

of

Examples 5 and

11.

EXERCISES By compasses set off an

3-6 miles.

E.
equal length on one of the lines
13.
3-6 miles.

of the paper.

12.

14. 1914 yards. 15. 8ft. Let ABCD be the larger sq., CEFG the smaller, G lying 16. In CB take a pt. H such in CD, and BCE being a str. line. Join FH and cut along the line FH. Also join that CH =GD. AH and cut along the line AH. AFEH fitted into /.FGD, so that FE coincides with FG, and EH falls along GD, and AAHB placed so that AB coincides with AD, and BH is in a str. line

with GD, will form a square.

19.

On

squared paper take AB 4 half inches long, to reprein.

represents 1 foot). Along the line half inches long. AC 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 D. 2), and AC = 5 half in. Produce CA to D, (Exercises making AD = AC. Read off the perp. distance of D from CB produced. This is equal to 8 half inches /. the end of the see-saw can rise 8 ft. from the ground. Also by measurement the L reqd. = L ACB = 53

sent the support (| B take BC thro.

squared paper take AC 24 units long, and AB at rt. 10 units long. BC represents the rope. With centre B and rad. BC describe a circle meeting BA produced at D. Bead off BD and we find it to be 26 units /. the rope is 26 feet long.
21.

On

LB to

it

Take AB 2-4 in long and BC at rt. LA to it *7 in. long. centre A and rad. AC describe a circle cutting AB produced at D. Reading off AD, we find it to be 2-5. .*. the length
22.

With

reqd.

= 25

feet.
is

23. The angle Ex. P. 12.

90;

length of crease 3f inches.

P.

See

EXERCISES

4
9.

6ft.

8ft.

See Ex. XXIII.

4
12.
If
is is
'

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EOF
a
rt. is

[Book

I.

EOC

L.

the crease, E lying in CD, O in AC, F in AB, AC 2 = AD 2 4- DC 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2 .-. AC = 5 ft.

AEOC
=

Y
1.

f t.

equiangular to the crease - 1

.

A ADC
= 3f

/.
f t.

oo UO

= no

i.e.

UU

= 54
*

.?.

EO

EXEBCISES
The
pencil

I.

mark has some width and

is

therefore not a
therefore

true

line.
is

2. The dot has some length and breadth and not a true point. 18. Two planes intersect in a str. line.

EXEECISES
1.

II.

The

ext.

z.s

and equal
2. 3.

z_s (L 1.) Similar to the above.

are respectively supplementary to the int. and are therefore equal.

are

If

BE,

BF

= a rt. L. (L ABC + Z.ABD) 4. If the crease DE meets AB at C, coincide when we fold, and are therefore
adj. LS
5.
.*.

the bisectors,

z.EBF = z.EBA

+ ^.FBA

the adj. LS ACD, BCD equal. They are also

and are therefore

rt. ^s.

The four
adj.
z_s

two
6.

= z.AOP + ^AOQ = z.BOQ + z.AOQ-2rt.^s(Ll.)/. POQ

Any two
The
adj.
<Ls

at the meeting pt. are equal to four rt. z_s 2 rt. LS. The theorem thus follows by I. 2.
z_s

is

str. line (I. 2.).

rt. LS.

all the LS at the meeting pt. = 2 thus follows by I. 2. proposition 8. Let EO be the bisector of ^AOD, and OF the bisector of the opp. vert. L BOC. L AOE + ^AOF - L AOE + L AOC + LCOF -f z_AOC + \ ^.COB - Z.AOE + ^.AOC + \ L AOD - I.AOD = 2 rt. LS /. EOF is a str. line (L 2.).

7.

= half

9.

Produce AB, AC, sides

rt.

DBC-2
LS

LS

(I.

1.)

Z.ACB,

of AABC to D ECB=2 rt. LS (I.

2.

and
1.)

E.
.'.

LB ABC, these four

4
10.

rt. LS.

11.

They They

are in a

str. line str. line,

by

I.

are in a

as in

Example

6,

above.

Ex. I-IV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES
III.

1.

2.

3. 4.
5.

As ABC, AED are equal in all respects by I. 4. As ABC, DEF are equal in all respects by I. 4. As ACD, BCD arc equal in all respects by I. 4. As in Example 2 above AC = AE and AE = EC. Z-AEC = z.BED (I. 3.) .-. AS AEC, BED are equal

in all

respects
6.

by

I.

4.
I.

This follows at once from Join AC, XZ.

(I. 4.).

4.

7.

= LXZY

From As ABC, XYZ, AC-XZ and From AS ACD, XZW, AD-WX (I. 4.).
z_s

/.ACB Also

by the same prop, the

are equal in

are equal respectively

.*.

the quad 18

all respects.

Join AE, BE 8. Let E be the mid. pt. of CD, ACE, BDE, AE-BE (I. 4.). 9. This follows at once from AS ABE, ACD (I. 4.).
10.

From As

AABF-ADAE

(I. 4.).

Take

A AGE

from each and

I.

fig.

GEBF-AAGD.
11. 12.

This follows from As ACD, This follows from I. 4.

BCD by

4.

EXERCISES

IV.

=
z_s

1. In AS ABF, ACF, AB = AC; AF is common; and ^.BAF /_CAF .-. z.ABF-^.ACF (I. 4.) /. also their supplements

DBC, ECB are equal (I. 1.). 2. In As BAO, CAO zlABO = ^ACO (I. 4.) - \ ^ACB - 1 /.ABC. 3. Let D, E, F be the mid. pts. of AB, AC, BC respectively. By I. 5 z.DBF-^ECF. .-. from As DBF, ECF, DF-EF (I. 4.).
4.

From As BAQ, CAP, BQ-CP (I. 4.). From As BAQ, CAP, BQ = CP (I. 4.). Also their 6. From As ACP, ABQ, z_ACP = z_ABQ (I. 4.). parts LS ACB, ABC are equal (I. 5.) .'. zLBCP = ^CBQ. In the same way, 7. From AS AFE, BDF, EF=- DF (I. 4.). DE=-- EF .-. A DEF is equilateral. 8. z_ABD = z_ACE (I. 5.) .-.from As ABD, ACE, AD = AE
5.
(I. 4.).

6
9.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Produce AD
to E.

[Book

I.

In As BAD, CAD,

^BDA-^CDA(I.

4.).

/. their

CD

supplements LS BDE, CDE are equal. bisects ^ACB, see Exercise 2 above.

For proof that

10.

Each

of the angles

= 66 J.
V.

They

are equal

by

I. 5.

EXERCISES
1.

Let the sides AB, AC of A ABC be produced to D and E, = ^ECB. Their supplements /_s ABC, ACB are .'. AB = AC and the A ABC is isosceles equal. (I. 6.). 2. This follows at once from I. 6.
so that z.DBC
3.
i.e.

OB-OC

.'.
.'.

LbBC = LbCB
4.

LOBC^LOCB (1.5.) AB-AC (I. 6.).

But

.'.

2^OBC = 2^0CB
Z.DAB
(I.

= z.CBA .*. .-. OA = OB

5.

Produce DA, CB to meet in O. OD - OC (I. 6.). their supplements LS OAB, OBA are equal
(I.

1.).

6.).

OD-OC

.'.

AD-BC.
(I. 4.) .'.

In As DCB, EBC,

LDBC = LCB

BA = AC
.-.

(I. 6.).

6.

1.DBC

>

/.ABC.

But z.ABC-^ACB

(I. 5.)

Z.DBC

>

^.DCB.

From AS AEB, CDE, EB= EC (I. 4.). Let the sides AB, AC in A ABC be unequal. = z_ACB, then AB = AC (I. 6.) which is contrary to
7.
8.

If

^ABC

the hypo-

thesis.

If 9. Let the angles ABC, ACB of A ABC be unequal. AB = AC, z.ABC = .ACB, which is contrary to the hypothesis. 10. CA should be equal to CB, by I. 6. The 11. The exterior LS should be 136 and 132 by I. 1.

third L of the

will

be found to be 88.

EXERCISES
1.

VI.

from AS ACB, ADB. 2. From As ACB, ADB, Z.CAE-Z.DAE (I. 7.) .'. theAsCAE, DAE are equal in all respects by I. 4. 3. Let EO, FO bisect AD and BC at rt. LS at E and F. From AS AEO, DEO, AO- DO (I. 4.). From As BFO, CFO, BO = CO (I. 4.). .*. AS AOB, COD are equal in all respects (I. 7.)
This follows by
I.

Ex. IV-VI]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

.-.

4. z_GBC = z_GCB /lBAG = z.CAG(I. 7.).

5.

GB = GC

(I. 6.)

.-.

from As AGB, AGO

Take O the centre of the circle, and let AC meet BO at From AS AOB, COB, z_AOB = z_CBO (I. 7.). Then from AS ABE, CBE, AE= EC, and z_AEB = z_CEB (I. 4.). Also these
E.

LS are adj. and therefore

6.

rt. z_s.

Let ADB be the new position of the AABC. Join CD, = meeting AB at E. From As ACB, ADB, z_ABC z_ABD, for one is a copy of the other. .From AS BEC, BED, CE = DE and Z.CEB = z_DEB (I. 4.). Also these z_s arc adj. and therefore rt. z_s.
7.
8.
(I.

7.)

From As EDB, BCE, z_EDB = z_BCE (I. 7.). From As ACB, ADB, Z.CBA = z_DAB, and z.CAB = z_DBA .'. Z,DAC = LDBC. Also AO = BO (I. 6.) .'. As AOC,
Join EB.
(I. 4.).

BOD
9.

are equal in all respects

Take a pt. P equidistant from A and D. Join OP. From AS AOP, DOP z_AOP = z_DOP (I. 7.). But z_AOB = z_COD = PC (I. 4.). (hyp.) .'. Z.POB-Z.POC .'. from As POB, POC, P8
10.

Z.CBD
(I.

Let AC, DB meet at 0. Z.ADB-ABD (I. 5.) .'. z.CDB = CD = CB (I. 6.) /. from z_s ADC, ABC, /.DAO-^BAO from .s AOD, AOB, DO = OB and Z-AOD-Z-AOB^a rt. L 7.).'.
.'.

(I. 4.).

From AS DAC, EBC, z_DAC = z_EBC (I. 7.) .'. from As DAB, DB = EA(I. 4.). 12. From As ABC, CDA, L DAC - L BCA (I. 7.) .-. z.OAC = z.OCA In the same way from AS DAB, BCD, OB .'. OA = OC (I. 6.).
11.

EBA,

= OD.

13. From AS AOD, COD, z_AOD = z_COD (I. 7.) from As AOB, COB, z_AOB = z_COB (I. 7.) .'. z_AOD +^AOB = \ the 4 LA round O

=2

rt.

LS

.'.

DOB

is

str. line (I. 2.).

From As AOE, COE, Z.AOE - Z.COE (1. 7) = UAOC = \L BOD From As DOF, BOF, z.DOF-z.BOF-iz.lBOD .-. z.DOF = (I.3.). Add Z.EOD to each and L DOF + L DOE - /.COE + L DOE L.COE. = 2 rt. LA (I. 1.) .'. EOF is a str. line (I, 2.). 15. OA = OB .'. ^OAB = _OBA (I. 5.) Z.EOA-Z.DOB (I. 3.) .'. from AS EOA, DOB, z_EAO = z_DBO (I. 4.) .-. AC=BC(I. 6.).
14.
.-

8
16.
.'.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETKY.

BF = CF (L 6.) z_EFB = /.DFC(L3.). But z_AFB = .AFC /.from As AFB, AFC, AB = AC (I. 4.). 17. From As ADB, ADC, ^.BDA= /.CDA (I. 4.) = a rt.
18.

[Book

I.

L.

From AS AEO, BEO, LAOE = LBOE (I. 7.) /. z.DOF = Z.COF (L 3.) .'. from As DOF, COF, DF = CF (L 4.). 19. From As DOA, DOB, z.DOA = z.DOB (I. 7.) = a rt. L. We have drawn a perp. to AB at its mid. pt. O.

EXERCISES
1.
str.

VII.

If possible let there he drawn from the point A to the Hue BC three equal str. lines AB, AC, AD. AD = AC .*. /.ADC = .ACD (I. 5.) AB-AC .'. ^ABC = ^ACB (I. 5.) .-. ext. /.ABC = int. opp. LkDB which is impossible (L 8.). 2.

points, B, C, D,

a circle whose centre is A cut a str. line at three we should have three equal str. lines from a pt. to a str. line, which is impossible by the preceding. 3. If in A ABC, z.ABC = Z-ACB = a rt. L, produce BC to D.
If
rt. z.

^ACD^a
4.
5.

= int.

opp. /.ABC which

is

impossible

(I. 8.).

This follows at once from

4.

As

each,
6.

AABC = ABCF. z_CBD = supplement LDOC = LAOB

4.).

in the preceding

AAEB = ACEF.
z_CBA=116
.-.

Adding
1.CBD
is

ABEC
gr.

to

of

than

Z.CAB by 77.
7.
8.

From AS BOD, AOD, .BDO = ^ADO

(I. 3.)
.-.

(L

4.)

=a

rt. L.

from As DOC, BOA, CD

= AB =

8 cms. (L
9.

centre B and rad. BC describe a circle to meet BA produced at D. Eead off the length of BD, estimating the second decimal place (BD = 5'83 cms.).

With

EXERCISES
1.

VIII.
it

HK

Bisect BC at H. Join Join CK. equal to AH.

AH and produce
z.KHC
4.)

to K,
3.)

= z_AHB
Z.HCG

making
.-.

(L
i.e.

from
is

As KHC, AHB, .KCH=^.ABH (L

than Z.ABC.

.'.

I.ACD

gr.

EX.VI-VHIJ

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Join DB. Ext. Z.BAE >int. 2. Produce DA to E, BC to F. Also ext. z_DCF>int. opp. L.DBC (I. 8.) .*. opp. Z.ABD (I. 8.) sum of the z.s BAE, DCF is gr. than z_ABC. In the same way the sum of the z_s BAE, DCF is gr. than ziADC.
3.

Let
of

Z.DEO
(I.

A DEO

CO produced meet DB at E. Ext. -LCOD>int. opp. Ext. LDEO >int. opp. LEBC of AEBC (I. 8.).

z.COD>^DBC. Also in A DAB 2 rt. /_s>the two DBA /. ^COD + 2 rt. L$> LDBC -f^DAB-f A.DBA i.e. >z.DAB + z.CBA .'. LDkB + LCBb differ from ^.COD by less
8.) /.

LS DAB,

than 2
4.

rt. z_s.
1

Take a quad ABCD. Place a pencil on the line AB, pointing from A to B. Turn the pencil about the pt. A through Next turn the Z-BAD, the pencil then pointing from A to D, the pencil about D to the position CD, the pencil now pointing from C to D. Again turn the pencil about C into the position CB, the pencil now pointing from C to B. To complete a turn
through 4 rt. z_s we shall have to turn the pencil further about B through the angle CBA /. the three LS BAD, ADC, DCB are less than 4 rt. LS.
5.

(I. 8,),

Join A to any pt. D in BC. Ext. Z.ADC > int. opp. /.ABC Ext. z.BDA>int. opp, ^ACB (I. 8,) .-. the two LS BDA,
i.e.

CDA

<2
6.

are together >^.s ABC, ACB,

rt. LS.

LS ABC,

ACB
LS

are together

Two
On

obtuse angles are together

(I. 9.).

>

rt.

.*.

no

can

have two obtuse angles

7.

sqd. paper take AB, a vertical line, 4 in. long to 48 ft. With centre A and rad. 5 in. (to represent represent 60 ft.) describe a circle cutting the horizontal line thro. B

at C.

Read

off'

BC

=3

in.)

and we

find the dist. reqd.

is

36ft.
8.

ABD
The

will be a rt. angle.

9.

LS will be

rt. z_s.

10.

By

folding as in Exercises C.

15,

make a

rt.

^DEF.

Fold so that EF falls along ED. The new crease Z.DEF, and /. make LS of 45 with ED and EF.
11.

will bisect

Repeat Exercise H.

3.

10

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES
1.

[Book!

IX.

= z.CBD>int.

Lot ABC be a A, rt. z_d. at opp. Z.BCA (I. 8.) /.

B.

Produce AB to

D.

^.ABC

AOAB.

Similarly

AOBC.

2. Let ABC be a A having AB less than AC /. Z.ACB is less than <LABC. If Z.ACB were obtuse or a rt. z_, Z.ACB + /.ABC would be gr. than two rt. z_s, which is impossible (I. 9.).
3.

The
If

greatest L

is

rt. L.

4.

x and y are the other sides of the read. A, ~- =

mrns.

90
.-.

x= GG

60

and J = 81 mms. y

^ ^
reqd.

-^~

BC on paper 5*05 cms. approx. .*. the 5. 253 yds. nearly. 6. Fold the paper so that BD falls on BC. coincides with BA, BA is perp. to CD.

dist.

If the crease

EXERCISES
Take any quad ABCD.
1

X.

.-.

-f

AB + BOAC (I. 12.) 1. AB + BC-f CD> AC-f CD>AD (I. 12.). 2. AD + AODC (I. 12.) .'. BD-f BC + AD -f AC> BD -f BC DC i.e. perimeter of A ABC > perimeter of ABDC. Let PQ, SR meet in O. Then OQ-OR (I. G.). But 3.
Join AC.
is

is

gr. than, equal to, or less than than, equal to, or less than OS gr. equal to, or less than RS.

.RSP

^SPQ
i.e.

according as

OP

as

PQ

is

gr. than,

4.

Exi.

z.

EDO

int.
.'.

= ^ACB(I. 5.)>z.ECD
5.
6.

opp.

^ABC
(I.

EOED

(I.

8.)>^ACB
.'.

for

^ABC

11.)

EOEA.

AB+BOAC (L 12.) and AD AB + BC + CD + DA>2AC. Similarly 12.) (I. AB+BC + CD + DA > 2BD .'. adding and dividing by 2, AB 4- BC + CD + DA > AC + BD. 7. Let the diagonals of the quadl. ABCD cut at the pt. O. AO + OB>AB, BO + OOBC, CO + OD>CD, DO + AO>AD BC + CD (1. 12.) /. adding and dividing by 2, AC + DB>J (AB +
+ DOAC
.-.

See Exercises VII., Example Let ABCD be the quadl.

1.

+ AD).

fix.

IX-XI]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

D.
.'.

11

8.
(I.

Produce AO to meet BC at

/LADB>int. opp. Z.ACB

8.)>^.ABD
9.

AB>AD>AO.

Also

BO + OOBC

(I.

12.)

>AB>AO.
intersection.
pt. O within the quadl. and not at their BO + OD>BD (I 12.). AO + OOAC (I. 12.) /. AO + BO + CO + DO> AC + BD. 10. Take O the common centre, A a pt. on the larger circle. Let OA meet the smaller circle at B. We have to prove that AB is shorter than any other line drawn from A Take any pt. C on the smaller circle. to the smaller circle. Join OC, CA. OC + CA>OA (I. 12.) i.e. OC-fCA>OB+BA .-. CA>BA. O any point within it. 11. Let ABCDEF be any rectil. fig. Join OA, OB, etc. OA-f OB>AB, OB + OOBC, and so on. /. adding, 2(OA + OB + OC + OD + OE + OF)>the perimeter. A + O B 4- etc. > perimeter. 12. ^.BAC is obtuse .-. BD>BA and CE>CA (I. 11.) .-. BD + CE>BA + CA>BE + CD + EA+DA, but EA + DA>ED (I. 12.) .'. BD-f CE>BE + CD + DE. LADC = 13. Produce AD to G, and make DG equal to DA.

Take any

opp. vert. Z.BDG

(I. 3.) .-.

from AS BDG, CDA,

BG-AC

(I.

4.)

+ BG>AG (I. 12.) i.e. AB + AO2AD. Similarly AC + CB>2CF and CB + BA>2BE .-. adding AB + BC + CA>AD + BE + CF. 14. AD + DB>AB (I. 12.) i.e. 2AD + BO2AB. Similarly, 2BE + AO2BC, 2CF + AB>2CA .-. adding 2(AD + BE + CF)> AB + BC + CA. With centre 15. Thro. C draw ACD equal to the string. A and rad. AB desc. a circle, and with centre C and rad. CD desc. a second circle meeting the first at B and E. CB = CD radii .*. AC4-CB = the string .-. AB is the reqd. position of the rod. The position AE gives a second solution. For a solution to be possible, the circles must meet. AC-f CB must bo>AB, ie. the string must be longer than the rod.
Also AB

EXERCISES XL
1.

BA<BD + DA(I.
ie.

12.)

CA<CD + DA(I.
of

BD -f CD + 2DA

the

diff.

12.) .-. BA + CA< BA + CA and BD + CD < 2DA.

12
2.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

Take any
(I.

[Book

I.

pt.

within the

A ABC.
.'.

^DAC-z.BAC

(I. 7.) .'.

<L.DAO>BAO

From As DAC, BAG, from As DAO, BAO, DO

of the z_BAC,

>BO
3.

14.).

Let D be any

pt.

on the bisector

and

let

DF be drawn perp. to AB and AC respectively. From AS AED, AFD, DE = DF (I. 16.). 4. Let BD, CE be drawn from the extremities of the base BC of the isos. A ABC perp. to the opp. sides. ^ABC = ^.ACB
DE,
(I. 5.) .-.

from AS EBC, DCB,

C,
(I.

CE-DB

(I. 16.).

5.

Let the diagonal AC of the quadl.

at

A and

and
16.)

let
.*.

CD-CB
6.

ABCD bisect the z_s From As ADC, ABC, from As DOC, BOC, DO-OB and z. DOC =
BD meet AC
at O.
P,

z.BOC-art. L

(I. 4.).

Let AD, BE meet at

of

BE and CF

The angles

A ABC
(I.

are

all

equal

are equal in

all

respects
3.)
.'.

in all respects

z_RPQ = ^PQR
7.

16.) /.

(I.

From AS BAD,
.-.

z.CRD-^APE-. BQF .-. z.PRQ = PQ = QR = RP (I. 6.). ABC, L ABD - L BAG (I. 4,). Also L AEB in all respects
(I.

(I. 4.) .-.

CF and AD at R. AS ADC, BEA CFB AS RDC, QFB, PEA are equal

at Q,
(I. 5.) .-.

Z.BFA (hyp.)

As AEB, BFA are equal

16.).

EXEECISES
1.

XII.

L FAD = L DAE (Hyp.)- alt L FDA (1. 20.).-. FA-FD(I 6.). Then from As DFA, DEA, DE = DFand EA=FA (I. 16.) .'. AEDF
is

equilateral.
2.

perp. on that thro. B.

Let PN be the perp. on the line thro. L PAN = alt. Z.PBM (I. 20. )

A,
.'.

PM

the

from AS

PAN, PBM,
3.

PA=PB
||

(I.

16.).
||
||

Let FAE be to BC, DBF to CA, and ECD to AB. = alt. ^.BCD (I. 20.) = int. opp. Z.DEF (I. 20.) Similarly, = L FDE and L ACB - L DFE.
4.

the same

Let As ABC, DBC be on the same base BC, and between L OAD ||s AD and BC such that DC bisects AB at O.
16.).

Also ^.BOD
(I. 4.) .-.

= alt. z_OBC(I 20.)and^DOA = z.COB(I. 3.).-. DO-OC(1. = z.COA (I. 3.) .'. from As BOD, AOC, z.BDO =
BD
is
||

to CA.

Ex. XI-XIII]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETEY.

/.BAG
(I.

13
.'.

5.
is

i
||

^AED>|
.'.

8.)

i.e.

2iACF>alt.

LCkE
= ext.

CF

not
6.

to EA.
(I.

LCDE = int. opp. Z.CAB

^DBA = z_EAB(L4.).
alt.

(I.

20.)

CD-CE

Also z_EDF = alt. Z.FED (I. 20.) .-. DF=EF (I. 6.). 7. Let O be the centre of the

(I. 6.)

/.

DA = EB

20.)

= ^ABC (I.
.-.

5.)

from As DAB, EBA, A.DBA (I. 20.)=^EAB =

circle.

^OCA = z_OAC(I.
AS AOC, DOB,
8.

= alt.z.OBD 5.) AC = BD (I. 16.).

(I.20.)

= ^ODB

Join OC,
(I. 5.)
.-.

OD. from

to CD.

Let O be the centre of the z_EBC = alt. ^BCO (I. 20.)

= ^CBO
||

circle,

and EBF be drawn

(I
5.).

||

Similarly

9.

Let ABCD be a quadl. having BC

If

to

it.

possible let

AB be

||

to CD.

(I. 20.) and /.BCA-alt. Z.CAD (I. CDA, BC = AD (I. 16.). Which is contrary to the hypothesis. 10. Let AF the perp. at A meet OB at E and let BG be the If possible let AF be to BG. Then ^EBG = ext. perp. at B. Z.OAE (I. 8.) but ^EBG-z.OAE by ^OEF(I. 20.)wh.>irit. opp. hyp. .-. AF and BG cannot be i.e. they must meet if produced.

Z.ACD

AB but not equal Then ^BAC-alt. 20.) .-. from AS ABC,

to

||

||

11.
is

not
is
.'.

||

From AS DBC, ECB, DB=EC (I. to BC meet AC to BC let DF

||

16.)

at
(I.

F.

LABC
wh.

(I.

20.)
is

= z_ACB
||

(I. 5.)

-ext. ziAFD
||

AD = AE. If DE ^ADF = int. opp. = AD = AE 20.) .-. AF

.'.

absurd /.

DE must be

to BC.

BC
H.

MN

Similarly,

MN

is

||

to

to DE.
||

Draw AM perp. to BC, and EH to BC to meet AM at Draw DK to AH to meet EH in K. From As ADM, DEK, AM = DK(I. 16.). From AS DKH, HMD, DK=MH (I. 20. and 16.) .-. MH = AM .'. H is a fixed point and EH is a fixed line.
12.
||

EXERCISES
1.
rt.

XIII.

Let n be the number

I.).-.
.'.

of sides.

rt.

LS

+4

rt.

^s = 2n

^s(L22. Cor.
2.
3.

n = 6.

Ext.

z_

= 30

30/1

= 360

(I.

22. Cor. 2.)

.-.

71= 12.
(1) Sx + 4 22. Cor. 1.)

Let x be the number of

rt.

= 16 (1.22. Cor. I.)/. z=U. = f = 1J. (3) 7aj + 4 = 14 ,-.

o:

LS in each angle.

(2) 10z-|-4 (I. 22. Cor. 1.)

= 20

(I.

.-. aj

^ = lf

14
4.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Int.
z.s = 4 rt. Z-s (I. 22. + 4-2/1 (I. 22. Cor.

[Book

Cor. 2.)
1.) /.
7i

.-.

if

n be the number

of sides, 4
5.
1

= 4.

+9+
3
5~>

T>

Let the smallest L be equal to x rt. LS. Then (1+3-1-6 = 10 .. x = ^j = ^ the angles are respectively 1)# + 4 6 1 1 nf n rt OI a rt} L T> TJ "5~
1
*
.

'

'

6.

7i

and

2ft

a and

/? rt. A.S

in

be the numbers of sides of the polygons, and an angle of each, na + 4==2n (I. 22. Cor. 1.).
Cor.
1.)
.-.

= 4w
s

(I.

22.

a=

9w ^_I
4.

and

j3

9u _

*>

n
1.)
z..

T=

whence

tjTl

+j

w= 10,

and the polygons have 10 and 20

sides respectively.

Cor.

Let each angle be equal to x rt. ^s. 5x + 4 = 10 (I. 22. = of a rt. L (I. 22.) i.e. .'. a: = 4. .-. ^ABE + A.AEB 2/.ABE = I of a rt. L (I. 5.). ^.ABC - iz_ABE = (f - -J-) of a rt. z.=
7.
-J-

rt.

Let the bisectors of the LS A and B of the quadl. ABCD meet at O. ^BAO + z.ABO = ^(^DAB + ^ABC) = a rt. L (I. 20) .-. ^.AOB = art. L (I. 22.).
8.

9.

/LDCA

BD>AD/. z_BAD>z.DBA (L 10.). CD>AD .'. adding Z.BAC >^ABC +Z.ACB .*. ^BAC

.'.

zlCAD>
obtuse

is

(I. 22.).

can be obtuse (I. 22.) 10. Not more than one L of a since the ext. z_s are supplements of the adj. int. <_s, two, at least, of the ext. z_s must be obtuse.
.*.

11.

are equal to

This follows at once from the fact that the three two rt. LS (I. 22.).

/_s

of

12.

Draw

u prop follows at once from

a diagonal dividing the

(I.

fig.

into

two As.
a
rt.

The
'
.

22.).

13.

Two
is

of the angles together are equal to

rt.

the

third L
14.
(I.

(I. 22.).

The
).

greatest
greatest
(I.

L^\
L

the

sum

of all three

z.s

=a
is

rt.

22
15.

The
rt.

of the

A>

half all three

z_s

and

.-.

gr.

than a

22.).

Ex.

xnn

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETKY.

isos.

15
z_s

16.

Let the
equal.

^ACB = supplement of z.A (I. 22.) .'. A.ACB = \ supplement of z_A (I. 5.). Similarly, ^DEF \ supplement of LD = ^ supplement of z.A .'. <LDEF = z.ACB .. the AS are
and D

As ABC, DEF have

their vertical

at

^ABC

-I-

equiangular
17.

(I. 22.).

Let AD be drawn to the mid. pt. D of the base of the AABC. Produce AD to E making DE equal to DA. Join BE. z.BDE = <LCDA (I. 3.) .'. from As BDE, CDA, BE = AC and L BED = z.DAC (1.4.) .'. BE is to AC (I. 18.) .-. ^.BAC + z.ABE = 2 rt. LS (I. 20.). Hence, if ziBAC<a rt. z., .ABE>a rt. L .'. from As ABE, BAC, AE>BC (I. 14.) i.e. AD>half the base BC. Similarly, if Z.BAC > a rt. L, AD < half the base BC, and if
||

2iBAC
18.

=a

rt. L,

AD = half

the base

BC (L

4.).

Let BAC be an acute L, and let BD, CD be perp. to AB and AC respectively. Produce CD to E. Join AD. The LS of the two AS ABD, ACD-4 rt. z_s (L 22.) .'. ^BAC + z.BDC = 2 rt. LS. But ^EDB + z.BDC-2 rt. ^s (I. 1.) .-. z.EDB = ^BAC.
19.
(I.

z.AMC-fz.LMN = 2
22.)
/.s

rt.

LA (L

1.)

/.BLC-f z.MLN
AJS

=2

rt. Z.S

AMC, BLC, ANB = 4 rt. LS. 20. Let M, N be the mid. pts. of AC and BC respectively. From AS AMD, CMD,z_DCM = /_DAC (I. 4.). From AS BME, CNE, -LNCE-^EBC (I. 4.) .'. ^ACB = z.DCE + z.A + ^B .-. 2/.ACB
rt. z.s (I.

=2

l.)z_ANB

+ ^MNL-2rt.

/us

(1.1.).-. since

LMN, MUSI,

MNL

= z.DCE + ^A + z_B + ^ACB = ^DCE + 2

twice the excess,
21.
etc.

rt.

LS (L 22.)

.-.

/.DCE

==

From As DAE, CAE, z_DEA = LCEA = ^.DEC = 30 (I. 5. Let AB, CD meet at O. From AS DOA, COA, LDO? = ^.COA = a rt. L.'. L ADO = 30 for ^DAO=-60. But ^EDO = 60 .'. L EDA- 30 .-. z.DAE = 180 -z.DAE-.ADE=120 .-. ^DAE+z.DAO = 180 .-. EAB is a str. line (L 2.). 22. Let ED produced meetCB produced at 0. z_ODB = supplement of LS EDC and B DC == supplement of LS CED and DBC = supplement of LS CED and ACB (I. 5.) = z.DOB. But (I. 5.) LDBC = z.ODB + z.BOD (I. 22.) = 2z.DOB. .-. z.DOB = z_CBF if BF bisects /.ABC .'. DE is to BF (I. 19.).
and
22.).
||

23.

Let the quad ABCD have

1

its sides
1

E and

F.

The four angles

of the

quad = 4

AB,

DC produced
rt.

to

LS (Exercises

16

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

But z.EBC + z.ABC + ^BCF + ^BCD-4 z_EBC + ^BCF = ^BAD + z_ADC.
Let z.ADE-ziDEA-a
,

[Book

I.

XIII. 12).
.'.

rt.

^s (L

1.)

24.

so that

^.DAE=6a, 8a = 180

that

= ^CDA /. CD = CA (L 6.) .-. we must DC = BE = CAor AB.

25.

produce BC both ways, so

Let the bisectors meet at

1

E.

z_BEC = i.ECD-/iEBC

22.)=|[^ACD-^ABC]=iz.BAC (I. 22.). Join 26. Let the quad ABCD have the side AB held fast. From AS DAC, CBA, Z-DCA = zL.CAB (L 7.) /. DC is to AB AC. in all positions, i.e. all positions of DC are parallel (L 21.). 27. ^.A + ^BDC = 2rt.^s.-z.BDC + ^B + UC (I. 22.) .-. Z.A = ^B + z.C = /. ^-A-f of a rt. /_= of
(L
||

/.

an equilateral A. 28. 360 = ;LB-4-^C + z.BDE-fz_DEC (Ex. XIII. 12.) = ^B-h 2LDEC(I.5.) = LB + 360-2z.DEA (I. 1.) .'. z_B = 2z_DEA-2z.A
(L
5.).

F - ext. z_s at A, C, E = 2 rt. ^s. DEB = alt. z.EBC(I. 20.) = /_DBE .-. DE = DB(I. 6.) = DA 30. Also ^.DEB = Z_DBE .'. ^.AEB = ^ sum of L.S .'. ^.DEA = zlDAE. of AAEB = art. L (I. 22.). .DEF = ^BAE + ^ABE (I. 22.)-^EBC + /_ABE (Hyp.) = 31. = z.ACB and <LEDF = ^BAC. /.ABC. Similarly, ^.DFE The 32. Let ABCD be a quad such that z_A + <LB = 200. if .-. the four Z.S of the quad = 360 /. LD + LC=16Q bisectors of these LS meet at O in A DOC, z.DOC= 180 ~iD
/.
z_s

29. Ext. LS at A, C, E + ext. LS at B, D, F = 4 Also LS B, D, F + cxt. LS at B, D, F = 6 Cor. 2.).

B, D,
^.

rt.

L$ (L 22,

rt. ^LS (I. 1.)

0=1 00.
33.

From AS ABD, ACD, BD = DC (I. 16.) .'. from As BDF, CDF ^FBD = ^.FCD (I. 4.) 2z.ACB- 2 rt. ^s - ^A (I. 22.) =f rt. ^s Also z_E = a rt. L.\ z.EBC = ^ rt. L .-. z.ACB = | of a rt. L. = = = (L 22.)z.EFC 2^FBC (I. 22.) i rt. L. Also ^FEC a rt. L
/.

ECF-J
34.

rt.

(I.

22

/.

EC=E>

(I. 6.).

Let AD

AABC.

and AE be perp. to the base of 90-B = z_BAE = z_DAE + U.BAC.'. adding $LB + $LC
bisect the z_A,

to both sides, 90

+ 90

+ ^C-^B = DAE + ^s

of

AABC = z.DAE

(I.

22.) /.

Ex. XIII-XIV]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

17

Let AN be perp. to BC. ^ADN =^.ABD-}-Z-BAD = z_B = ^ACE + <LCAE = _C-f LB (I. 22.) .-. Z.ADN 22.) .AEN -Z.AEN /. from As ADN, AEN, DN-EN (I. 16.). 36. Let ADE be an equilateral A, and let DE meet AC at O. From AS ABD, ACD, ^BAD = /.CAD = 30. Also L ADO -60 .'.^AOD = art. L(\. 22.) ^EAD = 60. Also ^BAD = 30 /. Z.BAE is a rt. u Also AD is perp. to BC by hypothesis.
35.

+ ^C

(I.

EXERCISES XIV.
1.

Let

the locus.
of radii of

be the centre of the given circle, A any point on Let OA meet the given circle at B. Then OA = sum
the two
circles,

and

is

locus of A is a circle whese centre sum of the radii of the two circles.
2.

is

therefore constant /. the O and whose rad. is the

and

is

constant,

3.

OA = the diff. of the radii of the two circles, and the locus is a circle as in Example 1. This locus will be found to be a str. line thro, the
In this case,
str. line
||

intersection of the given lines.

4.
5.

This will be found to be a

to the given line.

circle.

The
circle

pt. is
;

at a constant distance from the centre of the

its

given
6.

therefore

locus

is

a concentric
let

OM, ON be drawn and B respectively. L MAO = alt. ^.NBO (L 20.) .'. from As AMO, BNO, OM -ON (L 16.). Thus we see that the locus of O is a str. line equidistant from the
Take O the mid.
pt. of

AB and

perp. to the lines through A

given
7.

lines.
||

drawing FM perp. to AC, and EFN perp. to DE and AB, FM = FE from AS OMF, OEF (I. 16.) .-. FM + FN - EN .-. F is a pt. on the locus. Similarly if OQ bisect ^DOA and meet BA produced
in Q,

Let AB, AC be the given lines, draw DE to AB and at from it equal to the given constant length. Let AC, DE meet in O. Let OP be that part of the bisector of L AOE which falls within the Z.CAB. Taking any pt. F in OP, and
dist.

QO is part of the locus. If CA is produced to R, similar parts of the locus are found within the z_s QAR, RAP, and the complete locus is found to be the perimeter of a right-angled
1

quad

18

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES XV.

[Book

I.

With 1. With centre A and rad. AB describe a circle. centre B and rad. BA describe another circle cutting the first in C and D. AS ABC, ABD will both be equilateral AS on AB.
2.

With

centres A and

circles cutting at

C and
25.

D.

B and rad. equal to 2AB describe AS ACB, AEB both fulfil the reqd.

conditions as in
3.

I.

Let AB be the given base.

With

centres

A and B and

rad. equal to the given line, describe circles cutting at C arid D. AS ACB, ADB will both fulfil the reqd. conditions as in
I.

25.
4.

Let A and B be the given

pts.

With

centres

A and B
Let C be

and

= CB = the one given radius a circle described with centre C, and rad. CA is The circles will not cut unless the given the reqd. circle. rad. is gr. than \ AB.
5.
6.

rad. equal to the given radius describe circles. Then since CA of the pts. at which they meet.

This can be done as in the previous exercise.

With any

pt.

in a str. line

AB
B.

as centre

describe a circle cutting

AB

at A

and

With
circles

centres

and any rad. A and

From AS AOC, BOC, <-AOC = z.BOC = a rt. L (I. 7.). Bisect AB at O (I. 27.) and 7. Join the given pts. A, B. draw OD at rt. ^s to AB to meet the given line at D. From As AOD, BOD, DA = DB (I, 4.) /. D is the reqd. pt. The problem is impossible unless OD meets the given line, i.e. when OD is to the given line, i.e. when AB is perp. to the given line. When AB is perp. to the given line and bisected by it, any pt.
Join OC.
||

B and any

rad. gr.

than OA, describe

cutting in C.

in the given line satisfies the reqd. condition.

8.

Draw AD
.

If

DM DN
(I.

- DN
9.

bisecting ^.BAC (I. 26.) and meeting BC at D. be perp. to AB, AC, then from As AND, AMD, DM 16.) .-. D is the reqd. pt.
1 in.,

describe a circle. If OD equidistant from A and B (I. 23.) .*. the pts. where OD meets the circle are the reqd. points. Impossible when OD does not meet the circle.
bisects
it is

With centre C and rad. AB at rt. LS, any pt. in

Ex.

XV-XVU

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

19

10. Draw OD bisecting BC at rt. LS. Any pt. in OD is equidistant from B and C (I. 23.) .-. the pt. where OD meets AB is the reqd. pt. Bisect BD 11. Produce BA to D making AD equal to AC. With centre A and rad. equal to OB or OD describe a at O. AE = OB = | BD = (AB -f AC) .*. D is circle cutting BC at E. the reqd. pt.
12.

is

Bisect AD, the reqd. pt.

BC

at

rt.

angles

by

str. lines

meeting at

E.

(I. 23.).

EXEECISES XVI.
1.

Bisect the given angle, and also bisect the

two angles

thus formed.
2.

Let A be the given

||

draw AD

to

BC

(I.

31.).

AB

is

the reqd.

line, for

Thro. A pt., BC the given line. Make L DAB equal to the given angle. /_ABC = alt. ^DAB (I. 16.) = the given

angle.

z-BAC by AD
(I.

Let AB, AC be the given lines, O the given pt. Bisect and draw ON perp. to AD, and produce it to meet AB, AC in E and F. From As ANE, ANF z_AFN = z_AEN
3.
;

.'. EF is the reqd. line. Thro. A the given pt. draw EAD to the given line and make L DAC equal to the given L. Bisect L E AC by AF meeting BC at F. If FE is to CA, ^EFA = alt. Z.FAC (I. 20.) = z_EAF = alt. /.AFC. ^ DAC = alt. 2.ACF (I. 20.) = ext. A.BFE (I. 20.) = ^BFA-z_EFA = ^BFA-LAFC .'. AF is the reqd. line. 5. Let OA, OB, OC be the given lines, OB falling between OA and OC. In OB take any pt. D. Make BD equal to DO, and from B draw BA to CO to meet OA at A. Join AD and

16.)
4.

||

||

||

meet OC at C. ^ADB = z.CDO (I. 3.). z_ABD = alt. LDOC .-. from As ADB, CDO, DA- DC (I. 16.). (I. 20.) 6. Let BAC be the given L, P and Q the given perpendiculars. At A draw AD perp. to AB and equal to P. At A draw AE perp. to AC and equal to Q. Draw DC to AB to meet AC at C, and draw EB to AC to meet AB at B. ABC is the reqd. A. For if CM be perp. to AB and BN perp. to AC, L DAC = complement of /.CAM = L ACM .'. from As, ADC, CMA .-. CM = DA=P (I. 16.). Similarly, BN-Q, and /.BAG is the
produce
it

to

||

||

given

L,

20
7.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

[Book

I.

ABDC.
.*.

Let ABC be a rt. L. On BC describe an equilateral z_DBC = f of a rt. L (L 22.) .'. <iABD = i of a rt. L BE divide <LABC into three bisecting ^.DBC by BE, BD and
8.

equal parts.

Let

A,

B,

C be

equilateral and DB in
(I.

A DBA.

the given pts. Thro. C draw ECF

On AB
||

describe
to

to

AB

an meet DA

= int. 5.)
9. If

E and F. ^DEF-ext. ^.DAB (I. 20.) <LDFE (L 20.) and Z.FDE also = 60
is

= 60-^ DBA
.-.

ADEF

is

equilateral

(I. 6.).

/. if

an angle at the base, 6a = 180 and a = 30 of an equilateral A, we obtain the we bisect

a

two angles
||

reqd.

10. Draw BE BD meet AC at D.

11.
(I.

Describe

5.

and

22.).

Make L.EBD equal to z_ABC and let ^EBD (I. 20.) = L ABC. an equilateral A ABC as in I. 25. z_ABC = 60 Bisect Z.ABC by BD (I. 26.) and <iDBC = 30.
to CA.

z,BDA-alt.

Bisect Z.DBC

and we have LS of 15, i.e. one-sixth of a rt L. Let z_BAE be the given /_, AB and P the given sides, 12. LBAE being opp. to P. With centre B and rad. P describe a
in

circle cutting AE in C. will generally cut AE

BAG is the A reqd. Since the circle two pts. we generally obtain two

solutions.

Let BAG be the given vertical L. Bisect it by AD (I. and make AD equal to the given perp. Draw EOF perp. 26.) E- and F. From As ADE, ADF, to, AD meeting AB, AC in AE = AF (I. 16.) and AD = given perp. .'. AAEF is the A reqd.
13.

making BC equal

Draw BC perp. to AB to half the perimeter. Join AC, and make /.CAD equal to Z.ACD, AD meeting BD at O. In DB produced make BE equal to DB. Join AE. AD = DC (I. 6.) .-. AD-f DB
14.

Let AB be the given perp r

= half
15.

(I. 4.)

.*.

the given perimeter. ADE is the A reqd.

Also from AS ABE, ABD, AE

= AD

Let AB be the given side. Draw AC at rt. z_s to AB. centre B, and rad. equal to the hypotenuse, describe a DAB is the A reqd. circle cutting AC at D. 16. From AC the perimetercutoffAB equal to the hypotenuse. At C make ^.BCD equal to half a rt. L ; and with centre B and rad. BA describe a circle meeting CD at D. Draw DE perp. to

With

Ex. XVI-XVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

^DCE =
Also
art.

21

BC.
/.

ED = EC

z.DEC = art.z.,
(I. 6.).

.'.

LEDC^l

art.

(I.

the

BD = the given hypotenuse

.

22.)
is

.*.

DEB

reqd.

r Draw BC perp. to BA, and 17. Let AB be the given perp on BC describe an equilateral A DBC. From A draw AF to DB and AE DC to meet BC in F and E. z.AFE = ext. Z.DBC = | of a rt. L. ^AEF-int. opp. Z.DCE-H of a rt. L .'. LFhE = f of a rt. L (L 22.) .-. AAFE is equilateral (I. 6.), and is the A
||
||

reqd.

Draw ED to 18. Bisect ^ABC by BE meeting AC at E. CB meeting AB at D. <iDEB = alt. z_EBC(L 20.) = z.DBE .'. DB
||

= DE

(I. 6.) .-.

is

the pt. reqd.

EXEECISES XVII.
1.

Use the method

of

I.

25.

The lengths

of the sides in

cms. are 8-9, 6*35, 10'2.

2. Use the method of inches are 1'57, 1-97, 2'36.
I.

25.

The

lengths of the sides in

3.

AB

With a protractor make z_BAC equal to 35. BAC equal to 5 cms. and draw BC perp. to AC.
If

Cut
is

off

the

reqd.
4.
pt.

we

fold the quadl.

ABCD about
.*.

the diagonal BD, the

will fall

upon the

for its parts coincide. about AC. Also if AC,

AC is bisected by the crease, Similarly BD will be bisected if we fold BD meet at O, adj. LS AOD, COD coincide
pt.

when we
of
rt.
.s.

fold,

and are therefore

(a

an equilateral quadl.
5.

rt. z_s. Hence, the diagonals rhombus) bisect one another at

protractor,

Draw AB make

equal to
z.s

2 inches.

At A and

B,

with a
is

CAB,

CBA

each equal to 40.

ABC

the

reqd.
6.

of a rt. L (p. 57) = 108. of the pentagon = cms. and make, with a protractor, z_s DAB, CBA each equal to 108. Cut off AD = BC = 3 cms. With centres D and C and radii 3 cms. describe arcs cutting at E. ABCED is the fig. reqd.

Draw AB = 3

Each angle

With centres A and B and radii 7. Draw AB, 4 cms. long. With centre O and same AB, describe circles cutting at O.

22

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

ABODE F.
Let

[Book

I.

rad. describe a circle

this circle cut the first

circles at F, etc. With centres F and C and same rad. describe circles cutting circle ABEF at D and E. ABCDEF will

two

be a regular hexagon.

At A and B with a protractor 8. Draw AB 2 in. long. make L CAB = 30 andz.CBA-50 ABC is the A reqd. The
.

sides are 4 cms.

9.

and

2*6 cms. long.

will give

Construct an equilateral A and bisect one angle. two As each satisfying the given conditions.

This

Draw a str. line AB, and fold the paper so that the pt. on B. Let COD be the crease, meeting AB at O. When we fold, Z.COA coincides with Z.COB, and they are adj. angles
10.
falls

/.

they are
11.

rt. z_s

,\ the crease
str. line

Take any

AB.

CD is With

perp. to AB.

centres

A and B and

rad.

equal to
lateral

AB
.'.

describe circles meeting in C. ABC is an equiLCAB = 60 (I. 22.) .-. bisecting ^.CAB we obtain
str.

angles of 30.

Z.BAC equal to 60

^DCB = <LACB = 30 AD = 2AB.

13.
r

line AB, and with a protractor make and ^ABC equal to a rt. L. ^BCA = 30 Produce AB to D, making BD = (I. 22.) .'. ABC is the A reqd. BA. Join CD. From As CBA, CBD, A.CDB = ^CAB = 60, and

12.

Draw any

(I. 4.)

.-.

AACD

is

equilateral

(I. 6.) .-.

AC =
.

At

in. long.

we Cut off BA = 2'5 14. Make ^ABC = 33 with a protractor. in. and BC = 3'4 in. ABC is the A reqd. BC = 1'91 in. 15. Draw AB, BC at rt. z_s to one another. Cut off BA = 3*7 ABC is the A reqd. AC = 4*9 cms. cms., and BC = 3'2 cms. With centre C and rad. 1 in. describe a circle, meeting 16. AB at E and F. CE and CF both give solutions. A circle generally meets a str. line at two points, and we therefore If the perp. from C upon AB generally obtain two solutions.
perp
.

the mid. pt. of a line 1'4 in. long draw a perp r 2-4 Joining the ends of the first line to the end of the have the A reqd. (I. 4.). The sides are 2*5 in. long,

is

gr. circle

than 1 in. a solution does not meet AB.

is

impossible, for in that case the

17.

Use the method

of

I.

25.

Ex. XVII-XVIIL]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

23

18. Let BC represent the tower, A the pt. in the horizontal = = z.CBA = 90V. plane such that L CAB 45 and BA 50 ft. ^ACB = 45 .'. CB = BA = 50ft.

= 97. 20. Make AABC as in done by making AD = 2|

19.

z_reqd.

I.

25.

Bisect

AC

at D.

A with a protractor make ^.BAC 21. Draw AB 3 in. -40, and at B make ^ABC = 60. CA = 2'64 in. and CB =
1-96 in.
22. Draw the 1-61 in. 23.
in

cms.) long; at

DB =

(This can be

2-5 cms.

as in

Example 14 above.
.'.

The

third side =

in.

= 10-16

cms.

measuring the 4
24.

in. line is

1 in. = 2*54 cms. Any error made divided by 4, in finding 1 in. in cms.

Draw AB = 3 in,, AC perp. to AB, and (with a protractor) = 30. AC represents the tower. AC = 1 73 -2 ft. 25. Draw BA 3 cms. long to represent 30 feet, and produce With a protractor, make z_DBC - 45, and ^DAC - 60. it to D. Draw CD perp. to BA. CD represents the tower. CD = 7*1 cms.
2LABC
.*.

the tower
26.

is

71

ft.

high.

Make AB 3 in. Make LA BAG, ABC each 40. Then <LACB=100; and by measurement AC=1'96 in. approx.
which represents 196
27.
feet.

Draw BC 1 in. long to represent the height of the mound. Draw BA perp. to BC, and make BA= 1 in. ^CAB = With a protractor, make L BAD z_ACB = 45 (I. 5. and 22.). equal to 60, and let BC produced meet BD at D. CD is the AD = 2 inches .*. the dist. of A from the top of the flagstaft'.
flagstaff

= 40

feet.

28.

With

we obtain

the protractor angles of 22^.

draw an L

of

45.

Bisect

it

and

**# The additional Exercises,

29-39, will be

found on pages 173-174.

EXERCISES XVIII.
1. It is reqd. to draw a perp. to BA at the pt. A. With any centre C and rad. CA describe a circle cutting AB again at B. Join BC and produce it to meet the circle again at D. Join AD. Z.CAB-Z.CBA (I. 5.) and ^CAD = z_CDA (L 5.) .-.

24

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETKY.

= | sum
of the LS of

[Book

1.

A ABD = a

rt.

L
2.

.'.

AD

is

the reqd.

line.

perp. to

Let AB be the given pts., CD the given line. Draw AF CD and produce it to G, making FG = AF. Join BG CD at E. Join AE. From As AFE, GFE, z.AEF = z.GEF cutting = ^.BED (L 3.) .'. AE, EB make equal angles with CD. (I. 4.)
3.

(1)

Let

be the given

pt.,

OA be
B.

z_BAO = z.QAO>z.OBA(I 8.) .'. OB>OA (I. 11.). Similarly line from O to PQ>OA. (2) Draw OC further from OA than OB to meet PQ in C. ^.OBOz-OAB and is .'. an obtuse L .'. z_OBC>^OBA>z.OCB (L 8.) .-. (I. 11.). = ^AOB. (3) On the side of OA remote from OB, let 2LAOD From AS OAB, OAD, OD = OB (I. 16.). If possible let OC = OB = OD, OC and OB being on the same side of OA, and OC further from OAthan OB. LOCB^LOBC (L 5.) which>/.OAB a rt. L (L 8.) .-. the two z.s OCB, OBC of AOBC are together gr. than two rt. z.s, which is impossible (I. 9.).

perp. to PQ.

Draw any

PQ the given line, and let other line OB to meet PQ in

any other

OOOB

4.

side

BC

Let AD be the of the A ABC.

line joining

z.CDE-^BDA (I. BA + AC = EC + CA>AE (I. 12.) .-. BA + AO2AD. Let AB be the given base. Bisect it at C and draw CD 5. at rt. LB to AB and equal to the given sum. Join AD and make Z.DAE equal to Z.CDA, AE meeting CD at E. Join EB. From AS ACE, BCE, AE = BE (I. 4.). AlsoAE = DE (1.6.).'. AE + EC = CD = given sum .*. AEB is the A reqd. 6. Let AB be the given base, BAC the given L, and AC the given sum of the two sides. Join BC, and make Z.CBD equal to <LACB, BD meeting AC at D. DB=DC (I. 6.) .'. AD-f DB = AC = given sum of sides /. ADB is the reqd. A. At D and E make LS 7. Let DE be the given perimeter. EDA, DEA equal to half the given angles at the base. At A, where DA and EA meet, make Z.DAB equal to ^ADB, and /LEAC AB= DB equal to Z.AEC, AB and AC meeting DE at B and C. and CA = CE (I. 6.) .-. AB + BCH-CA= DE = given perimeter. Also .ABC = 2z.ADB = given base angle (I. 22.). Similarly = the other given base angle .*. ABC is the A reqd.
AD.
(I. 4.) .-.

A to the mid. pt. D of the Produce AD to E, making DE equal to = BA 3.) .'. from AS CDE, BDA, CE

fix.

XVIII-X1X]
8.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

25

B be the given pts., CD the given line. Draw produce AE to F, making EF equal to EA. Join at G. Join AG. Take any other pt. H in CD, and join FH, BH. From As AEG, FEG, AG = FG. (I. 4.) FH + HB>FB(I. 12.)>AG + GB. Thus we see that AG + GB .;. is a minimum. 9. Let D be the mid. pt. of the hypotenuse AB of the A ABC. Join DC. If or DA, z_DBC>z.DCB and ^DAC >^DCA (I. 10.) /. z_ABC-f Z.BAO/-BCA .-. Z.BCA < a rt. L
Let
A,

AE

perp. to

CD and BF cutting CD

DODB

(I.

22.),
is

which
it

is

DC<DB
which

contrary to the hypothesis.

Similarly,

if

be proved from I. 22. that .BCA>a rt. L, contrary to the hypothesis .-. DC must be equal to

may

DB

or DA.

EXERCISES XIX.
1.

With
(I.

the

fig.

of II. 1 let AD,

BC meet
(I.

in O.

LDOC

^ABO-alt. ^OCD COD, AO = OD and BO = OC (L 16.).

3.).

20.)

.-.

z.AOB = from AS AOB,

2. Let ABCD be a quadl. having its opp. sides equal. From As ABD, CDB, LbBD = L.CDB and ^ADB = ^CBD (I. 7.) .'. AB is to CD, and AD to BC (1. 18.) /. ABCD is by def. a parm. Its four LS are equal to four 3. Let ABCD be the quadl. rt. z-s .-. ^DAB + ^ADC- 2 rt. ^_s .'. AB is to CD (I. 19.). (I. 22.) Similarly AD is to BC .*. the fig. is a parm. Draw AC, BD to one 4. Let AB be the given line. another by I. 31. Also AD and BC to one another. ADBC is a parm. /. its diagonals AB, CD bisect one another (II. 2.,
||

||

||

||

||

Cor.

3.).

Let ABCD be the parm. and let its diagonals cut at 0. ^s BAD, ADC = 2 rt. LS (I. 20.) .-. ^DAO + ^ADO = a rt. L = AB (I. 16.) .-. AOD = a rt. L (I. 22.) .-. from As ADD, AOB, AD = CD= BC .'. ABCD is a rhombus.
5. 6.

As

Let ABCD be a rhombus. ADB, CBD, ^ABD = ^.BDC (I.

7.)

Draw its diagonals. From .-. AB is to CD (I. 18.).

||

Similarly
7.

AD is to BC. Let ABCD be the parm.

||

Z.CBA (L is a rt. L

7.).
,*.

But z_DAB + z.CBA = 2

is

From As DAB, CBA, z.DAB =

rt.

^s (L 20.)

.*.

ABCD

a rectangle.

26
8.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETBY.

[feook i L

^AOD = z.BOC
(I. 4.)
.-.

Let the diagonals of ABCD bisect one another at O. As AOD, COB, ^.ABD = ^BDC (I. 3.) .-. from

AB

is

||

to

CD

(I.

18.).

Similarly

AD

is

||

to BC.

Let ABCD be the quadl. formed by the rails. Draw AE AE = AF. In As AFD, AEB, AE = perp. to BC and AF to CD. AF, z.AFD = art. zL = ^_AEB, and ziADF = ^ABE (II. 2.) .'. AD = AB Also AD = BC and AB = CD .*. ABCD is a rhombus. (I. 16.).
9.

10. Let the diagonals of the rhombus ABCD intersect at O. From AS DAC, BAG, L DAC - L BAC (I. 7.) .'. from AS DAO, BAO, DO = OB, and ^AOD = ^AOB = a rt. L (L 4.). Similarly AO = CO. 11. From BC cut off BD equal to the given line, and thro. D draw DE to BA to meet CA at E. Draw EF to BC. By constr. FBDE is a parm. .'. FE is and equal to BD, which is
||

||

||

equal to the given

12.

line.
||

are each and equal to AB .'. they are themselves equal and (I. 21.) .*. FECD is a parm. (II. 1.). Bisect 13. Let ABCD be the parm. such that AB = 2AD. AB at E. Join ED, EC. Also join E to the mid. pt. F of *CD. AEFD is a parm. (II. 1.) .-. EF = AD = DF-CF (II. 2.) .-. Z.FDE = z_FED and z.FCE = ^FEC .'. z_DEC = /.FDE + Z.FCE .-. DEC is
||

CD and EF

rt.

(I.

22.).

Let ACBD be the quadl. formed by joining the ends of the diameters AOB, COD. OD = OA = OC .*. z_OAD = ^ODA, and i.OAC-^OCA (I. 5.) .-. ,LDAC = ,_ADC-f A.ACD .-. ^DAC = a rt. L Also from As AOD, BOC, Z.DAO - Z.CBO and AD = BC (I. 22.). 3. 4.) .*. AD is equal and to BC .'. ADBC is a rectangle. (I.
14.
||

Z.HAE-Z.FCG (II. 2.) .-. from As HAE, FCG, HE = FG (I.4.). Similarly HG-EF.'. from As EHG, GFE,^HEG = z_EGF .*. HE is to FG (I. 18.), and it is also equal to it .*. EFGH is a parm (II. 1.). to CD and AD equal, but not to BC in the 16. Let AB be Draw AE to BC. AEBC is a parm. .*. AE = BC quadl. ABCD.
15.

Join EG.

||

||

||,

||

(II. 2.)

Also

z.

= AD .'. ^ADE = z_AED (I. 5.) = int. opp. ^BCD (I. 20.). DAB + ^ ADC = 2 rt. z.s = z.CBA + BCD (I. 20.) .-. z.DAB =

at O.

Let ABCD be the given parm., and let its diagonals cut bisect one another (II. 2. Cor. 3.). Let E in AB be the given vertex. Let EO produced meet CD in F, and draw
17.

They

BX.XDC]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EF
to

27

GOH

from As AOE, COF, OE = OF = OH. Hence from (I. 16,). Similarly from AS AOG, COM, OG AS GOE, GOF, GE = GF (I. 4.). Similarly HF = HE = EG .'. EHFG is a rhombus, and is described as reqd. 18. Let A BCD be the given parm., and let its diagonals meet at O. Let P be the given pt. thro, which a diagonal of the reqd. rhombus passes. Join OP, and let it when produced meet AB at E and CD at F. Drawing GOH perp. to EF to meet AD at G and BC at H, it may be proved, as in
(I. 3.).

perp. to

meet AD

in

G and BC
.'.

in H.

^AEO = ,LOFC

(I. 20.)

Example 17 above, that EHFG

19.

is

the

rhombus

reqd.

From P

a pt. in the base

PN be drawn perp. to ziBKP = alt. Z.KNC AC, and let NP produced meet it at K. = a rt. L .'. KN is the perp. dist. between the lines (I. 20.) Also z_PBK = alt. BK, AC, and is therefore constant in length.
||
||
.

BC of the isos. A ABC let PM, AB and AC respectively. Draw BK to

^PCN (1. 20.) = ^.ABP (1. 5.) from As PMB, PKB, PM = PK (1. 16.) .'. PM PN = PK + PN = constant. Draw 20. Join AD, and produce it to E, making DE = DA.
.

-I-

at B.

Also join CD, and let it when produced meet AB z_EDC = z.ADB (I. 3.). z_ECD = alt. Z.ABD (I. 20.) .-. from AS ABD, ECD, BD = DC (I. 16.). From As AOF, AOE, AF = AE 21. Let EF meet AD at O. andOF=*OE(I. 16.). Also A.EDA = alt. /.DAF (I. 20.) = A.DAE .-. from As AOE, DOE, AO = DO (I. 16.).

EC

||

to AB.

22. Let the diagonals of the parm. ABCD cut at O. AO = OC and BO = OD (II. 2. Cor. 3.). LbOD^LBOC .-. AAOD = ABOC z.AOE = z_COF (I. 3.). /.EAO = z.FCO (I. 20.) .'. AAOE (I. 4.).

= ACOF
23.

(I.

16.).

Similarly
to

ADOF = AEOB

.-.

fig.

ADFE
H.

-fig. EBCF.

Draw GCH

||

BDF

to

meet AB at G and EF at

.ACG = /LHCE(I.3.). ^AGC = alt.z_EHC(I.20.).'. from AsACG, ECH, CG = CH (I. 16.). Also GCDB, CHFD are parms. .'. CG = BD and CH = DF (II. 2.) /. BD=DF.

Let the bisectors AE, DE of two angles of the quadl. at E. AED is a rt. L by hyp. /. z.DAE + .ADE = a = 2 rt. z.s .-. AB is to CD (L 19.). Tt.L(I. 22.) /. L BAD 4- Z.ADC
24.

ABCD meet
Similarly

||

AD

is

||

to

BC

.-.

ABCD

is

a parm.

28

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETKY.

[Book It

25. Let ABCD be a quadl. having AB equal to CD and obtuse Z.DAB equal to obtuse LBCD. Join BD. Then in As DAB, BCD, AB = CD, DB is common, and ^DAB = .DCB .*. LS ADB, DBC are either equal or supplementary (Prop. p. 44). But each of these LS is<a rt. L (L 22.) .\ they cannot be supplementary .'. z_ADB = z.CBD .'. Z.ABD-Z.CDB (L 22). .'. AB is to CD (I. 20.) .*. ABCD is a parm. equal and
||

EXERCISES XX,
F be the mid. pts. of the sides BC, CA, AB of AABC. Join CF, BE. AE = EC /. AEBC= AAEB = |AABC (II. 6.). Similarly A FBC-I- A ABC.'. A EBC- AFBC .'. EF is to BC (II. 7.). Similarly DF is to AC, and DE to AB. Hence EFBD is a parm. .*. EF = BD = BC. Similarly DE = |ABand
1.

Let

D, E,

||

||

DA

2. Let E, F, G, H be the mid. pts. of the sides AB, BC, CD, of the quadl. ABCD. EH is to BD and equal to ^BD by
|| ||

the above example. Similarly FG is to BD and equal to ^BD .-. EH and FG are equal and (I. 21.) .-. EFGH is a parm. (II. 1.). Also its diagonals bisect one another (II. 2. Cor. 3.), and this proves the third part of the exercise.
||

EXERCISES XXI.
Let ABCD, ABEF be equal parms. on the same base AB and on the same side of it. If DCFE is not a str. line, produce DC to meet AF and BE in G and H. Parm. ABHG = parm.
1.

ABCD
which
2.

(II. 3.) parm. is impossible .'.

ABEF Hyp., the part equal to CDFE must be a str. line, i.e.
parallels.

the whole, the parms.

at E,

ABCD, ABEF are between the same

Let ABCD be the given rhombus.

F,

Bisect

BC

and

AD

join EF, thus dividing the rhombus into two Produce FE to H making FH equal to parallelograms (II. 1.).

at

and

one-half the given perimeter. Bisect EH at K. and rad. EK describe a circle meeting AB at P. EP to meet AB at Q. Produce PE, QF to meet

With centre E

Draw FQ CD at M and

||

to
N.

FQ + PQ + PE = FH and parm. QE = parm. AE. Also from AS PEB, MCE, EM = EP (I. 3. 20. 16.) .-. FN + NM + ME = FH
parm.

.*.

PQNM
in area,

has the reqd. perimeter and

is

equal to the

rhombus

Ex. XIX-XXI]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETEY.

II

29

3. Bisect the sides AB, CD of the parm. ABCD at E and G. Join EG. EG is to BC and AD (II. 1.) .-. AG and EC are parms. Also we see by II. 4. that these parms are equal. 4. Let ABCD, EFGH be two equal parms. between the same ADEH. If FG is not equal to BC, make FK equal to ||s BCFG,

BC and draw KM to EF or GH to meet AH at M. Parm. EFGH = parm. ABCD = parm. EFKM (II. 4.), the part equal to
||

the whole, which

is

impossible

.'.

the bases must be equal.

Also pro5. Produce HB to meet AC at M and KL at N. duce KA to meet EH at P, and LC to meet FG at Q. Parm. AN = parm. BP (II. 4.) = parm. ABDE (II. 3.). Similarly parm. CN=parm. BQ = parm. BCGF .'. Parm. AKLC = parm. ABDE
-f-parm.
6.

BFGC.

of equal altitudes, AB, DE being their bases. Place the A ABC so that A falls on D and AB along DE, the As being on the same side of DE. Let KDH be the new position of A ABC. Since the altitudes are equal

Let ABC, DEF be equal As

KF
.'.

is

||

to

DH

/.

ADEF = AABC = AKDH = AFDH

H
falls
fall

(II. 5.),

the

part equal to the whole unless the point

the pt.
7.

on the

H must

on the

pt.

.*.

AB = DE.

pt.

ACOB

= ^.COB (I. 3.) .*. AAOD = (I. 20.), ^.AOD AlsoAAOD = ACOD (II. 6.) .'. ACOB = ACOD. (I. 16.). Draw DM, BM perp. to AC. 8. Let AC, BD cut at O. DO = BO (II. 2. Cor. 3.). ^DON = ^_BOM .-. from As DON, BOM, DN = BM .'. AS BPQ, DPQ are on the same base and have
z-ADO = Z.CBO
9.
||

.'. they are equal in area. Let AB bo the given base, CD to AB, ACB an isos. A. Join DE, DB. Produce AC to E, making CE equal to CA. L ECD = int. opp. ^.CAB (I. 20.) = ^.CBA (I. 5.) = alt. L BCD (I. 20.) from AS DCE, DCB, DE = DB .'. AD + DB = AD-f DE>AE .-.

equal altitudes

(L

12.),

^.>AC + CB.
||

10. Let E, F, G, H be the mid. pts. of the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of the parm. ABCD. EB = CG and is to it .'. EBCG is a

EADG /. EFGH = parm. ABCD. 11. AD-DB.'. A ADC = A DBC =4 A ABC (II. 6.). AIsoAE = EC.-. ABEC=ABEA = AABC (II. 6".).-. ABEC = AADC. Take away the common AEFC. Then ABFC = quadl. ADFE.

parm.

.-.

AEGF - AEBG(II. 5.) = \ parm. EBCG (II. 2.).

parm.

Similarly

AEHG-I

30

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book II

Draw BM, DN perp. to AC. 12. Let AC, BD meet at O. As ABC, ADC on the same base AC are equal .*. their altitudes AN, BM are equal .-. from As AON, BOM, DO = BO (I. 3. and 16.). From AC cut off AD equal 13. Let AC be greater than BC.
to BC.
in area arid

lies

Join PD. APAD = APCB (II. 6.) .*. APDC is constant on a fixed base DC .*. its altitude is constant, i.e. on one of two str. lines to AB and at a constant
||

distance from
14.

it.

area of

A ABC is fixed and the area of A BCD is constant /. the A ADC is constant, and the A is on a fixed base AC
.*.

lies

on a

str. line

||

to

AC and
.-.

at a constant distance

from

it.

15.

= ACOB.
(II. 7.).

Let the diagonals of the quadl.

Add

the

A COD
is
.'.
||

Similarly
.*.

AD

16.

AEDFisaparm.
(II. 6.)
||

AACD
EF
is

AEBD = AFDC,
8
).

ABCD meet at O. AAOD to DC .'. AB is to BC .'. ABCD is a parm. AAED = AAFD(II. 2.). AlsoAABD =

AADC-ABDC
arid

II

they are on equal bases

.*.

to

BC

(II.

andAAHC = ACMH(II.
18.
5.)

17. Let ABC, DEF be two AS on equal bases BC, EF, but such that the altitude AM of A ABC = twice DN, the alt. of A DEF. Bisect AM at H, and join BH, CH. AAHB = ABMH

AN are equal /. from (I 4.) -CD. 19. Let F be the other pt. of trisection of AC and G the mid. E, F, G are the mid. pts. of the sides of AABD .'. EF pt. of BD. is to BD, EG to AD, and FG to AB -(Exercises xx. 1.) /. EG is
(II. 2.) /.

= AADB

Join DE,

2ABHC = 2ADEF (II. 6.). and let AE meet BD at N. ADEB = ADCB (II.
their altitudes EN,

6.).'.AABC =

As ENB, ANB,

EB-AB

||

equal and
20. to

||

to

DC

.'.

from AS DOC, GOE, DO

pt. of
1.) .*.

- OG

(I.

16.)

=J

FG
.'.

= |AABC. 21. Draw FG to CD or AB to meet AD at G. ACFE + ADFC = A DEC = i parm. ABCD (II. 9.) = i parm. DGFC + i parm. GABF -ADCF + AABF (II. 9.) .'. ACFE = AABF .-. adding ABFE to each ACBE = AFE. 22. From AS AEB, FEC, AB = CF (I. 3. 20. and 16.) .'. DF -2 AB (II. 2.) .'. parm. GDFA-2 parm. ABCD (II. 4.),

AAEF-AFEG = AGEC-ABFG
||

Take G the mid. AC (Exercises xx.

BC.

EF

is

||

to BC,

EG

to AB,

AFGE, BGEF, CGFE are parms.

(II. 2.)

Ex. XXI-XXII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

||

31
F.

23.

Draw FOE

to

AB

or

CD

to

meet AD at E and BC at
9.)

AOAB + ACOD=1 ABCD = AADC (II.

= f parm. .*. AOAB = AAOD-f AAOC, i.e. AAOC^the ditf. between AS OAB and AOD. Draw SN and TM perp. to RP. 24. Let TS, RP meet at 0.
parm. AF + ^ parm. EC (II. 2.)- AAOD~+ AAOC + ADOC

As PTR, PSR are on same base and equal in area .*. their altitudes are equal, i.e. SN = TM .-. from As SON, TOM, SO = OT 3. and 16.). (I, 25. Having drawn the AABC as in (I. 25.) bisect BC at D. AD is perp. to BC (I. 7.). AD by measurement = 2*6 in. Thro. A draw AE to BC, and thro. B draw BE to DA to meet AE at Parm. EBDA = 2ABDA (II. 9.) = A ABC (II. 6.). E. The area of AABC = 26. Let CD be perp. to AB the base. the product of AB and CD, and is therefore greatest when CD
||
||

In the rt. L.d. ACDB, CB the hypotenuse is the is greatest. greatest side, and CD increases as we increase the z_CBD .. the A is greatest when CD coincides with CB, i.e. when L ABC is a rt. L.
27. Let ABC be the A, O the pt. 1 ft. from BC and AC, x ft. from AB. AAOB + AAOC + ABOC = AABC the reqd. dist. of # x 5 + -4xl-h^3xl=-g-x3x4, whence x = 1 ^
.

28.

Draw EPF
},

||

to

AB

or

AAPB-hADPC=
ABCD.
29.

parm.

CD to meet AD at E and BC at F. AF-K / parm. EC (II. 9.) = parm.

1
-^-

AC-CE.

AABC = ABCE and Also, CD is

||

they have the same altitude

to

/.
5.)

BE
.-.

.'.

ABDC-AEDC
since

(II.

-AACD
30.

for

AC^CE

(II. 6.)

BD-DA,

As BDC, ACD

have the same altitude.

Let OL, OM,

.

ON
.

equilateral

+ OM ON is constant.

AABC. AC + -JON

AABC- ABOC + AAOC-f AAOB = -1-OL. BC AB = BC(OL + OM + ON) OLT+OM +

.'.

be perp. to the sides BC, CA, AB of the

EXERCISES XXII.
(II.

11.).

AC 2 -CD 2 + AD 2

(II.

11.)

.'.

2.

ACD,

BD- DC= |BC (I.

Let AD be perp. to the base BC of AABC. From AS ABD, 2 2 2 2 5. and 16.). Also AD + BD -AB /. AD
.

AB.

32
3.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Let the diagonals of ABCD meet at
2
)

[Book

II.

rt.

LS at 0.
2

AB 2 +
f

CO 2 ) = AD 2 + BC 2 (II. 11.). 4. L DCA = a rt. L = L FOB adding L FCD to each, L DCB = /.ACF .-. from AS DCB, ACF, AF= BD (I. 4.). 5. Draw AB 3 in. long, and BC, at rt. LS to it, 2 in. long. AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 (II. ll.) = 9 + 4 = 13 sq. in. .-. the sq. on AC
. .

+ (D0 2 + C0 2 )

(II.

ll.)=:(A0

-f

OD 2 )-f (BO 2

is

the sq. reqd.

6.

Draw DL
.-.

AS DCN, DCL, DN
(I.

16.)

DM to BF, and DN to CG. From = DL (I. 16.). From As DBM, DBL, DM = DL DN = DM .-. from the rt. Ld. As DNA, DMA, z.DAN =
perp. to BC,

LDAM
7.

(L

17.).

CE 2 + BD 2 = (EA2 + AC 2 ) + (BA 2 + AD 2 ) (II. ll.) = (EA2 + 2 AD ) + (AC 2 + BA 2 ) = DE 2 + BC 2 (II. 11.). As in 8. Let AE and BK cut at 0, and let BK cut AC at F. = /LBKC. (II. 11.) As ECA, BCK are equal in all respects .-. ^EAC
Also A.OFA = z.CFK
9. (1)
(I. 3.) .'.

z_FOA = z_FCK

(I.

22.)

=a

rt. L.

If P, Q, R,

S be the

pts. of trisection of AB, BC, CD,

DA nearest to A, B, C, D respectively. From AS SAP, QBP, PS=PQ, and z.APS = z_BQP (I. 4,) = complement of LBPQ, is a rt. L (I. !.) In the same way z_PQR (I. 22.) /. SPQ = Z.QRS = ^RSP = a rt. L .'. PQRS is a parm. (I. 19.). It is also a rect. with two adj. sides equal .*. it is a sq. 9. (2) Let P, S be the pts. of trisection of AB, AD nearest to A, and Q, R the pts. of trisection of CB, CD nearest to C. AS = AP /. z_APS = z.ASP = i a rt. L (L 22.). Similarly Z.BPQ = \ a rt. L .'. z.8PQ a rt.'z. .*. PQRS is a rectangle. Z.DBH = complement of 10. Draw DH perp. to FB produced Z_HBC = /_CBA. ^DHB = art. A = z.BAC, and BD = BC .'. ADBH = AABC and BH = BA=BF (I. 16.) .-. AFBD = AHBD (II. 6.) = AABC. Also z.SPA = z_PQB 11. From AS SAP, PBQ, PS = QR (I. 4.). ^complement of L.BPQ .*. ^_SPQ is a rt. L. Similarly z.s at Q, R, S are rt. LS .'. PQRS is a parm. (I. 19.) rt. z_d. and having two adj. sides equal .-. it is a sq. (Def.). Moreover SP2 = SA2 + AP2 (II. ll.) = 5.AB 2 for AP2 = 4AB 2
,
.

12.

Join AO, BO, CO.

2

AO 2 4- BO 2 -h CO 2 = (AF 2 + OF 2 ) + (BD 2
ll.)

-fOE 2 )

(II.

EX.XXH]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

(AE
2
)

33

OF2

Also

AO 2 + BO 2 + CO 2 = = AE 2 + BF BF 2 + CD 2

+ OE 2 + (BF 2 + OF 2 ) + (CD 2

13. Let DF be drawn perp. to AC produced and DH perp. to AB produced. z_CBA = complement of <LDBH (I. l.) = <iBDH .'. from AS DBH, BCA, HB = CA DFAH is a rectangle (I. 16.). .'. DF = AH = AB + BH = AB + AC.

14. Let DF be drawn perp. to BE, and .*. perp. to AD, and to AB. /iACD = LADC = |art. L(l. 5. and 22.).'. z_FDC = alt. <LDCA = |art. L.\ z_EDF = J- art. L .'. z.DEF = a rt. L .'. DE 2 = DF 2 + EF 2 (II. ll.) = 2.DF2 (I. 6.) = 2 AB 2 = 8 AC 2 = 4 CD 2
|| .

/.

DE = 2CD.
If

not at

the diagonals AC, BD of the quadl. meeting at O are let AN, CM be drawn perp. to BD. AB 2 + CD 2 = (AN 2 + BN 2 ) + (DM 2 + CM 2 )(IL 11.). Also AD 2 -f BC 2 = (AN 2 + DN 2 ) + (CM 2 + BM 2 ) (IL 11.).'. BN 2 +DM 2 -DN 2 +BM 2 .'. BN 2 15.
rt. z_s,

BM 2 =DN 2 -DM 2

...(1).

But

if

BN>BM, DN<DM
10 2 = 8 2

.-.

(1) is
is

impossible unless the pts. N, perp. to BD.

coincide, in

which case AC

10 2 -8 2 = (10-8)(10 lengths form a rt. Ld. A II.

16. 17.
*-

+ 8) = 6 2
12.

/.

62

.-.

the

39 2 -36 2 = (39-36)(39 + 36) = 3x75 15 .-. the lines form a rt. z_d. A (II. 12.).
2

= 15 2

/. 39 2

= 36 2

18.

= 28 2
19.

100 2 - 96 2 = (100 - 96) (100 100 2 = 96 2 + 28 2 .'. the .-.

96)

lines

4 x 196 - 4 2 x 49 form a rt. z.d. A

(II. 12.).

Let ABC be a
perp. to
11.)

A
.*.

such that AC 2 >AB 2

drawn
Z.ABD
20.

AB and

+ BD 2 >AD 2 (II.
(I.

AOAD
a
(I.

equal to BC.
.'.

2 Let BD be 4- BC AC 2 >AB 2 BC 2 >AB 2 from As ABC, ABD Z.ABO

.

-f-

15.) ie.

^ABC>

rt. L.

With
.-.

AC< AD
21.

the same construction as in the preceding example,

^.ABC<ABD

15.)<a

rt. L.

Let BE, CF, BK be diagonals of the

of

AC,

BC

A ABC, rt. z_d.

11.)
.'.

=*2BA2

= BE 2

(II.

CF 2 = 2 AC 2 BK 2 = 2BC 2 and BE 2 CF 2 + BK 2 -2.AC 2 + 2BC 2 =2AB 2 (II. 11.)

at C.
. ,

sqs.

on the

sides AB,

.-,

the

is rt.

Ld. (II. 12.).

34

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES XXIII.
1.

[Book IL

AADF = AADE + ADEF = AADE + ADBE (II. 5.) = AABE = = EC. This construction fails if AD<BD, In | A ABC for AE
such a case, BC must be bisected instead of AC. Join DE. to DA to meet CA at E. 2. Draw BE
||

Let ABC be the given A, D the given pt. in AB. Bisect CA at E, and draw BF to DE to meet AC at F. Join DF.
||

= AADC + AEDA-AADC + AADB

(II. 5.)

= AABC.

ACDE

Draw another str. line 3. Let AB be the given str. line. ACDE making AC = CD= DE. Join BE and draw DG and CF Draw FH, GK to AE to meet to BE to meet AB at G and F. FH = CD = AC, and GK = DE GD, BE. FD and GE are parms. = CD (II. 2.) .-. from As ACF, FHG, AF = FG (I. 20, and 16.). = FG - AF. Similarly BG
||

||

4.
5.

Use the method

of the

above exercise.

Let the two medians BD,

CE
E,

of

AABC meet
1).

duce AG to H, making

GH = GA.

at G. Proare the mid. pts. of AB

and AH
to

.'.

CH
6.

..
.*.

EG is BGCH

||

to

BH

(Exercises xx.

Similarly

GD

is

||

another

Also its diagonals bisect one AG passes through the mid. pt. of BC.
is

a parm.

Let AO, BO bisectors of angles of

BC,

AABC meet

at O.

Draw OL perp. to ON = OM (1. 16.).

From As AON, AOM, = OL (I. 16.) Similarly from As BON, BOL, ON .-.OM = OL.'. from As COM, COL, Z.OCM =^OCL (I. 17.). 7. Let D, E, F be the mid. pts. of the sides BC, CA, AB of
to AB.

OM to AC, ON

From AS AOE, COE, AO = CO (I. 4.) .*. AO = BO .'. from As AFO, BFO, z.AFO = z.BFO = a rt. L. (I. 7.). Draw HCK to DFE to 8. (1) Let AD be less than BE. meet DA produced at H and EB at K. z_BCK = z_ACH (I. 3.). LBKC = 2LCHA (I. 20.) .'. from As BCK, ACH, BK = AH .'. AD + BE = (HD - HA) + (KE + BK) = HD + KE = 2CF (II. 2.). (2) Let DFE cut AB between A and C. Draw HCK to DFE to meet AD produced in H, and BE in K. As in the above BK - AH .-. BE - AD = BK + KE - (AH - DH) = EK + DH = 2CF
||
||

AABC. Let the perps. at D and E meet at O. Join OF. [The perps. DO, EO must meet, for if they were parallel CB and CA would also be parallel.] From As BDO, CDO, BO = CO (I. 4.).

(II. 2.).

BxXXm-XXIV]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

36

At A and B make /.s 9. Let AB be the given str. line. DAB, ABD each equal to half a rt. L. Bisect ^.ABD by BC meeting AD at C. Draw CE perp. to CA to meet AB at E. E is the reqd. pt. For, /LAEC = | a rt. L (I. 22.) = i.ECB + z_EBC 2 2 rt. z. = z.EBC .'. EB=EC .-. AE = 2EC z_ECB = (I. 22.) .-.
(II. ll.)

= 2BE 2

10, See

Example

6,

Exercises xxii.

MENSURATION EXAMPLES. EXERCISES XXIV.

1.

For Part

= GC 2_+CF 2 = 2 = 2N/2 = HG .-.

approx.
2.

.-.

2 Exercises xxii. (2) FG EF 2 = EB2 + BF2 = 8 /. EF the perimeter = 6^2 = 6(1 '41 421) = 8'49 in.

1,

see Example FG = \/2 = EH.

9,

If

the edge

is .straight, it will 2,

coincide with the line

drawn.
3.

For Part

see

Example

15, Exercises

A.

centre of the rolling circle is always at a distance of 3 in. from the centre of the fixed circle .*. the locus is a circle of rad. 3 in. centre at the centre of the fixed circle.

The

Draw a str. line AB 5 cms. long, and at A draw AD perp. making AD = 8 cms. Through D draw DCE to AB, and Thro. B draw BE to bisect Z.BAD by AC meeting DCE at C. AC to meet DCE at E. Altitude of parm. = 8 cms. .*. its area = 8xAB = 40 sq. cms., and z_BAC = i a rt. L /. ABEC is the = parm. reqd. By measurement AC 1 1 '3 cms. 5. Draw AB 10 cms. long and BC at rt. /is to it 4 cms. long. AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 =100 + 16 cms. /. AC = 7116 = 10*77 cms. /.
4.

to AB,

||

||

the

dist. reqd.
6.

= 11

kilometres, to the nearest kilometre.

Let AB, CD be the chords,

the centre of the

circle,

OE

OE = -=-, and OF = -=-, D where r = the radius of the circle. z.OAB = z_OBA (L 5.) .*. from AB 2 = 4AE2 As OAE, QBE, AE EB (L 16.). Similarly, CF = FD
perp. to AB,

OF

perp. to CD, so that

.-.

r*-~) (Q
-.

r2\

-.

AB =
.-.

2^.

CD 2 = 4CF2 = 4(C0 2

CD =

?=-V-=4/. the shorter

chord

is

contained 4 times in 3 times the longer chord.

36
7.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book IL

Draw AB, AC at rt. z_s to one another and each equal to By measurement BC = 2'83 in. Draw CD at rt. LB to 8. Bisect AB by taking AC = 3 in. AB by I. 28. and cut off CD = 3 in. By measurement AD = 4-24 in. Also by II. 11. AD 2 = AC 2 + CD 2 = 18 .*. AD = 3x/2 = 3 (1-41421) = 4-24 in. approx. Draw CD perp. to 9. Draw the A by the method of I. 25. the base AB. By measurement, CD = 2*83 in. Or, ^CAB = CD 2 = CA2 - AD 2 ^.CBA (I. 5.) .*, from AS ADC, BDC, AD-DB = 9-l=8 .*. CD- N/8 = 2'83 in. to the nearest hun(II. ll.)
2 in.
.*.

dredth of an inch.

Draw AB 4 in. long, and make z_BAC = 45, cut off in. Draw CD to AB, and BD to AC. Also draw CE ABDC is the rhombus, and CE its altitude. By to AB. perp. measurement, CE = 2*83 in. .*. the area of the rhombus = 4 x 2*83 = 11*32 sq. in. N.B. We can only measure to the nearest hundredth of an inch. By calculation it will be found Whence the area = 11*31 that CE = 2*82842 more exactly.
10.

AC = 4

||

||

nearest hundredth. The error in the measuremultiplied by 4 in finding the area. 11. By measurement the altitude of the A = 3'46 in. .*. the area== x 4 x 3*46 = 6*92 sq. in. (This result is inaccurate for the reason given in the previous example.)
sq. in. to the

ment

of

CE

is

12.
in.
.*.

If x is the third side, 5 2 = x2 the area = | alt. x base =

+ 42

Jx3x4 = 6

(II. 11.). sq. in.

Whence x = 3

r Mark points 2 units 13. Let Ox, Oy be the perp str. lines. from Ox and 1 unit from 0^, 4 units from Ox and 2 units from The locus will then be seen to be a str. line O//, and so on.

thro. O.
14. Mark on the squared paper a rectangle whose sides are 3 units and 4 units long. see then that the area of the rect. consists of 3 rows of square units, each row consisting of 4 sq. units .*. the area = 12 sq. units.

We

str. line

I. 23. the locus is a joining the given pts. take centres on the locus.

15.

By

str. line

bisecting at

rt.

LS the

To

test the locus with circles,

16.

long.

Draw AB, BC at rt. z.s to one another and each 3 Draw AD at rt. ^s to AB. With centre C and

cms.
rad.

E*.XXIV-XXV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETBY.

AD
is

37

side of

6 cms. describe a circle cutting AB as the pt. C. ABCD

17. Draw Draw CDE

||

in D, taking D on the same the reqd. quadl. AB 5 cms. long, and AC at rt. z.s to it 4 cms. long. to AB. With centre A and rad. 5 cms. describe a

circle cutting

CDE

at D.

Draw BE

||

to

AD meeting CD

at E.

DABE

is

the reqd. rhombus.

MENSURATION PROBLEMS.
1.

EXERCISES XXV.

2.

= 29 yds.
3.

Area = base x alt. = 24x2 sq. in. = 48 sq. in. Area = breadth x length = 1 8 x 14 sq. ft. = -1/ x
sq. yds.

\9

sq.

4.
5.

Area = \ base x alt. = 12 x 14 sq. in. = 168 sq. in. Area = 9 2 + 1 2 2 (II. 11.) = 3 2 (3 2 + 4 2 ) = 1 5 2 = 225 sq.
Let x be the side reqd.
z2

in.

+ 48 2 = 52 2

(52

6.

-48) (52 + 48) = 4x100 .-. z=20in. Draw two str. lines AB, AC, each

(II. 11.)

.-.

z2 =
LS to

2 in. long, at
in.

rt.

oneanother. ment.
7.

BC 2 = 8

(11.11.).-.

BC = s/8 = 2*83

by measure-

AC at rt. LB to it, 1 cm. long. BC = V5 = 2-24 cms. by measurement. With 8. Draw AB 3 inches long, and BC at rt. z_s to it. centre A and rad. 4 inches describe a circle meeting BC at C. BC 2 = AC 2 -AB 2 (II. 11.) =16 -9 = 7.\ BC = x/7 = 2-65 inches. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9. AC = 24 + 32 (n.ll.) = 8 (3 + 4 )==8 x5 .-.AC = 40ft.
2 cms. long,
.-.

Draw AB

BC 2 = 4 +

1 (II. 11.)

.*.

10
10.

ft.

of the ladder projects

beyond the top

.
.

of the wall.

Draw

=5

cms.
If

AC =
78ft.
is

BC at rt. LS to one another making AB = BC AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 (II. 1 1 .) = 2 AB 2 By measurement,

AB,

7 -07 cms.

11.

AB represents 72 ft., AC 30 ft., then BC represents AlsoBC 2 -AB 2 = 78 2 -72 2 = 6xl50 = 30 2 = AC 2 .'. ^CAB
in.

rt. L. (II. 12.).

12. 13. 14.

=10-2 cms.

nearly.

6 cms.
If

= 2 -36

in.

ABC be
rt. L,

the

LACB = a

produce BC

such that AB = 6 cms. L ABC = 60, to D making CD = CB. Join AD.

38

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book

II.

From As ACD, ACB, AD-AB, and L ADC = L ABC = 60 (I. 4.) = |BD .'. Z.BAD = 60 (1. 22.) .'. AABD is equilateral (1. 6.) and BC = |BA 3 cms. By measurement, AC 5*2 cms. 15. Let ABCD be the quadl. such that AC = 30, and BD ==40 ft. Let AC, BD cut at rt. z_s at O. Area of figure -AABD-f ABCD = x40 = 600sq. ft. 16. Let ABC be the A such that AB = 4 in., BC = 6 in., and z.ABC = 30. Draw AD perp. to BC. By measurement, or as in Example 14 above, AD = 2 in. .*. area of A = |AD.BC

=6

sq. in.
If

x be a side of the square, x 2 = 15 acres = 150 sq. chains /. # = \/150 chains = 12'25 chains approx. = 12 chains 25 links.
17.
18.
If

= 2 square x
19.
If

x be a side of the sq. then 2x 2 = 36 = 1 8 sq. ft. sq. f t.

(II. 11.)

.-.

area of

x
ft.

ft.

x*=*8*-5* = 39

= 31 =

be the length of the other side of the rect. = 5 x x/39-5 x 6-245 sq. ft. .-. area of rect.
in.

20.

(to the nearest sq. ft.). of hall = 8 x 12 x 144 sq. 8xl2 xl44 9 sq. in. /.no. of tiles = 9
sq.

Area

Area

of each tile

= 1536.

21.
sq- ft.

Let x

ft.

Mf^ =
ft.

be the length of the hall. Sx = area of hall in <L ft. .-. a = .0 {t =26 ft g in
side.

22.

area of
23.
.-.

Let x yds. be the length of the other A = 1210 .-. 3= 110 yds. Let x
be the length of the other
)

\x x 22
2
.

side,

a;

= 3 2 (13 2 -5 2 = 3 2 (13-5)(13 + 5),3 2 xl44 (II Il.) of A = |xx 15 = 270 sq. ft. area
24.

= 39 2 - 15 2 -.2 = 36 ft.

Draw AD
of

perp. to BC.
1

AC
ft.

(II.

Area
25.
of

= 11.) -25. .'. AD A = AD x BC = x

^
I.

L CAD = 45 (I. 22.) .-. 2AD 2 = = 1(1 -41421) = 354 ft. approx. x 12 = 15^ sq. ft. = 21'21 sq.
\x x 14

approx.

Let x

A=
26.

ft. be the reqd. length of the perp. = 5^ ft. x 6 x 12 .-.

= area

z=fp

Construct the A as in on the 5 cm. side == 5*4 cms.

25.

Area = Jx5'4x5 = 13*5

By measurement,

the perp. sq. cms.

Ex.

XXVI

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETKY.

39

Draw 27. Let ABCD be the rhombus having L ADC = 45. AE perp, to CD. ^DAE = 45 (I. 22.) .-. AE = DE (I, 6.).\ 2AE 2 = AD 2 = 36, and AE = 3>/2 ft. Area of rhombus = 6 x 3^2 sq.
ft.

= 18(1-41421) = 25
If

sq. ft. (to

the nearest

sq. ft.).

28.
.*.

ft.

x- 18\/2 =
29.
If

be the length of the diagonal a; 2 - 2 x 18 2 (II. 11.) 25-46 ft. to the nearest hundredth of a foot.

Dist. reqd.

W-^TIO

2
.

(II. 11.)

= 50

miles.

x links be the length of the diagonal, z2 = 2x410 2 30. = 410>/2 = 410(l-4U21) = 580 links (to the nearest (II 11.). oj = 5 chains 80 links. link)
31.
If x
ft.

be the

dist. reqd.

a2

(31

+ 23) = 8

x 54 /. x = 12>/3

= 3 2 - 23 2 ft. - 20-78 ft.

1

(II. 1 1

.)

- (3 1 - 23)

(to

two

dec. places).

Let AB (=0;. ft.) be the height of the tower, BC its shadow. As in Example 14 above, AC = 2AB = 2# ft. .. 4# 2 = 115-47 ft. (to two = z 2 + 200 2 (II. 11.). 3a; 2 = 200 2 a? =
32.
,

^V3

dec. places).

33. Draw ABC horizontally so that AB = BC = 2 inches. Draw BD, 1 in. long, perp. to ABC, to represent the boy ; and CE also perp. to ABC. Produce AD to meet CE at E. CE is Draw DF to BC to meet DE at F. FC=BD the lamp-post. = AB. From As EFD, DBA, EF=BD (II. 2.) 1 in. and DF=BC = 1 in. .'. EC = 2 in. .-. the post is 10 ft. high. 2 2 2 34. Let x be the hypotenuse, then x* = (m - n ) + (2mrif = m4 2w% 2 + n x = m 2 + n* cms. When m = n + 1 w 2 + n 2 -2mn = m-n\ 2 =l. When w=13 and w=12, the sides are
||

4i

-4-

*.

respectively 25, 312, 313 cms. 35. Let ABCD be the trapezium, such that AB = 9, BC = 10, CD = 30, DA= 17 ft. Let x be the perp. dist. between AB and DE + EF + CF = 30 .'. Draw AE, BF perp. to CD. CD.

2 2 30 (II. 11. and 2.) .-. y/r7 2 ^21 289 - a 2 - 441 + 100 - z2 - 42^100 - x\ whence
2

/10036.
.

= 6 and

ic

=8

ft.

/. area of

trapezium

= ^ (9 + 30) 8

156 sq.ft.

Make DQ equal to AADQ-APBQ. CQ = AP

BP.
/.

AAPQ = ABQC

Join AQ,

BD.
.'.

DQ=BP
fig.

ADQP

| parm. ABCD.

40
37.
(1)

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETBY.

Let ABCD be the

[Book IL

andAF = FD /. AP=PO. Similarly CO = OP .'. AO = 2OC .-. AAOD = 2ADOC, i.e. ADOC = ^AADC = of sq. = 6 sq. in. .'. AAOD = 2ADOC = 12 sq. in. and ACOE = ADCE- A DOC = 3 sq. in. and the remaining part AOEB== 15 sq. in. 38. Let ABCD be the trapezium, such that AB = 20, BC = 13, CD = 34, DA= 15 yds. Draw AE, and BF perp. to CD, and let x yds. be the perp. dist. between AB and CD, so that AE = BF = DE + EF + CF = 34 .'. V15 2 -a2 + 20 + x/13 2 - a2 = 34 2 14 - Vl3 2 -a;2 225 -z 2 = 196 - 28 (II. 11. and 2.).-. s/15 3*^2 +169 -a;2 .-. 28v/13 2 -z2 =140 .-. 169-s2 = 25 .'. x N/l = 12 .-. area of trapezium = \ (AB + CD) AE = 54 x 12 = 324
a?.

E the mid. point of BC. Area Area of ABED = 36 -9 = 27 sq. in. (2) Join AC cutting DE at O. Take F the mid. FP is to DO (IL I.) pt. of AD and join FB, cutting AC at P.
of

ADCE = DC.CE = 9

sq.,

sq.

in.

\\

^^

sq. yds.

*** The additional Exercises,

39-81, will

be found on pages 174-177.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES XXVI. 1. a + b > c in all AS (I. 1 2.) a -f b = c is untrue for all AS, for the same reason, a + b < c is untrue for all AS, for the same
reason,

a2

+ b2 = c 2
L

is

true for right z.d AS,

when

c is

the side

opp. thert.
is

(II. 11.).

2. If ABCD is the reqd. quadl. and E the mid. pt. of BC, DE = DC. (I. 7.). Thro. D draw FDH to BC, perp. to BC for DB the rectangle BCHF. ^.ABD = complement of LDBC = forming
\\

LACB.'.fromAsABC, DFB, BA = FD
to
it,

(I.16.)

= BE = |BC. Hence
BC, and

the following construction.

rt. z_s

making BA= JBC. Join AC. AC and produce it to D making BD = CA.

quadl.

Draw any

str. line

BA at

Draw BO perp. to ABCD is the reqd.

3. Let AB be gr. than AC, so that z.ACB>z.ABC /. ^BAF, the complement of z_ABC>/-CAF the complement of z_ACB
.*.

to AB,
.'.

.'.

.-. falls between B and F. Perps. from D are equal (I. 24.) .-. AABD>AADC, i.e. >|AABC BD>BE .'. E the mid. pt. of BC lies between B and D AE, AD, AF are in order of magnitude (Exercises xviii. 3.).

z.BAF>^BAC
AC

4.

the parms. on

Let ABC be the equilateral A, BL, CN the altitudes of AB and AC. Draw BK perp. to BC and equal to

Bx.X3CV-XXVI]

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETBY.

||

41

BL + CN.
5.

the parm. BEFC.

DF = BC. Bisect FE at G. Bisect BC at L. Thro. A draw AKH to- BC. With centre L and rad. FG describe a circle cutting AKH at K. Join LK and complete the parm. BLKH. The perimeter of this parm. = 2 BL -f 2.KL = DE. Also
cut off
||

Draw EKF to BC, and any BE, CF completing BEFC is the parm. reqd. (II. 4.). Let ABC be the A, DE the given perimeter. From DE
||s

parm.
6.

BL=2AABL = AABC

/.

HBLK

is

the parm. reqd.

Let A be the given pt., BC the given line. Draw AD and produce it to E making DE = DA. With centre DA or DE describe a circle cutting BC at F and G. AFEG is the reqd sq. z.GAD = \ a rt. ^. = ^DEF (I. 22.) .-. AG Also is to FE. to GE .*. AFEG is a parm. Similarly AF is AG = AF (I. 4.) and ^.GAF = a rt. L /. AFEG is a sq.
perp. to BC, D and rad.
|| ||

7. B.

^EAD = f of art.z.(I. AS EAB, DAC, EB = CD (I.

opp. side of

Let AADE be described on the same side of AD as the pt. = z_BAC .-. ^EAB = z_DAC .'. from 22.) If AADE be described on the 4.),

AD

to the pt. B,

CE

will be equal to BD.

ABCD is a parm. .'. CD = rhombus, and the fig. reqd.

9.

Draw MC, NC 8. Let M and N be on the same side of PQ. to meet on PQ at C, so that z_BCP = ^.NCQ (Exercises xviii., Example 2). Thro. L draw BLA to NC to meet CM at B, and PQ at A. Thro. A draw AD to CB to meet NC at D. /.BAG = /.NCQ (I. 20.) = /_BCA .-. BA=BC. Also, by construction,
||

||

BA=BC = AD

/.

ABCD

is

also

Join DE, and draw

. .

Produce AB to E making BE equal to the given line. DX making <iEDX = z_DEB. Draw BF to DE to meet DX in F. z.XFB = ^XDE (I. 20.) = z.XED = z.XBF BX = FX (L 6.). Also XD = XE (L 6.) .'. DF - BE '. DX (I. 20 )
||

- BX = DX - FX = DF = BE

/.

is

the pt. reqd.

in E.
3.

||

10. Let DPE meet AB in to DB to meet PE at F.

D and AC produced

Draw CF
(I.

z_PCE>LABC
E.

.'.
.'.

falls

between P and

ADPB = AFPC

(I.

8.)>z.PCF
(I.

20.)
16.)

20.

adding fig, ADPC to each A ABC = fig. DFCA<AADE. 11. Let A ABC have AB> AC. With centre A and rad. equal to \( AB 4- AC) describe a circle cutting BC at P. 2 AP = AB + AC .'. AP - AC = AB - AP /. P is the pt. reqd.

42
12.
P.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book It

at

Let the lines EP, FP bisecting AD and BC at rt. /js meet From As AEP, DEP, PA- PD (I. 4.). From As BFP, CFP, BP = CP (I. 4.) .-. AS APB, DPC are equal in all respects (I. 7.). By bisecting AC and BD at rt. /_s, another pt. Q may be found
satisfying the reqd. conditions. 13. Draw AD perp. to BC in the equilateral AABC. = DC (I. 16.) /. AB=2BD. BD 2 + AD 2 = AB 2 (II. ll.) =
.'.

BD 4BD 2

AD 2 = 3BD 2 14. Let ABCD be

.

being gr. than PB. in Exercises xxiii. iAABD = J of the

superposition fig. APGD = fig. PBCG = \ sq. ABCD .. since AAPF = of the sq., fig. FPGD = of the sq. From GC (>GD) cut | off GH = DC. J of the sq. (II. 9.) .-. PF, PG, PH are the reqd. lines.

the given sq. P the given pt. in AB, AP Join BD. AABD = the sq. Draw PF as AAPF = 1, so that PF bisects the AADB. In DC make DG-BP. Join PG. By sq.

APGH-

15.

In

P in BC. 15

AABC let AD be drawn perp. to BC, and take any pt. PB 2 = PD 2 + BD 2 (II. 11.). PC 2 =PD 2 + CD 2 (II. 11.)
.

PB 2 - PC 2 = BD 2 - CD 2 == BA 2 - CA2 This is only true when P lies in AD, as may be seen by drawing a perp. QH to BC from a point Q outside AD. (BQ2 - CQ2 = BH 2 - CH 2 which 2 is not CD 2 .) Let P be the intersection of the equal to BD altitudes AD, BE. Then PB 2 - PC 2 = AB 2 - AC 2 and PA 2 -PC 2 2 2 2 2 - AB 2 - BC 2 P must by subtraction PB - PA = BC - AC
(2).
,
.
.

lie

in the altitude CF.

CA = CE /. z.CAE = ^CEA 16. CA = CD /. z.CAD = ^CDA. ...DAE = <LADE + z.AED .'. z. DAE = art. L (I. 22.). 6z= 180 (I. 22.) .-. aj= 30 17. If x be the smallest angle.
.-.we have to describe a A whose angles are 30, 60, 90. Describe an equilateral AABC, and draw AD perp. to BC. AS ADB, ADC both satisfy the reqd. conditions.
18.

= AEBA(II.
19.

Join EC, EB.

5.).

AFCB = AFCA

(II.

5.)-AECA

(II.

5.)

BC BC

Reduce the given fig. to a AABC as in (II. 15.). Bisect at D, and BD at E. Draw EF perp. to BD to meet AF to at F. Produce FE to G making EG = EF, BFDG is the
||

reqd. rhombus.

For

ABFD = ^AABC

(II.

6.).

Also BF = FD

EX.X*VIJ

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETHY.

43

from AS BEF, DEF (1. 4.). Similarly BG = DG, and ABFD = A BGD Also BF = DG from AS BEF, DEG (I. 4.). Similarly (II. 5.).

FD = BG.

20. Lot ABC be the A so that L ACB = 2z_ABC, and let AD be Make z_ABF equal to <LABC, and draw AF to perp. to BC. BC to meet BF at F. Draw FH perp. to BC. From As BHF,
||

CDA, BF = CA,andBH

= CD.

Also ^ FAB

.'.

FA=FB
21.

(L

6.)

.'.BD-CD =

BD-BH = HD = AF = BF--=AC.

= z. ABC (L

20.)

= ^FBA

AB and PQ,

Let ABCD, PQRS be the quadls., E being the mid. pt. of F of BC and QR, G of CD and RS, H of DA and SP. Also let P, Q, R fall without ABCD, and S within. Join AP, BQ, CR, SD. Then by L 3. and 4. AAHP-ASHD. ABEQ

= AAEP,ABFQ = ACFR,ACGR = ASGD. Butfig. PAEQFCRGDH = ABCD + AAHP-f AQBE4-AQBF4ACRG and it also = PQRS + AEAP-l-ASHD-f AGSD-hAFCR .'. ABCD- PQRS.

Another method. Let ABCD be a quadl. having E, F, G, H the mid. pts. of AB, BC, CD, DA. AAEH = ^AABD, ACGF = JACDB (Exercises XX. 1, 2.) .-. AAEH 4- ACGF- }ABCD. = Similarly ABFE + ADHG ^ABCD .-. the As exterior to the = JABCD /. ABCD = twice parm. EFGH. Similarly parm. EFGH any other quadl. PQRS which has E, F, G, H for the mid. pts. of its sides = twice parm. EFGH .*. ABCD = PQRS.
Produce QP to S making PS =* PQ. Join PS. QR = QP 2 2 4- PR == 4QP (II. 11 .) QR - 2 PQ. From As RPQ, RPS, SR = QR, SP = QPandz_QRP = LSRP(L 4.) .*. QRS is an equilateral A and L RQP = 60 = 2^.QRP.
22.
2

'

23. Take X in DB nearer to B than D; and let FXHB, GXED by the parms. about DB, F lying in AB, G in AD, E in CD, H in

= = \ parm. ABCD 4- A ACX fig. ADCX parm. GE 4- AAGX 4AECX = parm. GE 4- complement AX (1) parm. GE + complement AX - A ACX = \ parm. ABCD. Also \ parm. ABCD = AACB = parm. FH + A ACX + A AFX 4- ACHX = parm. FH 4- A ACX 4complement AX /. from (1) parm. GE -parm. FH = 2 A ACX. 24. Let ABCD be the quadl. AABC = J quadl. = ADBC.'. AD
CB.
.*.

is

AB is to DC .-. ABCD is a parm. AB to meet AD at F and BC at G. ADEF = ACEG(I. 20. and 16.).-. parm. ABGF = fig. ABCD. Also = | parm. ABGF (II. 9.) = J fig. ABCD.
||

to

BC

25.

(II. 7.). Similarly Thro. E draw FEG to

||

||

44
26.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Let

[Book It

ABCD be the
and Q lying

str. line,

larger sq., AEFG the smaller, BAE being in AD. From AB cut off AH = GD. Join

FH and cut along

also.

this line.

Join

CH and

cut along this line

Place

AHBC

so that
falls

coincides with F

DK = GK - GD = CB - BH = AB - AH = HB = FE in all respects. Also FK 2 = HB 2 + BC 2 = FE 2 + EH 2 = FH 2 /. FK = FH. /_FHE = complement of z_HFE = complement of Z.CHB .*. FHC is a rt. L. In like manner Z.FKC is a rt. L and Z.KCH .-. KFHC is a sq. equal to the two given
position FGK.
.-.

FG (HB = FG) and BC

along GD,

AHBC

and HB with occupying the

AKDC = AFEH

squares.
27. Let EFKB HDGF be parms. about BD a diagonal of Join parm. ABCD, E lying in AB, K in BC, G in CD, H in DA. HE, GK. AHEG = \ parm. ADGE (II. 9.) = \ parm. HDCK (II. 10.)

HG (II. 7.). 28. Let ABCD be the rect,, O the pt. within it. Draw MON 2 2 perp. to AD and BC, meeting AD at N and BC at M. A0 -f-OC = (AN 2 + ON 2 ) + (OM 2 + CM 2 ) (II. 1 1.) = BM 2 + OM 2 + ON 2 + DN 2 = OB 2 -fOD 2 (II. 11.). (II. 2.) Draw BH and CF perp. to DME. 29. Let AB be>AC. FromAsBMH, CMF, BH = CF(I.3.and 16.). Also^.HDB = ^ADE = z.AED (I. 6.) /. from AS HDB, EFC, BD = CE (I. 16.). 30. Let ABCD be the sq. and let the given side of the rect. be>AB. Produce AD to E, so that AE = the given side. Draw EHF to AB to meet BC produced in F. Join AF meeting CD at G. Draw HGK to EA or FB. Rect. EAKH = DK + complement EG = DK + complement GB (II. 10.) = DB = sq. ABCD. The same construction holds when AE<AB. 31. Let ABCD be the parm. E the mid. pt. of BC, F the mid. Let ED and BF meet AC at G and H. Draw pt. of DA. HK to AD or BC to meet DE at K. HK=FD (II. 2.) = AF .-. from As HKG, AFH, AH = HG Also from (I. 20. and 16.). AS HGK CGE, HG = GC (I. 20. and 16.) .-. AC is trisected at G
(II. 9.) /.
is
||

= AHKG

EK

to

II

II

||

and

H.

32.

OA + OB<CA + CB, OC + OA<BC + BA

Also

Take O any

pt.

within the

A ABC.
(I.

OB + OC<AB + AC,
13.).-. adding,
.'.

2(OA
add-

OB + OOBC, OC-f OA>AC, OA+OB>AB (1.

12.)

BX.XXVH

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

4-

45

ing 2(OA + OB-f OC) > AB

BC + CA,

i.e.

+ BC + CA).

OA + OB + OC>(AB

33. Let AB, AC be the given lines. In AB take DE equal to the given length. Draw DF perp. to AB, and EF perp. to AC, these lines meeting at F. Draw FG to A B to meet AC at Q. Draw GK perp. to AB, and GH perp. to AC to meet AB at H. In
II

As GKH, FDE, GK = FD

LFBD
it

(I.

20.)

.-.

KH = DE

(II.
.-.

2.).

GK,

^GKH = ,iFDE and z_GHK = GH are the reqd. lines.

34. Let ABCD be the given sq. on AB, on the same side of as the pts. C, D, describe an equilateral A ABE. Bisect = 30 (I. 22.) ^EAB by AF, meeting BC at F. z_FAB = /. AFB is half the equilateral .-. z.AFB = 60 on AF .. FB =

^EAB
A

|AF

.'.

AB 2 = AF 2 -FB 2

(II. ll.)

= 3FB 2

.-.

the sq. on

FB

is

the

sq. reqd.

Draw DE perp. to AB. 2_EBD = \ a rt. L .'. z_BDE = a = EB (I.6.). From As ADE, ADC, DE = DC and 22.) .'. ED AE = AC (L 26.) .. AB = AE + EB = AC4-ED = AC-f CD .-. CD = AB - AC. to the third 36. Let AB, AC be the given str. lines, and BD Cut off BD equal to the given length. Draw given line. DE to AB to meet AC at E. Draw EF to DB to meet AB at F. EF = DB the given length; and it is in the reqd. direction. The problem is impossible (1) when the given direction is to AB or AC (2) when DE does not meet AC, i.e. when AB
35.
rt.

(I.

II

II

]|

II

and AC are 37. Lot AC be<AB, so that .ACB>i.ABC (I. 10.). Produce BA to D and let AE bisect Z.DAC. Draw AF to BC, so that F falls within LDAC. z.DAC = z_B4-^C>2^B .-. ^DAE>z.B> Z.DAF (I. 20.) /. AE meets BC produced beyond C. Similarly if AC>AB, AE will meet CB produced beyond B.
II.
II

38. With the fig. of II. 10, let parm. FH = parm.KG. Since the complements are equal, GK + GH = | parm. ABCD, i.e. parm. HBCK = parm. ABCD = parm. AHKD .-. AH = HB .'. parm. HG = parm. FH = parm. GK = parm. FK. 39. Let ABCD be the given parm. Produce AB to E making BE = AB. Make -LEAK equal to the given L and let CD meet AK at K. Join KE. AAKE = 2A ABK (II 6.) = parm. ABCD (II. 9.) and has ^KAE equal to the given angle.

46

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

>

[Book

II.

AD. On AB 40. Let ABCD be the given rect. AB being describe the sq. ABFE, AE passing thro. D, and BF thro. C. Bisect AE at O and with centre and rad. OA or OE describe a circle to meet CD produced at H. Join AH, HE, HO. Z.OAH

= ^OHA,and^OEH = <LOHE.-.z.AHE = z.HAE + Z-HEA .-. I.AHE = a rt. L (I. 22.) .-. as in (II. 11 ) the sq. on AH = rect. ABCD. 41. If ABCD is the given parm. draw AF, BE perp. to CD meeting it in E and F. Kect. ABEF = parm. ABCD (II. 3.). Then
use the preceding exercise.
42.
II

be

Let ABCD be a parm. and O a pt. within it. Let EOF AD or CB, and GOH to CD or AB. Also let parm. DO = parm. BO. Join AO, OC. AAGO = AAFO and AEOC = AOHC. Also parm. DO = parm. BO /. AAGO + parm. DO -f AEOC = | parm. ABCD = ADAC .*. AOC must be a str. line.
to
II

Draw EPF .to AB and CD meeting AD at E, and BC at Draw GPH to AD and BC meeting AB at G and CD at H. AAPB = AAGP + APGB=4 partn. EG + parm. GF (II. 9.) = = ACPF + AFPB (II. 9.) \ parm. HF+J- parm. GF (II. 10.) = ACPB. It is reqd. to describe a 44. Let ABCD be the given parm.
43.
||

F.

||

parm. equal to ABCD, having an angle equal to Z.DAB, and one Let P be>AD. From AD side equal to the given line P. Complete parm. BAEF. Join AF produced cut off AE = P. Draw HGK to AE or BF meeting EF at H, cutting CD at G. and AB at K. Parm. EK = parm. EG -f parm. DK = parm. GB-f = parm, DK (II. 10.) parm. ABCD .*. EAKH is the reqd. parm. Join DB. Draw EAF, 45. Let ABCD be the given quadl. GCK to DB, arid any two parallels thro. D and B to form the
||

II

parm. EGKF.

=2

EGKF = EDBF + DGKB = 2A ADB + 2A DCB (II.

9.)

fig.

ABCD.
||
||

46.

Draw AE
B

Let ABC be the given A. Bisect BC at D and join AD. to AD to meet at E. to BC and BE With centre
II

|(AB + AC) describe a circle cutting AE at H. Draw DK to BH. Parm. HBDK = parm. EBDA (II. 3.) = 2AABD(II. 9.) = AABC(II. 6.). Also its perimeter = 2 HB + 2BD
arid rad. equal to

= AB + AC-f BC
47.

.'.

HBDK

is

With

the
II

fig.

of II. 10. take

the reqd. parm. P the mid. pt. of

at

AC and
at N.

drawn MPN

to

AB and CD, meeting AD

M and BC

EX.XXVU

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

II

47

Also draw RP8 to AD and BC, meeting AB at R, and CD at S. Let HEK meet MP at L, E lying between A and P, L lying But PM = PN .-. PN>LM .-. parm. PG> between P and M EM. In parm. ARPM, complement ER = complement EM parm.
/
.

adding RG to each, parm. HG = parm RG -f parm. EM < parm. RG-f parm. PG<parm RBNP. Thus we see that the complement HG is greatest when E lies at P the mid. pt. of AC.
48.

Join GD, BF.

AGDB=4
DF
is H

rect.

ABDE
(II.

(II.
).

9.)

rect.

ACFG-AGBF
49.

(II. 9.) .*.

to

GB

ACD

Let ABCD be the quadl. Join BD. Of the AS ABD, ABD be the smaller Draw AE to BD to meet CB Join DE. Bisect CE at F and join DF, produced in E.
let
||

ABCD

= AEBD = AABD (II. 5.) adding BCD to each, AEDC quadl. ADFC- |AEDC(II. 6.) = J quadl. ABCD DF bisects
.'. .'. .-.

the quadl.

Join AH, meeting EF 50. Produce GF to meet CB at H. Draw LKM to GF or AEB cutting AG at L, and CH at at K. M. Parm.KB = parm. GK (II. 10 ) .-. adding LE to each, parm.
II

LB = parm. GE
51.

.-.

rect.

AFHG + AFKG = parm. AG + = parm. ABCD A ABC (II. 2.)

52.
||

LDCM=rect. ABCD + rect. AEFG. parm. CF (II.

9.)

Let ABC be the given A. Bisect BC at D, and draw CF perp. to BDC to meet EFH, to BC, at E and F. Along DC make DG equal to the given str. line, and draw GH perp. to DG. Join DH, cutting CF at K. Draw NKM to EF or BC, meeting DE at N and GH at M. Eect. NDGM=rect. NC-frect. CM = rect. NC + rect. EK (II. 10.) -rect. EDCF = 2AADC (II. 9.)
DE,
||

= AABC.

Draw EF to AB and 53. Let ABCD be the given parm. at the given perpendicular distance from AB. Let EF cut AD at E. Join BE and produce it to meet CD produced at G.
1 1

Draw GHK
K.

II

to

AD

or

BC

to

Parm. KBFH

(II. 10.) parm. and is therefore

= parm. AF
ABCD.

meet FE and BA produced at H and parm KE = parm. AF + pann. EC Also KBEH is equiangular to ABCD,
-t-

the parm. reqd.

II

Join AC, and draw 54. Let ABCD be the given quadl. to AC to meet BA produced at E. Join EC. Draw EF

DE
to

1 1

BC, and

CF

||

to

EB

to

meet at

F,

Bisect

BE

at

G and draw GH

48
to

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

BC
to

[Booklt

II

meet OF at
(II.

= AEBC
55.

Farm. GBCH = parm. EBCF (II. 4.) + AEAC=AABC+AACD (II. 5.) = 2.)=AABC
H.

quadl. ABCD.

Draw AHK perp. to GB, meeting GB at H and EC at K. AG = AC, AB = AE, L at A is common .-. ^ACE = ^AGB (I. 4.) -complement of A.GAH (I. 22.) = z_KAC .-. CK = AK (I. 6.). Also z_KEA = complement of Z.KCA (L 22.) = complementof z_KAC = ^KAE .-. KE = KA(I. 6.) .-. KE = KC.
In As GAB, CAE,
56. Let ABC be the A such that AB = 2 AC. Bisect AB at D and draw DE perp. to AB to meet BC at E. Join AE, From As ADE, BDE, ^EAD = /_EBD (I. 4) .-. ^AEC = 2^.ABE (I. 22.). Also in the rt. z.d. A AED, AE>AD .-. AE>AC .*. <LACE>^AEC, i.e. L ACS > %L ABC.
.

isos. A having AB = AC, and z.BAC= 30. AC as the pt. B describe an equilateral AAEC. Let EC meet AB in F ^EAF = 30. From As AFE, AFC, AF is perp. to EC and bisects it (I. 4.). In the rt. z.d. ABFC, BC>CF, i.e. BO^CE, i.e. BO^AC. Let PB produced meet QR at 8, and QB produced meet 58. CPat T. z_QBR = a rt. L .'. ^TBR = a rt. L .'. z_TBC = \ a rt. L = A.TCB .-. BT is perp. to CT (I. 22.) .-. from As BTC, BRC, BT Also AQTP is a rectangle .'. PT = AQ = QB .-. in =^BR. AS PTB, QBR, BT = BR, PT = QB and z.PTB = a rt. z. =

57.

Let ABC be an

On

the same side of

/.

= z.BQ8,
rt L,
i.e.

PB-QR

and /.BPT = z.BQR (L z.PBT = ^.QBS (L 3) .' PB is at rt. LS to QR.

4.)

.-.

in

As PTB, QSB,

59.
(I. 5.).
.-.

CH

Let AC meet HK at E. /_AHB = z.B (I. 5.) = z. Also AB-AD .'. from As ABH, ADK, BH = DK (I. = CK /. ^_KHC = 90 .-. LB + 60+ 90 ~

-C

16.)

180.\

z.C=

EXERCISES XXVII.
1. Let AB, A.CED by I. 7.

CD

be equal chords, E the centre.

I.

<LAEB

2.

If

AB>CD, ^LAEB>4CED b7

15,

ExXXVI-XXVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETKY.

49

3. If ABC are pts. of intersection of str. line and circle, D the centre, z.DAB = ^DCB (I. 5.) = /_DBC (I. 5.), which is impos-

sible
4. 5.

by

I. 8.

Proved

in III. 4.

The same

as 4, since the diagonals of a parm. bisect to pass through z.ECB = z.EBC (I. 15.) .-. in the other two .*. z_ABC is a rt. L,
all

each other.
6.

The diagonals AC, BD may be proved

z.EAB = ^.EBA
one angle

centre E.

A ABC
7.

= the sum

(I.

5.),

of

Since the chords are II, a perp. to one is perp. to /.it bisects all, and is the locus of their mid. points.
8.

Let AB, AC be the

I.

to the chds.
is

Then AE = AF
7.

chds.,
(I.

17.)

DA the radius DE, DF perps. .-. AB = AC. The converse

;

proved by

9. Since the join of the mid. points is perp. to the first chord, it passes through the centre; and since it joins the centre to the mid. point of the 2nd chord, it is perp. to that
(III. 3.).

10. Let ABCD be the line, EF the perp. from the centre. AF= FD, and BF= FC (III. 3.) .-. AB = CD.
11.

common

Half chord = 12

.-.

distance

= Vl 5 2 -

12 2 = 9

(II. 11.).

Let the perps. drawn from the centre E meet the chds. Draw EH to the chds. z.HEF = alt. /.EFB AB, CD in F, G. = a rt. u ^.HEG==alt. <iEGD = a rt. L .'. FEG is a str. line and
12.
II

is

the join of the mid. pts.

13.

Let CAB be the

2.)

= FG(II.
14.

line,
3.).

DF,

EG

perps.

from centres.
it is

DE
perp.

CB(III.
.-.

The

to

CF
15.

(say at H)

CH = HF and DH = HE (III. 3.) .-. CD = EF. Let AEB, CED be the chds., F the centre. Let EF
(I.

line of centres is perp, to

AB

(III. 2.)

.*.

meet the circle in K, L. In AS FAG, FCH, FG = FH

2L.FEH

Let FG, FH be perp. to AB, CD. = 17.) .'. in As FEG, FEH, z_FEG

But the bisectors (I. 7.) .*. KL is one of the bisectors. of supplementary z_s are at rt. z_s .*. the other bisector is and is therefore bisected by it (III. 3.). perp. to KL,

50
16.
centre.
(I.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book

m.

Let AB, AD be the equal lines, FC, FE perps. from In As ABF, ADF, .BAF = /.DAF (I. 7.) .-. FC=FE
In AS ABD, ACE, z.ABD = .ACE and AB = AC .'. BD = EC (I. 16.).
(I.

16.).

17.
(I. 5.)

5.),

z.ADB = iLAEC

18.

Let AB be common
of
.-.

chd.,

CED
.

line of centres.

= | radius (diagonals 2 2 /. AE 2 = r2 --Jr = r

GK = HL

CE = |CD
rt.

rhombus

bisect each other at

LS)

AB 2 -3r2

19. Let ABC, DEF be the parallels. GH, KL perps. to them through the centres. GK= AC, and HL = DF (III. 3.). But
(II. 2.)
.'.

AC=DF.

EXERCISES XXVIII.
1.

Let
(I.

D,

E be the

centres, then
.-.

AED
||

is

st. line. (I.

z_ECA =

^EAC
2.
(I.

= ^DBA 5.)

(I. 5.)

DB

is

to

EC

19.).

The join of centres DE passes through = L DBA (I. 5.) .' DB is 5.) -/.DAB (I. 3)
3.

A.

^ECA = ^EAC
EC
(I.

||

to

18.).

AB, AC propasses through the pt. of contact F. Perimeter of duced go through the pts. of contact D, E. = AB + 2AD-a conABC =

BC

AB+BF+AC+CF
Let OP,
I.

BD+AC+CE=

stant.
4.

OQ

be tangents, C the centre.

From AS OPC,

OQCby
5.

17.,

OP-OQ.

The

Produce CP to 8 so that PS = CP. AS CPO, SPO make up an equilateral A. identically equal ^POC = ^COS-30. Similarly ^COQ = 30 .-. ^POQ = 60. But the Is OPQ, OQP are equal /. each of them is 60 .*. APOQ
Let C be centre.
6.

is equilateral.

Let

ADB

AE,

BF be
.'.

AS FCB, DCB, we show that ^FCD = 2^BCD.

tangents,

touching at D meet the two radii in A, B. Let C the centre. By using I. 17. for the
rt.

= 2/_ACD
7.

^FCD + z.DCE = 2z_ACB = 2

But the
C.
is
II

are in a

st. line.

z.s

E,

F are

rt.

Similarly Z.ECD = angles .*. FC CE LS. .'. AE is to BF.

II

Take centre
I.

.-.

by

18.

AP

z.CQA = ^CAQ (I. 5.)-z.QAP (hyp.) to CQ, and consequently perp. to tangent

at Q.

Ex.

XXVH-XXIX]
8.

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

all

51

(1)
st.

Let A be the given point in which

line AB.
5.,

given

Then DAC
2).

perp. to

AB

contains

touch the all the

centres (III.

Cor.

(2) If E be the given point in which a given circle, whose centre is F, is touched by a number of circles, the centres must all lie in FE (produced if necessary) III. 6.

EXERCISES XXIX.
Let AB, CD be the tangents, BE, ED radii to the pts. Let EF be parallel to AB and CD. .FEB = alt. Z.EBA = a rt. L (I. 20.). Similarly /.FED is a rt. L .-. BED is a
1.

of contact.

straight line,
2.

i.e.

the pts. of contact are the ends of a diameter.

distance of each chord from the common centre is the radius of the inner circle .*. the chords are equidistant

The

and consequently equal (III. 10.). 3. Let BAG, DAE be the chords, F the centre, FG, FH perps. From As FAG, FAH, FG = FH (L 16.) .-. chord BC to BC, DE.
from
centre,

-chord DE
4.

(III. 10.).

Let PT be such a tangent, P the

centre.

CT 2 = CP2 + PT 2 = a

constant

-f

constant length, and the locus of

5.

is

pt. of contact, C the a constant .'. CT is of a circle with centre C.

radii.

Let TP,
their

TQ

be tangents

OP,

OQ

(I. 5.) .*.

complements are equal,

i.e.

z_TP
17.).

6.

In AS TOP, TOQ,

^TOP = ^TOQ

(L

Let AP, BQ be parallel tangents, touching at A, B ; PQ a Draw radii CA, CB, CR. CA, CB are third line touching at R. Z.PCR perp. to parallel str. lines .-. they are in a str. line. LQCR = ^BCR /. /.PCQ = |(^ACR 17.). Similarly JLACR(L f Z BCR) = a rt. angle. As in xxviii. 8. Let AB, BC, CD, DA touch at E, F, G, H.
7.
4.

+ CF,

tangents are equal /. AE i.e. AB + DC = AD + BC.

+ EB + DG + GC = AH + BF + DH

9. With the same figure as in 8, O being the centre, z_AOE = /.AOH (L 7.). Similarly with the other angles ^AOE-f I.EOB + ^COG + LGOD = ^AOH + LBQF + LFOC /L.DOH, i.e.
.*.
-J-

52

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book in.

10. Let A be the centre of the outer, B of the inner circle. Let DBAC be the diameter of the inner circle which passes through A. Of all lines drawn from A to the inner circle AD
is

is

/. the tangent drawn at D greatest, AC is least (III. 7. or 8.) the least chord and that at C is the greatest chord of the
(III. 10.).

outer circle
11.

Let A be the given point, B the centre. Draw chords EAF each making an L 45 with AB. Draw BG, BH perp. CAD, These perps. are equal (I. 16.) .-. CD=EF to the chords. Also z_DAF is a rt. angle. (III. 10.).
12.

Let
;

A,

B be centres ;

D,

E opposite ends

of

II

diameters

EBG C the pt. of contact. Join DC, EC. By I. 5. and But z.FAC = alt. I. 22. ^ACD = J^FAC and z_ECB = ^GBC. Z.CBG (I. 20.) .'. z.ACP = L ECB = supplement of Z.ACE since ACB is a str. line .'.DC and CE are in a str. line. The tan13. Let CT the common tangent meet AB in T. = = gents are equal .'. ^TCA z.TAC and LTCB LTBC (I. 5.). In A ACB one angle = the sum of the other two /. ACB is a rt.
DAF,
angle.

EXERCISES XXX.
^CAE = z.BDE z.AEC = z.BED (I. 3.).
1.

(III.

12.).

^ACE = z.DBE

(III.

12.).

2. Let ABC be the triangle ; P, Q, R pts. on the arcs BC, The ^s P, Q, R are the supplements of CA, AB respectively. LS CAB, ABC, BCA (III. 13.) .'. the sum of /js P, Q, R, CAB, ABC, BCA = 6 rt. angles .-. sum of <LS P, Q, R = 4 rt. angles.

Let the pentagon be ABCDE, P a point in arc AB. The pentagon = | rt. L .'. L EBA = f rt. L (I. 5. and I. /_APE = ^ABE (III. 12.) = f rt. L. <LEPD = z.ECD 22.). = f rt. L. L APB = supplement of L AEB = f rt. L = the (III. 12.) sum of the LS subtended by AE, ED, DC, CB.
3.

ext.

of a regular

4. In AABC let D, E, F be the feet of perps., M, Q, R the mid. pts. of sides. In the rt. angled ABEC the mid. point of hypotenuse is equidistant from the vertices .*. ^.MEB = z.MBE (I. 5.). Similarly ^REB = z.RBE .'. L REM =/.RBM=LRQM (II. 2.) .-. M, Q, R, E are concyclic (III. 13,). Similarly D, F lie on the circle MQR.

fix.

XXIX-XXX)
5.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

53

With the same figure as in the previous question, let the mid. point of OP, and N8 parallel to OM, and there= ASPN (II. 6.) = fore perp. to BC. (II. 5.) ASDN (II. 5.) .-. MS = SD (from the area at a A). Thus N lies on the perpendicular bisector of the chord MD. Similarly N lies on the perpendicular bisector of the chord QE .*. N is the centre of the circle.

N be

ASMN=ASON

Let AB be the given base, C one position of the vertex, position. Let the circle through A, B, C cut AP in Q. Join BQ. ziAQB = LACB (III. 13.) = <iAPB (Hyp.). But this is impossible by L 8. ; P must lie on the arc ACB, i.e. the locus is the arc of segment which is on the given base, and which con6.

P another

tains the given angle.

^CBE 7. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadl., AB produced to E. = supplement of Z-CBA (I. l.) = z.ADC (III. 13.). LE is common .*. the AS 8. /LEBC = 180-z_ABC = .ADC.
are equiangular to each other.
9.

The
.*.

120
the
10.

in order that there

less

angles at the point are together 360 .*. each is may be such a point each angle of

must be

than 120

(I. 13.).

Let BD, AC meet at E. = <iBEA (L 22.) = 60. But /.BCA-f LDCA = 90 subtraction L DCA - L DAC = 30.
(2)
(III. 12.)

.'.

by

A, B, C, D be the centres, E, F, G, H the pts. of E lying on AB and so on. Z.AEH = A.AHE (I. 5.) = a say. 8. In Z.DGH AAEH 2a=180-A, and similarly for /?, etc. But A-f B + C Nowa + /? + + = 360 (I. 22., Cor.) .-. a + /3 + y + S-180 HEF = 180, and y + S4-HGF = 180 .-. by addition I.HEF + ^HGF = 180, i.e. the figure EFGH is cyclic.

11.

Let

contact,

12.

Let the quadl. be ABCD, the intersection of diagonals

E.

The us subtended at centre by BC, AD are 2BDC, 2DCA The sum of these -2z.DEA (I. 22.)*= 180.
13.
t-

(III. 11.)

^EFG = |B + JC(I.22.), zLEHG-|A + jD(I.22.).'. Z.EFG 0-180 (L 22., Cor.).

54
14.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book III

Suppose AB, DC meet in P; AD, BC in Q; and the L PRO = 180 - PBC (III. 13.) = z.CBA. meet in R. = = = 180 Similarly ^QRC <LCDA .-. L PRO + LQ.RC L CBA + LCDA
circles
(III. 13.)
.*.

P, R,

are in a

str. line.

Complete the circle of which APB is a segment. Produce QB to meet the circle in R. LQ^L BPQ(I. 5.) = supplement of LAPB = z.ARB (III. 13.) .-. if the figure were folded along AB, the arc ARB would pass through the point Q .*. the locus of Q is an arc of an equal circle. 16. z.ADB = 90 = z.AEB .*. the circle through B, D, A passes = = through E. L D EC supplement of L DEA L ABD (III. 13.). 17. As in Question 16, a circle will go round ABDE .'. L ADE = Z.ABE (III. 12.).
15.

18.
.-.

^C + LABE = 180(IIL13.),^D + LABF-180(nL 13.) LC + LD + 180 = 360 (I. l.).-.LC + LD = 180.'.CEis||to

19.).

DF (L
19.

= 120; LBCA-^ADB (III. .*. ABCP is equilateral. =

The As ADE, BDE

are equilateral .'. LADB = 60 = 60. Similarly LBPA 11.)

+ 60 = 60

20. LS in the same segt. of a circle are equal .-. since the circles are equal, and AC AD, Lin segt. CBA of circle CBA /. BDC L in segt, DBA of circle DBA .'.

LABC = LABD

is

str. line.

21. Let C be the centre, 2z.C = L O = a constant, and each of the sides CP, CQ = the constant radius .*. the base PQ is of constant length. 22. Let ABCD be the quadl., CD produced to E, F the inter L EDF== \L EDA = \ int. oppte. L ABC section of the bisectors.

= z.CBF
23.

.'.

^CBF + A.CDF = I.EDF + /LCDF=:180

/.

lies

on

the circle BCD.

z.EDB=180-/.BDC = z.BFC-^BAC(IIL 11.). The LS at G, E being rt. LS, the 24. Let CB meet DE in H. Similarly for CFBD /. /LDEG = /-DFG quadl. GFED is cyclic. = 90-LGDF = /_FDB = LFCB (III. 12.) = LEHB (1.20.), (III. 12.) FC is to ED) .-. EG is to BC. (since 25. LDRC = 180-LP-LQ (I. 22.) = 180-LCAP= (L 5.) = LCAD LCBD (I. 7.) /. D, B, R, C are concyclic.
BDC.
|| ||

Take any point F on the circumference not

in the arc

B*XXX-XXXI]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETKY.

65

Let a str. line meet AB, 26. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadl. DC, AD, BC in F, G, H, K respectively. By hypothesis Z.DHK = A.CKH. But z.DHK = A.HGD + /.GDH (I. 22.) = z_ HGD + L B. Alsoz.CKH-A.BFG + z.B (I. 22.) .-. /_BFG = A.HGD.
In the quadl. ABDC, /.A is constant (AB, AC being given Also L BDC is constant (III. 12.) /. the sum of the other two /.s is constant (I. 22. Cor.).
27.

tangents).

EXERCISES XXXI.
Then L BAG = alt. L ACD (I. 20.) chord BC = chord AD (III. 15.). (III. 14.) chord AC = chord DB Also the whole arc ADC = whole arc DCB
1.
.-.

arc

BC = arcAD

Let AB, DC be

parallel.

.-.

(III. 15.).
2.

Let tangent at C be

cutting

AB
is

AB

.'.

= arcCB(III.
3.

Let CDE be the radius to AB. to the tangent and therefore to perp. the mid. point of AB. From I. 4. AC = CB .-. arc AC
||

at D.

CE

is

16.).

Let AEB,

CED
is

The sum
4.

of the angles at

be any chords containing a constant z_. B and C = L E = a constant .-. the sum

of the arcs AC,

BD

constant.

the same figure the z_E = z.B-|-^Cat circumference = an L at the circumference standing on the sum of arcs AC, DB = an L at the centre on half the sum of the arcs.

With

Let AB, CD intersect at an external pt. E. Join BC. L E = an angle at circumference standing (I. 22.) on an arc AC - BD = an angle at centre standing on half that arc.
5.

= .ABC-^BCD
6.

z.ECD = LEAB(III.
Arc BD = arc DC,
(III. 15.)

15.)

= alt. Z.EFD

(I.

20.)

.'.

CE = EF

(L

6.).

7.

since the LB at

BD- chord DC
LC
The
is

-DE

= |^A + LABE (I.

8.

22.)

= ^DAC + Z.ABE = ^DBC + ^ABE

(III. 12.), since

(Hyp.)

.'.

A are equal; .-. chord z.DBE = z.DEB (I. 5.)

(III. 1 2.)

constant
is

Similarly L D be constant.
9.

constant.

A and B are fixed points. The 3rd angle of the ACBD must

.RAQ
RQ,
is

^s APQ, AQP are constant (III. 12.) .-. by I. 22. constant /. the arc RQ, and consequently the chord constant (III. 14., 15.).
is

56
10.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETEY.

In

[Book IIL

AlsoCE = CA/. DE = AB(I. 16.). 11. AB-CD .'. arc AB = arc CD (III. 16.) .-. AD is to BC (I. 18.). Also (by addition of arc AD) (III 15.) the arc DAB = arc CDA .'. chord DB = chord CA (III. 15.).
.
.

D,CABz.E==^.EAC = A.CAByp.;

z.

-.

||

EXERCISES XXXII.
It follows from HI. 17. that angle at the circumference is a diameter.

NOTE.

a chord which subtends a

right

1.

On

the hypotenuse

AB

of

AABC let

must pass through C. For if it cut AC would be a rt. angle (III. 17.) and so equal
It
is

a circle be described. at D, the /_ADB

to /.ACB,

which

impossible
2.

(I. 8.).

As in Question
Join CB.

1,

C must lie on

the circle whose diameter

is

AB.
3.

of the L&

C and B
||

= a semicircle. It might also be proved by rt. L (I. 22.) drawing AF to CD, and proving arc FD = arc AC (I. 20. and
III. 14.).
4. 5.

Arc AC 4- arc BD = arc subtended by the sum at the circumference = arc subtended by a

OQP

is

rt.

(III. 17.)

.'.

PQ

is

a tangent

(III. 5.).
str.

CBA, ABD

are

rt. zjs (III.

17.) /. C, B,

D
||

are in a

line (L 2.).
6.

Draw CF

AD.

CD = CB-BD = AB-BG = AG = CF
7.

As BGC, BDA are

to FA. perp. to tangent at A, and CG identically equal (L 16.) .'. BG

(II. 2.).

Join

= BD.

Since the arcs are equal, the chords are equal (III. 15.) .*. they are equidistant from the centre (III. 10.) /. they touch a concentric circle.
8.

= z.BAC = 90
9.

Let BC be the diameter, A the point of contact.

(III. 17.) /.

L PAQ

PQ

is

a diameter.

Chord AB = chord AE (radii) .*. arc AB = arc AE (III. 16.) AD = arcs AE and ED = arc EC /. chord AD = chord EC Also since arc AE = arc DC, L EDA = alt. 2L.DAC (III. 15.). to AC. .-. ED is (III. 15.)
arc
||

10.

The mid.

pt. of

the hypotenuse of a right-angled

.*.

is

equidistant from the vertices

QD = QC

.'.

z.QDC = ^C (L

5.)

Ex. XXXL-XXXlll]

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

.-.

57
La

(II.
.-.

QRPD
11.

2.)

^QRP + LQDP = z.QDC-f i.QDP = 2

rt.

is cyclic.

In AAFB, G is the intersection of the perps. AE, BD the orthoceritre .'. FG is perp. to AB. Or, let FG meet AB at H. In the cyclic quadl. DGFE, Z.DEG = L DFG (III. 12.). And in the cyclic quadl. ADEB, ext. .DEF~ int. oppte. Z.DAB. But .BHF = ^DFG + ^DAH (I. 22.) .'. z.BHF-=^DEG + ^.DEF = a rt. L.
.*.

is

12. Let C be the centre of the circle Q, CD a diameter of the circle P. Let A, B be the pts. of intersection of the circle. LA CAD, CBD are right z_s (III. 17.) .*. AD, BD are the tangents at A, B (III. 5.) i.e. the tangents at A, B meet at D. 13. Let AC be the diameter of smaller, AB of larger circle AQP the chord. The L at Q is a rt. L (III. 17.) .'. Q is the mid. pt. of AP (III. 3.).
:

the bisector of ^OPN is the bisector of ^.APB .*. it passes through C the mid. pt. of the arc AB (III. 14.). If P were on the other side of AB, the bisector would pass through D.
.'.

14. Let DOC be perp. to ^OAP = 90-^APN=z.BPN

the fixed diameter AB.

L OPA =

EXERCISES XXXIII. 1. Let ACB be the arc, C the mid. point, AE the tangent, CE perp. to AE. CA = CB (III. 15.) /. L CAB = L CBA = L CAE
(III. 18.).-.
2.

CD-CE

(L

16.).
circle,

the diameter.

A the point, BC the chord, AD .ABD = 90 (III. 17.) .*. complement of ^.ABC = /.CBD = z_CAD (III. 12.) Also = complement of Z.BAD. (III. 12.)
Let ABCD be the
Join BD.
3. ^ATP + 2^BPT = z.ATP + LBPT + LPAB (III. + Z.PAB (I. 22.) = 90 (III. 17.). 4. LBAD = ^C (III. 18.) = 60. Similarly AABD is equilateral. 5. L APC = L CAP (I. 5.) = \ L PCD (I. 22.) = 30. AP touches the circle BCP Z.B = 30 .-. LAPC = B
z.

Similarly
(III. 18.).

.-.

6.

Draw AD
D
(III.

perp. to BC.

The

semicircle on

thro.

17.).

Similarly the semicircle on

AB AC

passes passes

thro. D.

58

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

IBook IH.

7. Draw a sir. line FAG touching the circle ABC at A. L DAG = L FAB (I. 3.) = z_ACB (III. 18.) = A AED (I. 20.) .*. circle BAD touches FG at A .'. the circles touch each other at A. 8. Let the circles ABC, AED touch at A, FAG being the common tangent. Let BAD, CAE be the lines. z.CBA = z_CAG = LADE (III. 18.) .'. BC is to ED (III. 18.)=^FAE (I. 3.)
||

(I.

18.).

9.

With
.'.

(III. 18.)

BC

internal contact, z.CBA is to ED (I. 19.).

||

= z.CAG

(III. 18.)

= ^ADE

10.

LTPS = ^SPR(III.
Draw
(III.
str. line

15.)

= /iPRQ

(1.5.).*.

PTisatangent

(III. 18.).

11.

FAG

to touch the circle

(I.

= i.ACB
12.

= L AED 18.)

(III. 18.),

and

so touches the

20.) /. circle circle ABC.

ABC at A. L FAB AD E touches FG at A

touch at A, EAF being the common tangent, BC the chord touching at D. AC cuts the inner circle at H. <i.BAD = z.EAD-z.EAB = /_AHD-z_C (III. 18.) = ^HDC (I. 22.)

The

circles

= z.DAH

(III. 18.).

EXERCISES XXXIV.
1.

Draw two

circles

with the given radius and with the

given points for centres. the required circle.

2.

The

intersection gives the centre of

Draw two

perp, diameters
III. 17.

and

join their ends.

I. 4.

proves the L& right us. Draw two perp. diameters. Draw the bisectors of the 3. The 8 arcs thus obtained are equal angles between them. Hence the 8 chords are equal (III. 15.). III. 15. (III. 14.). will prove the angles of the octagon all equal. proves the sides equal.
4.

Draw

the chord at rt

z.s

to the join of the given point

to the centre.

5. circle, and with radius equal to the given length, describe a circle cutting the given circle in B. From C the centre of the given circle draw CD perp. to AB. With centre C and radius CD describe u, uln,le, and from the draw a tangent to this circle. This tangent can given point be proved to be the required line (III. 10.).

Prove by III. With centre A on the

3.

fix.XXXm-XXXlV]
6. Let with centre

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

59

be the point, C the centre.

C and

tangent from

Describe a circle radius equal to the given distance. to this circle is the required line.
:

the tangents 7. Draw a diameter perp. to the given line to the given line. at the ends of this diameter are
||

the tangents at to the given line 8. Draw a diameter the ends of this diameter are perp. to the given line.
: ||

9.

Join the centre

perp. to CA.

BAD CGA

is

rt.

.'.

C to the given pt. A. Draw a chord Draw CG perp. to any other chord EAF. CAG<a rt. L (I. 9.) .-. CA>CG (I. 11.) .'. BD

<EF(IIL

11.).

10. Let O be the given point, A the centre. diameter BC perp. to OA. The circle with radius one required (I. 4.).

Draw

OB

is

the the

11. Let A be the given point, CBD the given line, B the point of contact. BE drawn perp. to CD must contain the reqd. Make /.BAF equal to z_ABE, and let AF meet BE in F. centre. AF=BF (I. 6.) /. the circle with radius FA or FB is the one

required.
12.

The

centre
is

is

at the intersection of the diagonals,

and

the radius
13.

half of either diagonal,

From
Cut
off
||

BC.

draw CDE
chord
(II.

the centre A draw AB perp. to the given str. line BC equal to half the given length. Through C to BA to meet the circle in D and E. Draw a

DG

||

= the 2.)

to CB, cutting

AB

at F.

DG = 2DF

(III. 3.)

= 2CB

given length.
E.
||,

Another chord could be similarly

drawn from

and AC the third line. Bisect the 14. Let AB, CD be angles A and C by AE, CE. Draw EF, EG, EH perp. to AC, CD, EF = EH in As AFE, AHE (I. 16.). Similarly EF = EG AB. .. E is the required centre.
to the given str. lines at a distance 15. Draw str. lines from them equal to the given radius. The intersection of There are 4 solutions. these gives the reqd. centre.
||
.

16. From the given centre A draw AB perp. to the given str. line BC. Cut off BC equal to half the given length. Then AC is the radius of the reqd. circle.

60

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book

III.

With centre A the centre. 17. Let ABC be the circle, and radius AO describe a circle cutting the given circle in D, E. Produce AO to meet the circle in F. DEF is the reqd. A. The AAOD is equilateral, .-. z_DOA = 60. Thus each of the LB DOE, EOF, FOD is 120 .'. ADEF is equilateral (III. 14. and 15.).
18.
is

Draw

6 radii, so that each of the 6 angles at the centre

60

equal
19.

The sides of the hexagon are (as in Question 17.). The angles are proved equal as (III. 14. and 15.).

in Ex. L., 3.

Bisect each of the angles at the centre in Question 18. On the given base describe a segment containing the given angle (III. 23.). Find where the arc is cut by a line drawn to the base at the distance of the given altitude.
20.
||

21. Let ABC be the goal line, AB the goal, CDE the line in which the ball is taken out. On AB describe a segment of a circle ABDE containing the given L. D or E is the reqd.
point.

With centre B to CD. (2) Bisect AB at F, and draw FG and radius FC, cut FG at G. The circle with centre G and radius FC will touch CD at some point H ; and AHB may be proved to be the maximum subtended L (I. 8.).
||

22.
23.
rt.

See Question

5.

Make 2LBAC

equal to the given vertical

AC each equal
LS.

to half the given perimeter.

L, Make AB, Make ABE, ACE

Describe a circle BDC with centre E. Describe a with centre A and radius the given altitude. Draw DF to touch both these circles (Exercises xxxvi. 1.), and to meet
circle

H-KD = AH + HB-t-AK-f KC (tangents equal) = AB + AC = given = perimeter. Also AF given altitude and A = given vertical L. With 24. Let AB be the given side, BAC the given L. centre A and the given altitude for rartv?*, Jcdcriue a cu^lo and from B draw BDC touching ;-t <*o D. ABC is the reqd. A.
:

AB,

AC

at H, K.

The perimeter

of the

AAHK = AH + HD + AK

25. Bisect AB th^ icminon chord by DCE perp. to it. With centre A ar-* radius equal to each of the given radii in turn, cut D r <=. at D, E. These are the required centres.

Ex.

XXXIV]
26.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

61

A, B be the centres, r/2 the radii of the given With centre A and the radius of the reqd. circle. radius r x + r, describe a circle. With centre B and radius r2 + r, Let C be a pt. of intersection. The circle describe a circle. whose centre is C and radius r is the one required. Another solution may be obtained by using r~rv r-r2 for AC, BC In the 1st case AB must be less provided r is large enough. than 2r + r + r, in the 2nd case AB must be less than 2r-

Let

circles, r

27. Let A be the first given point, B the given point of Let DE which bisects contact on the circle with centre C. AB at rt. LA meet CB at E. The reqd. centre is E, radius EA. A may be internal or external.

28.

Let A be the

first

given point, B the given

pt. in

the

Draw DE bisecting AB at rt. z_s, and let it meet in E the perp. to BC drawn from B. The required centre is E. Bisect BC at 29. Let A be a common point B, C centres. D. Draw EAF perp. to DA. Draw CG, BH perp. to EF CM, DK perp. to DA, BH. In AS BKD, DMC, KD = MC (I. 16.) .-. HA = AG (II. 2.) /. 2HA=2AG, i.e. FA = AE.
line BC.
;

30. Let A be the pt. where the given str. line is met bisector of the L between the two given lines BEC, CFD.

by the

Draw

AB, AD perp. to BC, CD ; and mark off BE, DF each equal half the given length. A E or A F is the reqd. radius. 31. Any circle described with its centre at the incentre of the A has this property, since the chords cut off are equidistant from the centre, and therefore equal.

Draw

In the second circle place a chord of the reqd. length. a perp. to this chord from the centre. With the perp. for radius describe a concentric circle. Draw (Ex. xxxvi. 1.) a
32.

tangent to this and the first circle. In the given circles place chords of the given lengths. Draw perps. from the centres. Describe circles with these Draw a common tangent to these two circles. perps. as radii. [Impossible when the given chords are greater than the corresponding diameters of the given circles.]
33. 34. Cut off a segment containing an angle of 60. other segment contains an angle of 120.

common

The-

62
35.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Cut
off

[Book

ia

a segment containing an angle of 30. On AB as diameter 36. Let A, B be the given points. describe a circle cutting the given str. line in C, D.
the centre. pt., BC the given chord, describe a semicircle cutting BC at D. Then ADE is the OD is perp. to AE (III. 17.) .'. AD = DE required chord.
37.

Let A be the given

On OA

(III. 3.).

Let A, B be the centres. Draw any radii AC, BD. CE, DF perp. to these, and equal to the given lengths. Describe circles with centres A, B and radii AE, Join AE, BF.
38.

Draw

the required lengths.

The tangents GH, GK are of For GH = EC, and GK= FD (I. 17.). 39. Draw two radii AB, AC including an angle supplementary to the given L. Let the tangents at B, C meet at D. The point D is the one required. For B, C being rt. z_s the angle CDB is
BF, and let

them

intersect at G.

the supplement of Z.CAB.

(2)

^.DAB = z.CAB = a constant;

.*.

and AB

is is

length
circle.

AD

is

constant and the locus of

D
rt.

of constant a concentric

40. Draw radii AB, AC, including a required chord: for /.ABC = 45 /. .BAD JBC, where AD is perp. to BC.
41. Let A, B be the given ment containing the given L. 42.
points.

L.
.-.

= 45

BC is the AD = DB =

describe a segor pts. in which this meets the given circle will give the required pt.

On AB

The

pt.

Let A be the given pt. Take any pt. B on the outer With centre B and radius the given length, cut the inner circle at C. Produce BC to meet the circles in D, E.
circle.

From

the common centre O draw a perp. OF to BE. With centre O and radius OF describe a circle. Draw a tangent from A to this circle. This tangent is the line required (III. 10.).

Cut off a 43. Let A be the point. segment PJDQ containing an L equal to the given From the centre E draw fJIIJ. 24.}. to BC a perj^FP. Describe a concentric circle with radius EF.

Draw

-~*EF

GD '^fifc a tangent to thj s c i rc i e at H. .-. arc GD-arc BC (III. 16.) (III. 10.)

= BC,

since

EH

(III. 15,).

Ex.

XXXIV-XXXV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

63

44. Through A, one pt. of intersection, draw any such line CD. From the centres E, F draw perps. EG, FH. Draw EK CD = 2GH (III. 3.). Also GH = EK<EF (I. 11.) .'. CD to CD.

||

<2EF unless CD
45.
circle

is

||

to

EF

.*.

the
to

maximum
meet the

Draw BC

perp. to

AB

position is to EF. circle in C. The

||

Draw any
>z_AFB

on AC as diameter touches the given circle line AEF to meet the circles. Z.ACB = /.AEB
(I. 8.) .*.

(III.

6.).

(III. 12.)

is

the point required.

46. Let A be the centre of the given circle, BC the given In BC produced make CD equal to str. line, C the given pt.

the radius of the given

rt. LB.

circle.

Draw EB

AB=BD

the circle

and AF = CD (cons.) .-. BF = BC, and described with centre B is the one required.
(I. 4.),

bisecting

AD

at

EXERCISES XXXV.
the incentre. In AS IFB, 1. Let ABC be an equilateral A, IDC, LlBF = 30 = ^ICD, z.F-90 = ^D, and IF = ID (radii) .-. IB = 1C = similarly IA.
I

2. Let DEF bo a circumscribing equilat. A, ABC an inscribed equilat. A, DE touching the circle at C, EF at A, FD at B. ^FBA = z_FAB = ^.ACB (III. 18.)= 60 .-. A FAB is equilat. = = = 2AB. /. FA = AB. Similarly AE AC AB .-. FE
3. Let ^ACB = chord DE (III. 15.)
.'. arc AB = arc DE .'. chord AB = the As are equal in all respects (I. 16.). Bisect LS CBD, BCE by 4. AB, AC are produced to D, E. From F draw perps. to the sides. These are equal BF, CF. with any of these three for radius is the (I. 16.) .*. the circle

^DFE
.-.

one required.
5.
.-.

PC
is
||

PC
6.

is perp. to AC (III. 17.), to BT. Similarly PB is

and BT
||

is

perp. to

AC

(hyp.)

to CT.

EB,

BD

of 2 rt.

/_s

are the bisectors of supplementary LS. = a rt. L. Similarly Z.ECD is a rt. L .*.

LEBD
ED
is

and CE = CD,also FA=IE (II. 2.) = r, and EA-IF-r .-. BF-f FA + CE -f EA = BC + 2r, i.e. AB + AC = the sum of the diameters.

the diameter of a circle through 5 ftnd C. be the incentre of A ABC which ha- a rt, L at A. 7. Let ID, IE, IF perp. to BC, CA, AB. Tangents are equal .-. Bh^BD,
I

64

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Bookm.

8. In the cyclic quadl. ODCE LODE = ^OCE (III. 12.) = 90 -Z.BAC. Similarly A.ODF = z_OBF = 90-z.BAC .'. DO bisects

Z.EDF.

Similarly for EO /. O is the incentre of ADEF. Draw DE, DF, DG perp. to BC, CA, AB. DE = DG (I. 16.). 9. = DF .-. DG = DF .-. in As DAG, DAF, <LDAG = Similarly DE
.*.

Z.DAF (I. 17.) the incentre.

10.

DA

bisects /iBAC

and consequently contains

(III.
.-.

= 120

Let ABC be the equilat. A. z.BOA=2z.C .-. 2.BOD = 60. z.ADB = z.ACB(III. 120 = 60

11.)

ABOD

is equilateral.

EXEBCISES XXXVI.
Proved in Ex. xxxv. 8. Let ABC be the A, AGD, BGE, CGF the medians. Let BC be trisected at H, K. Let L, N be the mid. pts. of AG, BH.
4.
5.
(II. 6.)
.-.

AAGB = f AABD .'. AABH = AAGB .'. GH is to AB (II. 7.). Simito AC /.LHGK = z_BAC = a constant .. the locus of larly GK is G is the arc of a segment on HK. Draw 6. Let A be the fixed pt,, BC the given str. line.
||

AABN=AANH = AAHD
||

AABH=f AABD.

Similarly

AB

perp. to

BC and produce AB

to D,

making BD equal

to AB.

Let
(I. 4.) .*.

be the centre of one of the circles. Then CD = OA D lies on the circle. Similarly D lies on each of the

circles.
8.

Let the

circle

touch BC at
.-.

similarly
.-.

9.

= AF = AE. BD = BF = AF - AB = s - c
Proved
in Ex. xxxv. 5.

BF = BD, CE = CD

D. AF = AE (tangents), and AF -f AE = AB + BD + CD -f AC = 25

similarly

CD = s - 6.

10. 11.

the mid. pt. of BC (III. 3.). But the mid. pt. of is the mid. pt. of the other .-. L is the mid. pt. of PT .-. OL-^AT (Ex. xx. L). 12. Let the altitudes be AD, BE, CF; the orthocentre T.

is

one diagonal of a parm.

Z.BTD = 90 - LTBD = L BCE (from A BCE). Similarly L DTC /.ABD .'. z.BTC = /-C4-z.B = 180-A = a constant ,*. the locus is the arc of a segment on BC,

Ex.

XXXV-XXXVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETKY.

EXERCISES XXXVII.

65

1. The sir. line perp. to the given str. line at the given pt. contains all the centres (III. 5. Cor. 2.). These joins are perp. 2. Join the mid. pts. to the centre. to the chords (III. 3 ) and are therefore equal (III. 10.) .*. the locus is a concentric circle.

This line 3. Join the fixed pt. to the common centre. subtends a rt. L at a pt. of contact .-. the locus of the pts. of contact is a circle whose diameter is this line (III. 17.).

Let A be the fixed pt., C the centre of the circle, CP P is the mid. pt. of the chord, and the locus whose diameter is AC (III. 17.). 5. Produce BC to E making CE = BC. A, C are the mid. to DE .-. /.BDE-=z.BAC = a constant. pts. of BD, BE .'. AC is
4.

perp. to a chord. of P is the circle

||

BE = 2BC==a constant
6.

.'.

the locus of D

is

the arc of a segment

pt. of

of a circle

on BE. Let A, B be the fixed

pts.

P the

contact of the

circles.

Draw the common tangent at P meeting AB at T. Tangent TA = TP = TB .*. Plies on the circle whose diameter
AB.
7.
'

is

Let E be the intersection of AD, BC. z_AEB = /.CAD 4the locus of E is the 4- a constant L (III. 17. 12.) arc of a segment on AB. 8. Let BC be the given base, A the vertex, O the circumthe locus of O is the arc of centre. L BOC = 2 L A = a constant a segment on BC.

LACB = 90

9.

Let

be the incentre, BC the given base, A the vertex.

D.

Let

Al

be produced to

LBIC^LBID 4-^010 = ^ + ^4-^ +

.
*

ABA

C
<r

(L 22)

= A 4- 90 = a
A

constant

the locus of

is

the arc of a

segment on BC. 10. Let BC be the base, K the excentre.

=a

(It is

constant .*. the locus of K is the arc of a segment on BC. the remaining arc of the circle mentioned in the preced-

ing.)

66

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

||

[Book

m,

1L Let the diagonals intersect at E. Bisect AB at F. E is the mid. pt. of AC, F of AB .', EF is to CB .-. <LAEF = L ACB = a constant. Also AF = \ AB = a constant *. the locus of E is the arc of a segment on AF. 12. Let AB be the edge of the ruler sliding on CA, CB ; D
.

its
.'.

CD mid. pt. the locus of D

13.

= AB
is

(Ex. xviii. 9. or III. 17.)= a constant a circle with centre C.

Let the bisectors meet at E. L EAC + L ECA = \ (L BAG + = 90V. E lies on the circle whose (I. 20.) /. 2iAEC diameter is AC.

= 90 ^.ACD)
14.

^P = /iPAC, z_Q pt. of intersection. ^CRD = 180-z_P-z_Q (I. 22)- 180 - ^PAC z_QAD(I. 5.). L.QAD = .LCAD = ^CBD .*. R lies on a circle through C, B, D.
Let R be the

Let APB be the segment on AB, Q the centre of the Let APB be on the side of which this is a segment. AB remote from C the centre of the given circle. AB is the common chord of the two circles .*. CQ bisects AB at rt. ^s .*. z_CQA= z_AQB = z_APB (III. ll.)=fi constant/. Q is on a circle through A and C. By drawing AB in different positions it is found that two circles are obtained.
15.
circle of

EXERCISES XXXVIII.
2.
3.

= v/72Tx "2 - 1 2. Tangent - v^T' The two radii and the chord form an
2

^W

equilat.

.'.

= 6.

4.

Distance

- x/65 2 "-632 =

16.

5.

Distance of 1st chord

tance of

2nd chord between chords = 77

6.

= v/85 2 - 36 2 = 77. Dis= >/85 2 - 51 2 = 68 .-. distance fr. centre 68 = 145 or 9

fr.

centre

7.

Chord = 2-s/T3^5"2"= 24. 2 Chord = 2>/27 2 - 12" = 6v/65 - 48'37 decimetres

chord

of half arc
8.
9.

+ 15 2 = 9v/10 = 28'46 decimetres. 2 2 32 + (r-8) -r 2 /. 16r-8 2 + 32 2 .-. r = 68.

x 65

= \/9

10

?-,

Triangle formed by centres has base 20, sides 10-fr, and altitude 20-r .-. (20 -r) 2 + 10 2 = (10 + r) 2 /. 400/. r

40r=20r

= 6.

EX.XX3CVII-XXXVIIL]
10.
11.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

14.

67

Chord = 2N/25^2T2 =
r = 4.

12.
13.

Chord = 4 -8.
Distance

14.
15.

= x/35 2 Distance = x/70 2 -

__

28 2 = 2 1
24 2

- x/4324 = 65 -76.
of circle.
.*.

3 equal
16.
17.

The mid. point of chord is the centre sir. lines are drawn fr. it to circumf. 2 Distance '6* - 2 -4 = 1.

Since

= 5.
Distance

W2

Distance of 1st chord

fr.

fr.

centre

= v/5 2 .

3s

= 4.

of 1st chord

centre

= \/5 2

- 4-

=3

*.

=7

distance apart

=4

or

1.

18.

3-57 each.

19.

Distance-

2- J.

20.

Distance = 5-74.
13-86 cms. or 5*2 inches.

21.
22.

O be the centre, A a pt. on the circumference. Cut the circumference at B, C by a circle with centre A and radius AO. Let AO, BO, CO meet the circle in D, E, F. AOB, AOC are equilat. As by construction .*. z_BOC=120 .*. z.COE = 60 /. by I. 3. all the angles at O arc equal .*. the 6 arcs are all The LS of the hexagon are equal for each stands on equal. two-thirds of the circumference.
Let
;

23.

3-75.

24. gent,

= -==-^.
\f4cir

[In rt.-angled

A
=

formed by

radius, tan?2

0"

and

line

joining the external pt. to

AM-'-

product of segments of hypotenuse squaring we get r.

25.
6-3.

26.

QC = &c.

Let OA-^.
*.

Then OD = x-a. OQ-OB 2 II. 11. (x - b + c) ~ ( x - a ? 2 = c2 2bc 6) + c -fc) 2x(c + a

by
.'.

7/2

OA==7,

andQC = 2.

+ a~o)

When 65, and

^=

68
27.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETBY.

Let
A,

[Bookltt

B be the

posts,

the tree.

Sets of sufficient
(2)

measurements, (1) lengths of AT and BT, (3) BT and ^ABT, (4) /isABT and BAT.
28.
.'.

AT and

z_BAT,

distance of 6-93 cms.

29.

The least z.BCA<120. 60-h<LBCA<180 (I. 9.) C from AB is the perpendicular, i.e. AC = 4^/3 =
^.

Each

= 34 J
.*.

approximately.
.

Prove
a:

III. 12.
2

30. Let PA = ft, PB = 6, PQ =

fl

==AQ 2 +
/.

BQ2
the

= AB 2 = (rt + 6) 2 maximum is r PA = PB.

oj

= a6.
is

Thus

rect.

PA.PB=PQ2
from
P, i.e.

'jpn

as far as possible
viz.
is

when
the the

(2) The semiperimeter is given, property just proved the rectangle adjacent sides are equal .*. each side

1000 yds.
yds.

By maximum when

= 500

PB = 7, and let APB be a str. line. Draw 31. a semicircle on AB, and draw PQ perp. to AB to meet the circumference in Q. QP2 = PA PB - 77. QP - N/77 - 8-78.

Make PA -

1 1,

Describe an equilateral A AOB. z_AOB = 60. Describe a circle with centre O and radius OA. The larger segment is For the L in it = -LAOB (III. 11.) = 30. the one required.
32.

33.

180 in each

case.

34.

-(f)
35.

-3 2

Let P be the external point, PT a tangent.

.

TP 2 = (-V3-) 2

11-3 cms.
north-east.

Draw AB eastwards of length 10, BC BC = 4. Draw CD perp. to AB produced.

36.

Let

AD = 10 4- 2^2,

40x1-4142 = 172-568
37-

.'.

AC- 13-13.
1

The 4

nearest, the

farthest.

38.
39. 40.

L AOB = 48 J approx. Each of the others = PQ becomes the tangent at A.

2LOAB = 90~UAOB-75, 80, 85, 87J, 89J, 89f, When Z.AOB becomes zero, the chord becomes a tangent and the A.OAB becomes 90. Thus the tangent at A
89
59|'.
is

perp. to OA.

Ex. XXXVIII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

69

41.

On AB

one remote from

describe an equilat. A remote from C, and on AC B. The intersection of the circumcircles of

these AS will give the point required. Prove by III. 13. O the centre of the 42. Let AB be the given str. line. circle. Draw OD perp. to AB. From DB cut off DE equal to 4 inch. From E draw a perp. to AB, meeting the circle at P.
||

by the

Draw a chord PRQ to BA, cutting OD at R. PQ is bisected = DE (II. 2.) PQ--8 inch. perp. OR (III. 3.), and PR to the given str. lines, and at a 43. Draw str. lines
.'.
||
%

The intersections of these give distance 7 inch from them. There are 4 positions. the reqd. centres.

Draw 44. In each circle place a chord of length 1 inch. the perps. to these from the respective centres. With these Draw the 4 common perps. for radii describe two circles. These are tangents to these inner circles (Ex. xxxvi. 1). the lines required; for we have drawn them at such a distance from the centres that the intercepted chords = the 1 inch chords previously drawn (III. 10.).
45. Whichever side of the inscribed A we t? 1r c, the altitude must be the greatest possible .'. the vertex must be at the mid. point of the arc; i.e. the A must bo isosceles whichever side we take for base .'. it must be equilateral. The radius =
QO

of a

median = ~
O

/'3

of a

sidex-^A

.'.

a side

= 3\/3

.'.

perimeter

= 9\/3

cms.

1.

EXERCISES XXXIX. Circumference = f- of radius.

Diameter = circumf. x
2

2.

= 77

^=4

= 24|.
nearly.

3.

Distance-- /* 6 x 6000
* of

^-=: 11 3143 feet

1760x7
inches

A Number XT v, 4.
5.

176

Distance

= -\2-x 32x2000

-3 H-

^ x ff^-^||

miles

1 minute = -y-x 7 x 240 = 22 x 240 6. Distance in Distance in 1 hour = 22 x 240 x 60 feet = 60 miles.

feet.

70
7.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETEY.

Perimeter of hexagon =
6r.

[Book

III.

Circumf. of cirele =

2irr.

Eatios
8.

= -.
7T

Number

of

revolutions
1

wheel = 5 x

2 -

x 448 x

+ (V-

of 32)

= distance 4- circumference = a243 gxia = 840.

of

EXERCISES XL.
1. 2. 3. 4.

= 4^. Arc = 5V<y f circumference = /^- x Arc = 376'V x V- x 21 = 27-5.

Arc =
of circumference

2 2 -

T x 14

= 6*6.

The A formed by chord and

J-

circumference

x 3-1416 x 170

radii is equilateral /. arc = 89-012 = 89 to nearest

inch.
6.
i

Arc
Distance

yds.
7.

= *& x

3-1416 x 7925-6

- 435-7336.

Differ7925-6 x 3-14159. 8. Arc -300, circumference ence = angle subtended at centre = 7 9 ^ of 360 .^ 4 1 5 = 4-34.

r^

()

9.

Let ACB be the

height.

arc, CDO the OD-r-4, AO-r, AD-8 80.-. r = 10. arc,

L>

bisecting radius,
r2

CD

the

.-.

= (r-

4V2

10.

Let ACB be the

AC

half the arc,

CD
1 -5
.

the centre.
.-.
.-.

in

CD = x/AC 2 -~AD = x/3-9 2 -3'6 5 = AADO r 2 = (r-l-5) 2 4-3-6 2 .-. 3r =

1'5'

O DO = r - 1 -5 + 3'6 2 = 15-21
the height,
.

r = 5-07.

1. 2.

EXERCISES XLI. Area = V x x ^ - 38 -5 sq. ft. Area- 3-1416 x-V-x-y- = 345-3614

irr
2

sq.

ft.

- 345

sq.

ft.

52

sq. in.
3.

= 3850

r2

= 3850

X = 35

2
.

Circumference

= 2irr

Ex.

XXXIX-XLU
4.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

71

^
5.

Area of track = total area - area of grass = Tr(301 2 - 294'1V x (301 - 294) (301 + 294) = x 7 x 595 - 13090.

Divide the

into 3

vertices.

The

areas of

the sum of these = area of whole .-. area of circle = TT ^ 3 ft. } sq.
6.
2 -

As by joining the incentre to the these 3 As are \r 5, IT 4, ir 3. 6r =

. . .

A=

Jx3x4 = 6.*.
.-.

V = 260-26
2

.-.

r2

- 260-26 x./.- 82-81

= 9-l.

7.

The

triangle formed

side 2
is \

ft. .'.its

area

of a circle .'. ing area =-1612 sq.

8. sq.
ft.

by joining the centres has each 1'732 sq. ft. Each of the 3 sectors 2 = = 1-5708 .'. remaintogether their arca |Trr

= ^3 =
ft.

27rr=l

/.

= 11-46
Area

r=^=-1592ft.

Area - Trr2 - 2ur x |r = -0796

14.); area of circle

sq. in.

9.

of square

= 200

(II.

= 100?r =

314-16.

Difference

-11 4- 16.

has angles 30, 60, 90 it is one-half of an 10. If a equilateral A, and it can be proved by II. 11. that the sides are 2a, a, aJ3. The side opposite to the 60 = the side opposite
to the 30 x ^/3.
.'.

The

side of the equilat.

7)

A=

-~

the radius of the incircle

/o

==

^ -y.
^\J*J

The |

side of the
.'.

hexagon
the areas

.*.

the radius
9.

~-^~

-'-

the radii are as 2 to 3

are as 4 to
11.

Trr

2
n
.".

Innermost

circle
fl

+
I'l

circle

2 Trr 2
,
.*.

radius-

^
=
-

r = -=--. Area of 2nd Jn + I Area of 3rd circle = -

radius

<

radius

= -7^-=, and
Innermost

so on.
7T7'

2
.

12.

circle

-5-

.*.

radius

^ = -^v'^
*^

/3

ft.

4^/3

inches

=6 -93.
= 4^6

Area

of

2nd

circle

^-

.'.

radius

~^-

ft.

inches

-9 -8.

72

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

l

[Book

ni

EXERCISES XLII. CE - CB - EB 2 - CB2 - AD 2 = AB 2 + AC 2

2

AD 2 = DF 2 +

2. Let OD cut AC at E. Z.ODA-/.OAD (I. = 90 - DAE :. ziOEA - 90 (I. 22.). /.BAD - z. = ^AOD (III. 12.) :. Z.AOD-Z.BAC. (III. 19.)

5.)

= 90 - BAD
segment

in alt.

3.

=a
.*.

constant.
is

Let E be the centre, EF perp. to AB. FA = AB (III. 3.) L AEF- \L AEB-^. AOB (III. 11.) -a constant
of constant length
(I. 1(>.)
.'.

AE
4.

EO

is

also of constant

length.

L ASR + L ARS = 1 80 - A = a constant

constant
(III. 14.)

.'.

arc

RPQ + arc

PQ8 = a

AG = |AB = JAC = AH
6.

5. Let E, F be the centres, EG, FH perps. to AB, AC z_GEA=/,2_ BEA = supplement of (BDA being an obtuse L). Z.BDA (III. 11. and 13.) = LADC = UAFC (III. ll.) = LAFH.
.'.

EG-FH

(I.

16.).

AEH - (90 - CFG) - L CFG - L AEH = Z-FEG-^EFH (III. 18.) = z. subtending arc FG-/L subtending arc EH = L subtending arc EFG - L subtending arc FEH =-z.EHG -^FGH.
J(A

C)

90 -

Let PAB be the diameter of the larger, PA of the smaller Let the smaller circle roll into a new position in which Q is the point of contact, P the new position of P. Join AQ. Let R be the centre in its new position the arc PQ = arc P'Q, But the radius of the circle for one has rolled on the other. is half that of the other .*. arc P'Q subtends at R twice the = angle which the arc PQ subtends at A (p. 198) .'. z_PAQ = /.P'AQ .". P' lies on PAB .'. as the circle moves the ^z.P'RQ point P traces out the diameter PAB.
7.
circle.
f

8.

given

at C, F is the reqd. pt,, for describe a circle cutting AB at F. tangents from F will include an L equal to ^.CED ; the chd. of

the centre of the Let AB bo the given str. line. Make z_COD equal to twice the given L, and and rad. OE, D draw tangents CE, DE. With centre
circle.

contact will be equal to CD and will .'. subtend an L at the circumference equal to the given L. The problem is impossible if OE is less than the perp. from O upon the given line.

fix.

ttn)

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETBY.

I

the incentre, L, M the excentres 9. If ABC be the A, = (B + 180 - B) = 90. opposite to A, B respectively, ^IBL Similarly zJCL=90 .'. the circle whose diameter is 1L passes = through Band C. Similarly L LAM 90, and LBM has been proved to be 90 .'. the circle whose diameter is LM passes

through A and B. 10. Let A, B be the

meter.

Cut

this at

C by

Describe a circle pts. a circle with centre B

en AB as diaand radius the

circle,

given length. the tangent.

11.
/.

AC

will

be the radius of the required

BC

Let L be mid. pt. of AC. Then FL=LC (Ex. xviii. 9.) L LFC = A.LCF = 90- A = z.FBP (Ex. xxxvi. 3.) .*. FL is a
(III. 18.).

tangent

of this circle since D, F are to BD .'. parallel to AC.

12.

Also BP is a diameter Similarly for DL. rt. z_s .'. tangents of B, D are perp.
circle at D.

Let AC meet the

In the circle
is

DPBA Z.DAP

increase of z_DPB (III. 12.) .'. rate of revolution of BP = that of AP. Also by III 11. rate of revolution of CP = twice that of AP.

= z_DBP, and any increase

of

Z.DAP

accompanied by an equal

In each circle place a chord 13. Let A, B be the centres. equal to the given length. Draw AC, BD perp. to these chords. Draw circles with centres A, B and radii AC, BD. Draw a common tangent to these two circles (Ex. xxxvi. 1.) This can be proved to be the required line (III. 10.).
14. Let the incircles of As ABD, ACD touch AD at E, F. 2DE = BD -f AD + AB - 2AB = BD + AD - AB (Ex. xxxvi. 7.) 2DF = CD + AD - AC 2DE - 2DF = BD - CD - AB -f AC = (Ex. xxxvi. the two circles touch AD at the same pt. 7.) they touch
.'.

.'.

.*.

each other.

Draw PC perp. to L and produce it to R so that OR = Draw RQT touching the circle and cutting L at Q. ^PQO = /.RQO(I. 4.). SimiC'A' = CA (III. 14. 15.). 16. z_C'OA' = ^COA (I. 3.)
15.

PO.

.*.

larly for the other sides

.'.

the AS are equal in

all

respects
pts. are

(L

7.).
I,

T be the incentre and excentre. These 17. Let on the bisector of the Lk. Let IF, I'K be perp. to AB.

Draw

IL

||

to AB.

AK - AF = s

= 45 = BC (s a)
^LH'

.'.

z.LI'l-45 (Ex. xxxvi.

.'.

LI'

= LI,

i.e.

I'K-IF =

7.).

74

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book lit

18. Let A, B be the centres of smaller and larger circles. Let AB meet the smaller at D, longer circle at E. Let FHG be the common chord, A, E, H, D, B being in one straight line.

AHWl3
.*.

-l^:=5

.*.

HD^8.

H B = v/TS^l

W=9

/.

BD =

DE-14.

19. Let A be the centre of one circle, C the point of contact, B the centre of the other circle. Mark two points D on AC at a distance from C equal to the radius of the second circle. Join DB. Make ^DBE equal to z_BDE, the point E being in AC. Let BE meet the second circle in F. EF = EC (I. 6.) .'. a circle described with centre E and radius EC will be the one The two positions of D will give two required (III. 6.).
solutions.

20.

Draw LM, LN
Since L
is

perp. to AC, AB.

Suppose AB greater

than AC.

on the bisector
/.

of LA,
.'.

LM =

LN.

ALAC =
.'.

L between D and C. z.C>z_B .*. <L.PAC<PAB .'. ^PAC<|A lies between L and C .'. L lies between P and D.

JLM.AC< |LN.AB
21.

ALAC< A LAB

LC

< LB

/.

lies

See Ex.

L. 15.

22.

Draw

BC,

BD

Z.BMD (III. 13.) :. = 2AC = a constant.

23.

LC-MD

perp. to AL,
(I.

AM.
16.)

.'.

Z.BLC- 180 - ALB = AL + AM = AC H- AD

circle in
R.

CIS
(III.

perp. to
3.).

Take centre C. Let AM meet the BR meeting QP in T. CTS

Also

Draw

bisects
.'.

QP and BR

TN-SB

(II.

2.)-SR-TM

QN = PM.

Let O be the centre. In the AS POR, QOT, PO = QO, /. PR = QT and ^OPR-z-OQT (I. 17.) .'. PR and QT are equal and parallel .'. PRQT is a parm.
24.

OR = OT

25. Arcs AD, BC together = semicircumference .*. the z_s subtended by them at the circumference = a rt. L, i.e. Z.EBD + z.EDB = a rt. L .". /.AED is a rt. L.

26. Distance from vertex to orthocentre = twice distance from circumcentre to base of any A (Ex. xxxvi. 11.) .*. BR = to CQ, since both are perp. to AD .'. RQ is CQ. Also BR is to BC. equal and Similarly for the other sides .'. PQRS is equal in all respects to ABCD.
|| ||

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

75

^CPB-t-.CQD = z 27. Let the bisectors meet in T, LPBO + LBCD - ^CDQ - 2 L BCD - ^ADC - ^ABC = 2 L BCD But LCPQ + ^CQP=180 180 /. z.CPT + ^CQT-^BCD-90 T = 90. -Z.BCD by addition LTPQ + LTQP = 90 28. In AADC, AE is perp. to DC, and CE is perp to AD DE is perp. to AC (Ex. xxxvi. 3.) 29. Draw diameter AD; produce it to E so that DE = AD. BD is the join of mid. pts. of AC, AD Join EC. BD is to C is a rt. angle CE. But LKBD is a rt. L (III. 17.) C lies
.

.*.

.*.

.'.

.'.

||

.'.

.'.

on a

circle

whoso diameter

is

AE.

30. Produce AP to meet the circumcircle of ABC in Q. Z.BCQ-/-BAQ (III. 12.) = 90-B = LPCB. Similarly Z.CBQ = z_CBP .'. As PCB, QCB are equal in all respects (I. 16.)
.'.

circumcircle of

A PCB = circumcircle

of

A QCB

circle

ABC.

Similarly for the others

31.

Draw OE,
by
I.

Let ABCD be the quad!., AO, BO the bisectors of LS A, B OF, OH perp. to AB, BC, AD. Then it can be proved 16. that FB-BE, HA = AE, and OE = OF = OH. Draw
Suppose
.*.

OG
less

perp. to CD.

OG gr.

than OF.

Then by
Similarly

II.

11.
is

CG
not

<CF

and

GD< DH
OF
.'.

AB + CD < BC -f AD
ABCD.

OG

than

a circle with centre

sides of

passes through E,

F, G,

and touches the

32.

Let OA,
perps.

PR the
.'.

OB be fixed radii, P any pt. on the Let these meet the circle in S, T. R,
.'.

pts. of PT,

PS
is

RQ^TS.

But /LP=180-^0

PQ, mid. = a constant

circle,

Q are

chord TS
33.

of constant length (III. 14. 15.).

perps PR,

Let P be the point, OA, OB the fixed lines. Let the PQ be produced to T, 8, making RT = PR and QS = and radius OP passes PQ. The circle whose centre is = = = through T, S. Also TS 2RQ a constant, and the z_TPS
supplement of

=a

constant
as
it

of

TPS

is

constant,

and

.'. the radius of the circumcircle has a fixed centre 0, the circle is

fixed.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

[Graphs.

GRAPHS.
EXERCISES
2.

XLIII.

a.

(a)

mid.

pt.
;

on the axis of x
3. 4.

(c)

The
If

pts. all

0) the origin ; (/>) mid. pt. (3, 0) a pt. mid. pt. (2, 2) ; (d) mid. pt. ( - 4, 4). lie on a line to the axis of Y.
(0,
||

A and B are the

= | OA
5.

pts.

lies

on OY, B on OX.

AOAB

OB =12
fig. is

sq. units.

The

Its area
6.

=6

x 8

= 48

a rect. whose sides are 6 and 8 units long.

sq. units.
first two points are and two points are 1'5 and 3*5.
12.

The

ordinates of the

The

abscissae of the other

7.

Area =18

sq. units.

EXEECISES

XLIII.

b.

str. line to OY, and at a distance 4 from it on 1. (a) the positive side (b) a str. line to OX, and at a distance 5 from it on the positive side ; (c) a str. line to OY, and at a distance 2 from it on the negative side to (d) a str. line OX, and at a distance 3 from it on the negative side.
1 1

II

II

II

2.
(5,

(d)

A
a

str.
str.

line thro,

15);
3.

(b)

the origin, line thro, the origin,

thro, the origin,

and and

thro, the point thro, the point

(5,

-10).
((t)
;

A
str.

str.

line

(10, (10,

5)

(b)

str.

line thro,

and thro, the point the origin, and thro, the point
it

-5).

4.

A
2/

line

II

to OX,

and at a distance 4 from

the pts. the pts.
(0, 2)
(0,

on the

negative side.
5. 6.

= #-t-2 - 2 y=

is
is

a
a

str. line thro,

str.

line thro

2)

and (5, 7). and (7, 5).

Ex.XLIlIa-b]
7.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

line thro, the pts. (0, 5)

77

8.

9.

A str A str. A str.

line thro, the pts. (0, 6)

line thro, the pts. (0, 1)
is

and and
and

(5, 10).
(5, 11).

(5, 11).

10.
11.

y=2x+3

str. line

thro, the pts. (0, 3)

and
and
(

(5, 13).

y = 4 3x = 5 - 6# 12. ?y
13.

is

a
a

str. line

thro the

pts. (0, 4)
(0, 5)

5, 1 9).

is

str. line thro,

the pts.

and

(1,

1).

14.
15.

A str, A str. A str.

y=
3/y;
-

line thro, the pts. (0, 6)

line thro, the pts
(0, 3)

and (1,8) and (4, 0).

3)

line thro, the pts. (0,

and

(4, 0).

16.

n~

_ 5
is

s ^r.

line

thro,

the pts.

/ (1, \

--) and V
1\

5
17.

3'C

y=

f~

is

str.

line

thro,

the pts.

/ (l,

^j

and

18.

19. 20.

A str. A str.
The

line thro, the pts. (5, 3)

and
and

3,

3).
3).

line thro, the pts. (2, 0)

(0,

3), (-5, passes thro, the pts. (0, 13). The second line passes thro, the pts. (0, 7), (14, 0). If these lines are drawn it will be seen that they cut at the pt. (4, 5) .'. x =s 4, y = 5 is the reqd. solution.
first line

21. The first line passes thro, the pts. (19, 2), (-2, 8). The second line passes thro, the pts. (7, 1), (17, 7), If these are drawn they will be seen to intersect at the pt. (12, 4). 22. The first line passes thro, the pts. (34, 2), (16, 12). The second line passes thro, the pts. (1, - 22), (5, 4). If these are drawn they will be seen to intersect at the pt. (7, 17). 23. The first line passes thro, the pts. (0, 0) and (3, 4). The second line passes thro, the pts (0, 21) and (21, 0). If these are drawn they will be seen to intersect at the pt.
(9, 12).

The 24. The first line passes thro the pts. (4, 5), (6, 9). second line passes thro, the pts. (-7, 1), (17, 3). They will be seen to intersect at the pt. (5, 2).

78
25.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

The

[Grapns.

second

first line passes thro, the pts. (15, 0), (0, 15). The line passes thro, the pts. (5, 0), (0, - 5). They will be
5).

seen to intersect at the pt. (10,

26.
all lie

these pts. are plotted, it will be seen that they on the str. line represented by the equation y = 3#.

When

When these pts. are plotted, it will be 27. First method. If the equation of this line seen that they lie in a str. line. is ax + by=I -5) is on the line .". -56=1 .'. b = -J, (0, = l, the equation reqd. (3, 1) is on the line .'. 3a + 6 is y + 5 = 2x.
9

&\
pt.
.'.

'

Second method.

If (#,

y) is

any

on the
y

line, it will
is

be

seen from similar AS

equation.
lie

that -

=2

+ 5 = 2x

the reqd.

28. When the pts. are plotted, it will be seen that they If its equation is ax + by = 1, (0, 4) satisfy in a str. line.
2ei

the equation
.".

46=1, & = (2, + 106=l, whence a= -f

.'.
,

10)
.'.

y-4 = 3#

satisfy

the equation is the reqd.

as unit for

equation.
29.
If

in.

=y

cms.,

-^

= ~~.
pt.

Taking an inch

both x and y values, mark the Join OA.

A whose

co-ors. are (10,

25 '4).

OA
-

is

the graph

of -

-^

Take the

pt.

P on OA

is 5 '6. Its abscissa will be found to be 2*2 5 6 cms. = 2 '2 in. nearly. Take the pt. Q on OA whose abscissa is 4'9. Its ordinate will be found to be 11'45 = 11*45 cms. nearly. nearly .'. 4'9 in.

whose ordinate
.".

nearly

30.

If

x cms.

=y

inches,

^- = 10

J/
3'9

Taking an inch as unit

for both x
(10, 3-9).

and y

values,

mark
is

the pt. A whose co-ors. are

Join OA.

OA

the graph of

^= L 10
O'7

Take the

is 3 '6. Estimating the second the ordinate will be found to be 9*23 .'. 3*6 in. = 9 23 cms. Take the pt. Q on OA whose abscissa is 8 '6 cms. Estimating the second dec. place, the ordinate will be found to be 3-35 /. 8'6 cms. = 3-35 in.

P on OA whose ordinate

St. ec. place,

EX.XLIIID]
31.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

79

Join OA. Plot the pt. A whose co-ors. are (100, 69). the graph whose ordi nates correspond to the marks on the paper of max. 69, and whose abscissae correspond to the marks on the paper of max. 100. The abscissae of the pts.

OA

is

are

whose ordinates are the marks reqd.

32.

60, 54, 46, 35, 32, 29, 27, These will be found to

26, 25, 12 be (to the

nearest integer) 87, 78, 67, 51, 47, 42, 39, 38, 36, 17.
are (58, 50).

found to be 26-5 .*. 23 things cost 26 -5 pence = 2s. 2|d. of the pt. whose abscissa is 36 will be found to be just over 31 .'. only 31 articles can be obtained for 3s. 33. On paper ruled in inches and tenths of an inch, take OA on a vertical line equal to 2*7 inches, one-tenth of an inch 800 copies cost 27 4- 7 x 3 = 48 representing one shilling. Taking an inch horizontally to represent 100 copies, shillings.
will be

Plot the pt. A whose co-ors. the graph whose abscissae give the price in pence of the number of articles corresponding to The abscissa of the pt. whose ordinate is 23 its ordinates.

50

articles cost

58 pence.

Join OA.

OA

is

The ordinate

2-5

27

100

200

300

370 400

500

600

700

800

Copies

mark

the pt. B whose abscissa is 8 in, (800 copies) and ordinate 4*8 in. (48 shillings). Join AB. The ordinates in the diagram

80

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETEY.

[Graphs.

(which is reduced in printing) give the price in shillings of the number of copies, as shown in the abscissa line. Thus

370 copies cost 35*ls. = 35s. Id. approx., and for 2. 2s. 6d. we get 615 copies (to the nearest five). 34. Taking one-tenth of an inch horizontally to represent one week, and one-tenth of an inch vertically to represent 1, Join OA. The ordinates of pts. on plot the pt. (52, 120), A. OA give the wages corresponding to the number of weeks

The ordinate corresponding to represented by the abscissae. the abscissa 23 will be found to be 53 approx. .'. the clerk's wages for 23 weeks = .53.
35.
is

Take the ordinate AM

P,

of

any

pt.

A on OP, then
.'.

if

PN
of

the ordinate of
dist.

^=^=^=
of 5,
is
i.e.

-866

AM = 0*866

abscissa

A from OY. The ordinate of the pt. whose 2-60 .'. 0*866 of 3 = 2'60. The ordinate of the = 5-63. The pt. whose abscissa is 6-5 is 5-63 .'. 0-866 of 6-5 ordinate of the pt. whose abscissa is 4*8 is 4*16 .". 0*866 of 4*8

OM, the

of

is

is

= 4*16.

To

find

we must
For
if

read off the abscissa of

O'oob the pt. whose ordinate

perp. to OY,

5.

is

that

value will be found to be 5*77, estimating the second dec. place.

fY>
/-V

^/.
=

QK =
100.

^
pt.

and
of 5.

QK

is

Its

36. If y

is

the cost of x copies, y

+ ^-

r 4-

100

is

the

the corresponding abscissa. 2500 copies = 2*5 inches. The ordinate whose abscissa is 2*5 in: is found to be 3*5 inches = 3-5 x 100 - 350 .'. 2500 copies cost 350. 525 = 5-25 in. The abscissa of the pt. whose ordinate is 5*25 in. is found to be 4-25 in. = 4-25 x 1000 = 4250 copies .'. 4250 copies can be obtained for 525. 37. Writing x instead of /, we have to draw the graph of = y 4 + 3#. The eo-ors. of any pt. on this line give us corre-

reqd. expression. 100. for 1 in. = ; (5 in., 6 in.), for 5000 copies are represented by 5 inches, and 600 = 6 inches. Join these points by a str. line. The ordinate of any pt. on it gives the price of the no. of copies represented by

When # = 0, y = 100; plot the pt. (0, When x = 5000, y = 600 plot the pt.

1 in.),

Ex.XLHIb]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

81

spending times and

(0, 4), (5, 19). This is is 3.

abscissa

is 4-5.

velocities. The line passes thro, the pts. Eead off the ordinate of the pt. whose abscissa 13. Eead off the ordinate of the pt. whose This is 17 -5. Eead off the abscissa of the pt.
ft.

whose ordinate
38.
If

is 1T5. This is 2'5 .*. 13 and 17*5 are the velocities reqd arid 2-5 sees, the time rcqd.

per

sec.

y kilogrammes = x

Ibs.,

f= 1

or

2i* 2t

f = ^U 11

Drawing

the graph of this equation [a str. line thro, the origin, arid thro, the pt. (11, 5)], its ordinates and abscissae give us corresponding numbers of kilogrammes and Ibs. From the graph, when ?/ = 25, # = 55 .*. 25 kilogrammes = 55 Ibs. Similarly, 38 kilogrammes = 84 Ibs nearly, 32*5 Ibs. = 14*8 kilogrammes, and 38 Ibs. = 17*3 kilogrammes.
39.

As

in the preceding,

if

c. ins.

=y
of

c.

cms.

we must draw
on this
c.

the graph of

=
-^-

~|_

or

^=

^
c.

The

co-ors. of pts.
c.

line give us corresponding

numbers

ins.

and
c.

cms.

80
2 -5

c.
c.

cms. ==49 c. in. nearly, 40 ins. = 41 c. cms.

If

cms.
""

= 2 '45
32
32
,

in.

nearly,

40.

-Reaumur - f Fahr. -?- =

.

80

= 4- 1 28.

21 2

The graph
p. 212).

of this equation

is

60 R.

- 167

F.,

43 F.

the graph reqd. (see Art. 10, - 5* E. nearly.

41. Taking 10 units to an hour horizontally, and one unit to a mile vertically, as in Art. 11, p. 214, OH is the graph of
Miles

29

20

10

ota
Aoo/t

82

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

AK the graph
of the rider.

[Graphs.

the walker, and

They meet

at P,

in 3'5 hrs. after noon, viz. at 3.30 p.m. They are 10 m. apart when they are at D and C respectively, i.e. in 2 '8 hrs. after

noon, or at 2.48 p.m.

at E

They

are also

10m. apart when they are

i.e.

and F

respectively, in 4-2 hrs. after noon,

pt.

at 4.12 p.m.

42,

Plot the

C whose

co-ors. are (15, 100).

Join OA.

the graph of A's motion, the x values denoting seconds, In OX take OD equal to 3 units. Take the y values yards. also a pt. such that its vertical distance from D is 100, and its
is

OA

horizontal distance from

D 12

sees.

This will be seen to be

the pt. C. Join DC. DC is the graph of B's motion. thus see that B overtakes A at C, i.e. in 15 sees, from A's start and

We

100 yds. from the starting-point.

43. Measuring the years along horizontal lines, 6 units to a year, and the populations along vertical lines, 10 units to 10,000, OA in the diagram is the graph showing the growth of
60,000

:B

50,000

40,000

30,000
'81

'82

'83

'84

'85

'86

'87

'88

'89

'90

popn, in the first town, and BC the graph showing the popn. in the second town. At D, where OA and BC meet, the popns. are equal, i.e. at the end of June, '88.
44.

Join the

pts. (0, 33), (100, 88).

This line

is

the graph

reqd.

The

abscissae

marks being shown by

are 58, 38, 29.

give the scaled marks, the unreduced The scaled marks reqd. the ordinates.

Ex. XLIIIb]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

pts. (2, 20), (2-2, 25) (2*5, 30)

83
...

45.

The diagram shows the

Joining these by an even curve, we have the graph reqd. The abscissae of the pts., whose ordinates are 28 and 43, give the 24, .35 to the nearest pound. premiums reqd.
Years

60

(6-9,60)

55

60

8M5)
40

?(^8l-35>

30

20
2-5

46. Take an inch (or a centimetre) horizontally to represent Plot the pts. 002, and an inch vertically to represent -1. This line is the (17, 1-2304), (18, 1-2553) and join them. graph reqd. [N.B. The pt. (18, 1-2553) lies 10 inches verti= 12-45 inches horizontally cally above (17, 1-2304) and

the jraph we sec that the abscissa 1*2395 In corresponds to the ordinato 17'36 .*. log 17-36=1-2395. Also the ordinate correthe same way log 17*68 = 1-2474. sponding to the abscissa 1-2350 is 17*18 .'. 17'18 is the In the same way 17*82 is the number whose log is 1*2350. number whose log is 1-2508. [The above results are not absolutely true, for the intermediate logs are only approximately proportional to the difference in the numbers.]

from

it.]

From

84

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

[Graphs

47. Measure sines horizontally and degrees vertically. Take one inch horizontally to represent *001, and one inch vertically to represent 10 minutes. Plot the pts. (50, -7660), (51, *777l) and join them. [N.B. The second pt. lies 6 in. vertically above the first, and 11*1 inches horizontally from it.] The line joining these two pts. is the graph reqd. From it we read off sin 50 15' = -7688, sin 50 48' = -7749, '7683 = 8^150 12', and 7729 -sin 50 37'.
48.

As

diagram now
31

the angle increases the explains itself.

cosine diminishes.

The

4*3
_,

97j)

40-

0;3

86

8572
49.

8590

-8600

8620

8650 -8660

the points (22, -4040), (23, -4245) with the same units as in Example 47, arid read off the reqd. values, tan 22 44' = -4I0, tan 22 54' --4224, -4122 = ten 22 24', 4204 - tan 22 48'.

Plot

and

50. Use half an inch horizontally to represent one million, half an inch vertically to represent 10 years. Plot the

Join these point to point. pts. (8-9, 1801), (10-2, 1811), etc. It will be seen that the abscissa corresponding to 1837 is 15*1
.*.

15*1 millions

was the popn.

is

in 1837.

The year correspond-

ing to the abscissa 24

1875.

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

85

51. Use paper ruled in cms. and mms., and take one cm. horizontally to denote a year, and one cm. vertically to denote 1 of a million For the first graph plot the pts. (1884, 2'51), For the second graph plot the pts. (1884, (1885, 2-47), etc. It will be seen from the two papers 1*29), (1885, T35), etc. that, usually, as the total expenditure diminishes the salaries
.

of officials increase.

52. Use paper ruled in inches and tenths of inches ; take half an inch horizontally to denote a month, and one inch
vertically to denote an inch of rainfall. mating the second dec. place.

Plot the

pts.

esti-

53. Using paper ruled in inches arid tenths of an inch (or in cms. and mms.), take one-tenth horizontally to denote a month, and one-tenth vertically to denote a penny. Plot the pts.

This

(1891, 45), (1892, 40), etc., and join them by an even curve. is the reqd. Price of silver on May 1st, 1895, graph. 30-4 pence.
54.

Take one-tenth of an inch horizontally to represent one and one inch vertically to represent one second. Plot the pts. (2, 1), (6, 2), (12, 3), (20, 4), and so on. [N.B. The Join the pts. by an total space in 4 sees. = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20.] even curve and we have the graph. The abscissa corresponding to the 4 '2 ordinate is 22 nearly .'. the body describes 22 ft. In the same way we sec that the body describes in 4*2 sees. 62 ft. (nearly) in 74 sees. The ordinate corresponding to the abscissa 15 is 3*4 .'. the body takes 3 '4 sees, to describe
foot,

15

feet.

55.
string,

Take one inch horizontally to represent one inch and one inch vertically to represent one pound.
(7-7,
-6),

of the

Plot
3;2).

the pts.

(8-0,

1-2),

(8-4,

2-0),

(8-8,

2-8),

(9-0,

examine these we sec they lie in a straight line. The ordinate corresponding to This line is the graph reqd. the abscissa 10 is 5*2 .'. 5-2 Ibs. will stretch the string to 10

When we
inches.

The abscissa corresponding to the ordinate 2*25 is when the wt. is 2 '25 Ibs. the stretched length is 8*5 The unstretched length is 7*4 in. inches. 56. Use paper ruled in cms. and mms. take 1 mm. horizon8*5
.".
;

tally to represent one degree, and 1 mm. vertically to represent 01 of a radian. Plot the pts. (0, 0), (15, -26), etc. Join them.

86

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

will

[Graphs.

The graph

be a

str. line.

From

it

we

see that

'7

radians, 70 degrees

1*22 radians, *64 radians

40 degrees = 37, and

86 radians

= 49.

57. Take one-tenth of an inch horizontally to denote 10, Estiand one-tenth of an inch vertically to represent *1.

mating carefully the second

(15, -26), (30, -5), etc. use the facts that sin

dec. place, plot the pts. (0, 0), obtain the graph from 90 to 180, 120 = sin 60, sin 135 = sin 45, sin 150

To

= sin 30,

sin

180

- 0.

similarly obtained, and so on.

The graph from remembering that sin

to

- 180

30) = -

may
sin

be

30,

58. Use the same units as in Example 57, and we obtain the graph in a similar manner. 59. With the same units as in the preceding two examples shall sec that the vertical line through plot the points. the 90 pt. is an asymptote to the graph (sec Art. 2*2.).

We

EXERCISES XLIV.
1.

a.

2.

3. 4.
5.
.*.

A circle, A point. A circle, A circle,

is

centre at the origin, rad. 6 units (Art. 12).

The

origin.

centre at the origin, rad. 7 units (Art. 12).

centre at the origin, rad. 9 units (Art. 12).

(#

The equation may be written

a
circle,

4)

+ (?/-4) 2 = 32
4), rad.

the graph

centre at the pt. (-4,

4\/2

(Art. 14).
2 2 6. The equation may be written (x- 4) -f (y - 3) = 25 the graph is a circle, centre at the pt. (4, 3), rad. 5

.'.

(Art. 14).
7.
8.

9.

10.
11.
2

A circle, centre at (3, 4), rad. 6 (Art. 14). A circle, centre at (1, 2), rad. 6 (Art. 14). A circle, centre at - 2, 3), rad. 5 (Art. 14). A circle, centre (3, -3), rad. 4 (Art. 14).
(

y = N/15-2^2
2
2/

/.

7/2= 15
is

-2j;- a2
circle,

(#+l) +

=16

.'.

the graph

centre at

1,

0),

rad. 4 (Art. 14).

Ex.XLIVa]
12.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

2

87

y=

= 25

.'.

the graph
2
;

is

circle,

centre

(2, 0),

rad. 5

(Art. 14).
13.
2

yWl5 + 2a-a;
2

(a;- 1) + ^ rad. 4 (Art. 14).

=16

> =15 + 2a-a;

2

2
;

z2 -

2.r

2
?/

= 15

.'.

the graph
2

is

circle,

centre at
2

(1,

0),

14.

- 13;

(a;

^a^T3;
2

7)

2
,y

= 36

.'.

a; y =14a;-a; -13; the graph is a circle, centre at

(7, 0),

rad. 6 (Art. 14).

2 2 15. The graph of # + y = 36 is a circle, centre at the origin, 2 &2 + ?/ 2 - 8x- 20 = rad. 6 (Art. 12). may be written (z-4) ^ s graph is a circle, centre at (4, 0), rad. 6 4.7/2^35
* t
t

they will be seen to meet a- = 2, y = 5-6G, and x -2, - 5-66 are the reqd. solutions, ?y= [Half an inch or one inch should be taken as the unit.]
(Art. 14). at the pts

Drawing these
(2,

circles,

(2, 5-66),

-5'66)

/.

16.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. them, we have a parabola (see Art. 16). 2 When 17. 4a = ?/ + 8.

Joining

Points on the graph are given by the above them, we have a parabola.
18.

table.

Joining

=2>/-4,

2
?/

= 4-4,

4z =

2
/

+16.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. them we have a parabola.

Joining

88

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Graph!

Points on the graph are given by the above table. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four-tenths of an inch will be a suitable unit for the x values.]
20.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above tables. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four-tenths of an inch will be a suitable unit for the x values.]
21.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four-tenths of an inch will be a
suitable unit.]
22.

When

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Points on the graph are given by the above table. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four-tenths of an inch will be a
suitable unit.]

23

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four-tenths of an inch will be a
suitable unit.]
24.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. Joining them, we have a parabola. [Four tenths of an inch will be a
suitable unit]
25.

When

Points on the graph are given by the above table. them, we have a parabola. [Four- tenths of an inch
able unit.]
26.

is

Joining a suit-

4y = (z-l)

2
.

When

90

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

[Graphs.

Points on the graphs are given by the above tables. them, we have a parabola.
27.

Joining

When

Plot
(5,

the

pts.
(6, 1),

curve. x*-Qx+l when // = 0, i.e. when the graph cuts the axis of x. From the graph we see that at these pts. # = 5*8, or *2 .'. 5*8 and -2 are approximate roots of the equation. Also we see that - 8 2 2 is the least value of y .'. the minimum value of x - 6x + I is

-4),

and

(0, !),_(!,

-4),

(2,

-7),

(3,

8),

(4,

7),

join

them by an even

8.

[Use an inch for the x

unit,

and

half

an inch for the y

unit.]

28.

When

Plot the pts. ( - 2, 9), ( - 1, - 7), (0, - 15), (1, - 15), (2, - 7), Join them by an even curve. This gives the reqd. (3, 9). of the graph. The roots of 4#2 - 4=x - 15 = are given portion by the x values when the graph cuts the axis of x. From the graph we see that these arc -1*5, 2*5. [Use an inch as the x unit, and one-tenth of an inch as the y unit.] From the symmetry of the graph we see that y is a minimum when x = '5, i.e. when y = 4 (-5)'2 - 4 x *5 - 15 = -16.
29.

The graph

of x 2

-f-

= 25
-

is

circle, rad. 5.

Describe

it,

using half-inch units.

(0,

5), (4, 7)

are points on the graph

Ex.XLlVa]
of y
?y

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

91

= 3x - 5. Join them by a str. line. This is the graph of = 3^-5. We see that the str. line and circle cut at the = or 3, y = - 5 or 4 are the roots pts. (0, -5), (3, 4)
.'.

reqd.
30. Use a centimetre as the x unit, and half a centimetre as the y unit. Trace the graph of y = x 2 (Art. 16), and the - 7*5, - 3-5, of Sy - Hte - 75 = 0. graph 5) are pts. on [( 0)( this line.] The abscissae of the pts. where the graphs meet These will be found give the roots of the equation (Art. 18).

to be
31.

2
2

i)

and

3-75.
i.e.

fl

-6a;

+ 5 = 0,
is

(ic-l)(;B-5)
str.

.'.

the graph
it

two
(y

lines
side.

II

to

= 0; a- 1 =0, or 8-5 OY and distant 1 and

y
2

5 units from
32.
.*.

on the positive

^ + ^ + 6 = 0;
is

the graph
it

+ 2)(// + 3) = 0; y + 2 = 0, or two str. lines to OX and distant

||

+3=
and
3

units from

on the negative side. 2 33. a + fl-6 = 0; (a + 3)(a;-2) = 0; tf + 3 = 0, or a- 2 = the graph is two str. lines .*. to OY the first at a distance 3 units from it on the negative side, the other at a distance 2 units from it on the positive side.
||

34.

at a distance 7 units from it on the positive side, the other at a distance 4 units from it on the negative side.
.*.

^-3y-28 = 0;
the graph
is

(y-7)(//

two

str.

+ 4) lines

= 0; */~7 = 0, or the first to OX

||

*/

+4

35.
.*.
,r,

the graph is two str. lines through the origin (Art. 15). The first passes thro, the pt. The second passes thro, the pt. (6, - 2). (6, 3).
or #-f
3?/
i.e..

+ 2?/ = 0,

The given equation may be written

(x

-f

= 0;

2y) (x

4-

3/)

the The given equation may be written (2# + y) 2 = graph is two coincident str. lines, each represented by the This line is thro, the origin and thro. equation 2x + y Q. the
36.
.'.

pt. (4,

8).

the graph of y = y?, using an inch as the x unit, With the same one-tenth of an inch as the y unit (Art. 16). units draw the graph of y = 3x + 6. [It passes thro. (0, 6) and - 2, The abscissae of the two pts. where these graphs ( 0)]. meet give us the roots reqd. They are seen to be 4 '4 and
37.

Draw

-1-4

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

38. Draw the graphs of y = x* and y + 4# = 8 with the same units as in the preceding example. The roots, given by the abscissae of the pts.

where these meet,

will be seen to

be -

1 '46

and -5-46.
of y = x\ and the 20) are pts. on the str. The abscissae of the pts. where these graphs meet line.] give the reqd. roots. They will be found to be 4 and 5. From the graph we see that x* - x - 20 is negative as long

39.

With

the same units,

graph of

y- x-

20 = 0.

draw the graph

14),
(0,

[(-6,

as the pt. whose abscissa in x lies between the pts. where the - 4 and 5 graphs meet, i.e. as long as x is between (Art. 18). 40. Use one centimetre for x and y units, and draw the 2 2 = 25 and x - 2y + 2 = 0. The pts. where these graphs of x -f ?/ graphs meet will be found to be (4, 3) and ( 4*8, 1*4) # = 4 or -4*8, y = 3 or ~ T4 are the reqd. roots. .*.

reqd. roots. They will be seen to be 2 and - 1 *5. As in Art. 16, we see that the expression x + 6-2x 2 is positive as - T5. long as x lies between 2 and
42.

41. Use one inch for the x unit, and one-tenth of an inch for the y unit. Trace the graphs of y = x 2 and x + 6 - 2y = 0. The abscissae of the pts. where these graphs meet give the

Trace the graph of y = 2x 2 - x -

6.

When

When

Ex.XLIVa]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETKY.

(0,
2, 4), (

93
(4, 32),

Plotting the points

1,

3), (

-6),
3,

(1,

-5),

(2, 0),

(3, 9),

15),

and joining them, we have the

y

graph. From the figure we see that the least value of y of 2x2 - x - 6, is - 6-1 approx.
43. Use the formula s = ut - 16 = 112 ft. particle rises 128

i.e.

In 1 second the first In 2 seconds the first particle rises 256-64 = 192 ft. In 3 seconds the first particle rises 384 - 144 = 240 ft. In 4 seconds the first particle rises 512 -256 = 256 ft. In 1 second the second particle falls 16ft In 2 seconds the second particle falls 16x4 = 64 ft. In 3 seconds the second particle falls 16x9 = 144 ft. In 4 seconds the second particle falls 16 x 16 = 256 ft. Take A as the starting pt. of the first, and B, 256 units vertically above it, as the starting pt. of the second particle. Measuring the seconds of time horizontally from A and B, and using a fairly large time unit, say 2 inches, plot the pts, (1, 112), (2, 192), (3, 240), (4, 256) for the first particle, and join them by an even curve. The ordinates must be measured upwards from A to B. Plot the pts. (1, 16), (2, 64), (3, 144), (4, 256) for the second particle, measuring the times horizontally, and the distances vertically downwards from B. The time of the pt. where these graphs meet gives us the time of the meeting of the particles. It will be found to be 2 sees. To find when they are 160 ft. apart, mark off a length of 160 units on a
straight edge of paper,
dist.

+ \f$.

and move

it

||

to

AB

between

distance.

pts. on the graphs is equal Kead off the time from the

until the vertical to this marked

It will

graph.

be

found to be
44.

3J sec. Use the formula v2 =2<js.

f sec. or

When

Use one mm for both v and s units. Measure vertically downwards and v horizontally. Plot the pts. (8, 1), (J6, 4), This is the (24, 9), etc., and join them by an even curve. the graph reqd. When s=124, we see that = 89 approx. velocity of the body when it has fallen 124 ft. is 89 ft per
6'

?;

.*.

sec.

approx.

94
45.

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETEY.

Use the formula
s

[Graphs.

= %ft2

for the

motion of the second

particle.

When

Plot the pts. (1, 4), (2, 16), etc., measuring times horizontally with an inch unit, and spaces vertically upwards with onetenth of an inch as unit. Join them, and we have the graph Take a point 48 units vertically of the second particle. above the starting pt. of the second particle, and measuring
lines horizontally as before, and spaces vertically downwards, draw the graph of the first particle. This is a str. line, thro,

The time given by the the pts (1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 12), etc. point where the graphs meet gives us the time of meeting. To find when they are 33 ft. It will be seen to be 3 sees. apart, thro, a pt. 33 units vertically below the starting pt. of the first particle, draw a str. line The to its graph. line of the pt. where this meets the graph of the second particle It will be found to be 1*5 sees. gives us the time reqd.
II

EXEECISES XLIV.
1.

b.

mark

Beginning at the bottom of the sheet from the left, the inches horizontally 5, 5-2, 5*4, etc., and vertically Mark the points (5, 25), (6, 36). Mark also 25, 27, 29, etc.
2
),

(5-2, 5-2

(5-4, 5-4*),

2 (5-6, 5-6 ),

i.e.

(5-2, 27'04), (5-4, 29-16),

Connect (5*6, 31*36). read off the abscissa

root
is

wanted.

731-3
2.

= 5-6.
Mark

Thus 731-5-57, ^28 = 5-29, ^29-6 =

5, 5-2, 5-4, etc.,

these points by a smooth curve, and corresponding to the ordinate whose square
5-44,

the inches horizontally

and

verti-

Mark the points (5, 125), (6, 216). cally 125, 135, 145, etc. Mark also (5-4, 5-4 3 ), (5-6,-5-6), i.e. (5-4, 157-46), (5-6, 175-6). Connect these points by a smooth curve Read off the abscissae
corresponding to ordinates 144, 198.

= 5-83.

Thus ^144 =

5-24,

^198

Ex.XLIVa-t>l
3.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

of y

95

For the graph

= z3 we

have

Take
of

2 inches for the unit, and,

by means

of the values given

(2, 3)
S

above,

draw the graph from

is

(0, 0)

to (1*5, 3*375).

y^x- 1

str.

line passing

through

The values of x at the intersections are '62 and 1. the positive values of x which make # 3 equal to 2x ->1, are positive solutions of # 3 - 2x -f 1 = 0.
4.

The graph and (*5, 0). These are

i.e.

they

Mark

at the inches horizontally

6,

6*2,

6*4, etc.,

and

vertically 38, 40, 42, etc., beginning from an intersection near the bottom left-hand corner. Mark the points (6, 36), (7, 49).

Mark

2 2 also (6-3, 6-3 ), (G-6, 6-6 ),

i.e.

(6-3, 39-69), (6'6, 43-56).

Connect these points by a smooth curve and read off the abscissa corresponding to any ordinate whose sq. rt. is required. Thus ^39-4 = 6-28, and ^46-7 = 6*83.
5.

etc,
etc.

It passes
1,

through

rectangular hyperbola with the axes of x and y for 22.) (See asymptotes.
6.

l), (

2,

i),

(1, 1), (2, J), (3, *), etc., (J, 2), (*, 3), - 3, 1, ( ), etc, ( 2), ( J, 3),

A
and

rectangular hyperbola passing through the points

etc,
4,

(2, 2), (4, 1), (5, -8),

-8,

5),

etc,
8.

(1, 4), (-8, 5),

etc,

1), (

5,

2,

2), (

1,

4),

-8), etc.

(See

22.)
6.

7.

Determine points as
case.
2, 4,

in

Example
6, 7,

rect-

angular hyperbola in each

9.

When
'97,

?/

= 0,

1,

5,

8;

a=1,
x, y>

99,

'87,

78,

-66,
x, y,

-48,0.

Ellipse, centre (0, 0),

1

semi-axes along the axes of

10.

and equal to

and

8.

Ellipse, centre (0, 0), semi-axes

along the axes of

and equal
11.
10,

to 5

and

1.

When y = 0,
11*3, etc.

2,

4,

6,

8,

etc,

&=

8,

A rectangular hyperbola,
11.

8-2,
(0, 0).

8'9,

centre

12.

As Question

96
13.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

When
+

[Graphs.

z=l,
!

1-5,

2,

etc.,

8-9,

13-9, etc.

Hyperbola, centre
14.
Q9

(0, 0).

^=

Ellipse, centre (0, 0), semi-axes 3

along the

axis of
15.
16.

x 4 along the axis

of y.

Hyperbola\ flainl3 Hyperbola

2

= 0, ;.0. (3z -y)(2x-y) = Q. 17. 6z - 5zi/ + is satisfied by every point on the str. line 3x - = the graph .'. point on the str. line 2x y

The equation
and every
str.
is

y~ 0,
2

lines

passing through (0, 0), one of other through (1, 2).

18. 19.
line #

them going through

2y

(1, 3),

the

The two

str

lines
is

2?y

+ x = 0,

- a; = 0.

= 0, and
is

The equation

satisfied
pt.

every

by every point along the str. = along the str. line y 0: i.e. the
not satisfied by any point except In fact it is a circle whose

graph
20.

the two axes.

X"
.'.

+ y 2 = Q.
it

This

is

0) centre
(0,

is

represents the origin. (0, 0) and radius zero.

str. lines,
||

21.
it,

Two
This

one

||

the other
22.

to the axis of
satisfied

to the axis of y at a distance 3 from x at a distance 4 from it.

is

only by x 3

= 0, and

-4=

simul-

taneously.
23.

It represents the point (3, 4).

A rectangular hyperbola.
etc.

When

24.

When

a parabola with vertex at (1*5, -

'25).

to.XHVb]
25.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

97

When

- 32, rises cuts the axis of y where y steeply to (3, 1), cutting the axis of ,r at (2, 0), bends through (1, 9) down towards the axis of x which it touches at (4, 0) and

The curve

----

again steeply to an infinite distance. It also goes to infinity in a negative direction. By the form y = (.7; - 2) (x - 4) it is clear that the axis of x is cut at (x 4), (2, 0), and cut in 2 coincident pts. (i.e. touched) at (4, 0).
rises

26. When z = 0, *5, 1, 1 5, 2, 3, 4, ?/ = 0, -25, 2, 3-38, 16, 54, These points enable us to draw the graph in the 1st 128. quadrant, and the rest is in the 3rd quadrant symmetrically situated to this part, as may be seen by putting -x, - y,

for

x, y.

In the figure of 1 7, if we were to change the sign of every abscissa without altering the ordinate we should get the 3 In fact the graph of y -a; 3 may be seen graph of t/= -ft to the light the graph of y = xP, looking at it by holding up through the paper from the back.
27.
.

28. Any value of y gives two equal and opposite values of x .'. the curve is symmetrical with regard to the axis of y, but not with regard to the axis of x. No negative values of y are possible. Thus the curve lies on the upper side of the axis
of
x,

touching

(f ?F)J (2>

it at the origin. Points enable us to draw it. 16)

2
.

(0, 0), (1, 1),

(,
,

1
-j

^),

When #=~2, -1, 0, 1, |, 2, - 18, - 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, y= -48, i, 0, 2, 12, 36, the graph ascends steeply from (-2, -48) to (1, 0), where it cuts the axis of x, then by values of x near to | it will be found to turn
29.

y = (x-l) (x-2)

downwards (2, 0) and

30.
3,

at the point
rises to

T (^, -/ ).
infinite

an

It touches the axis of x at distance as indicated by the

points given.

y= -

by

- -88, - 2, '375, 1, 16. The 14, 1, 4, 1, diagram drawn means of these pts, shows that the function vanishes for

y~x*-4x+l.

Whenz=
G

-3, -2, -1,

0, -5, 1, 1-5, 2,

98

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

of
1,

[Graphs.

three values

x lying respectively between - 3 and

2,

between
31.

and

and between

and

'2.

The

unit for x

may
,

be taken the same as that for y ;

to

but for this question

it is

more convenient
TT,

mark

the inches

along the axis of x as r

_,

etc.

those on the axis of y

etc., lie

we get
origin.

on the graph of sin a;; and by continuing in this way the graph, which extends similarly on both sides of the

By moving

the curve back through one inch (-

By taking for along the axis of x we get the graph of cos x. each value of x an ordinate equal to the algebraic sum of the corresponding ordinates of sin x and cos x we get the This curve cuts the axis of x at graph of sin x -f cos x.
O
fl

--,
sin x
4-

etc.

Thus the general

x

solution of the equation

cos x

ri

is

mr
4

32.

When

From

where x = 5

these the graph

when x~
vanishes

9 approximately .'. tan IQx - 2 tan 9# -f 1 vanishes 5*9. The graph crosses also at 7*6 .'. the expression

may

be drawn.

It crosses the axis of

when #=

7'(K

Ex.XLIVb]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

99

33. Beginning at the vertical inches as 39, 41,

0, 4 p.m., 8 a.m., etc the temperature for 3 p.m.

bottom left-hand point, mark the 43, etc., and the horizontal inches Join the points indicated, and read off
Result 52-1.
of

of x to represent minutes of time, those along the axis of y to represent minute divisions on the clock face The long hand travels 60 divisions in 60 minutes .'. the line joining (0, 0) to (60, 60) will represent its motion. The short hand starts 5 divisions ahead (at 1 o'clock), but goes only 5 divisions in 60 minutes

34.

Take the tenths

an inch along the axis

(0, 5) to (60, 10) represents its motion. intersection of these shows (by the abscissa) how many minutes after 1 they are together. line drawn parallel to the 2nd graph and at a vertical distance 30 from it [i.e. a line
.'.

the line joining

The

joining (0, 35) to (60, 40)] will, by its intersection with the 1st graph, show the time at which the hands are opposite. line drawn parallel to the graph of the short hand at a vertical distance 10 from it will, by intersecting the graph of the long hand, show at how many minutes past 1 o'c. the hands are 10 divisions apart. Similarly for 25 divisions and for 1 5 divisions apart (i e. for hands at right angles). Results to the nearest minute (a), (1)5 minutes past 1, (2) 38, (3) The same method will do for the times 16, (4) 22, (5) 33. between 4 and 5 o'clock, but the 2nd graph in this case is the str. line from (0, 20) to (60, 25) since the hour hand has

a start of 20 divisions,
(2) 55, (3) 11

(b)

Results,

and

33, (4) 5

and

(1) 22 38, (5) 49.

minutes past
(c)

4,

Results, (1)

27 minutes past
11

5, (2)

at 6 o'clock only, (3) 16

and

38, (4)

and

44, (5) 55.

(d) Results, (1) 44, (2) 11, (3)

33 and 55,

(4) 27, (5) 16.

35. Take the directrix for axis of y, O the origin ; and along the axis of x mark off OS 1 inch. On the axis of x take any point N. With centre S and radius ON describe a circle cutting at P (above and below the axis) the ordinate through N. P is a point on the parabola. Similarly any number of points may be found.

36. Take the directrix for axis of ?/, O the origin ; and along the axis of x mark off OS 2 inches. Join the points (0, 0) and (10, 7), and let this line cut the ordinate through

100

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

pt.

[Graphs.

any

N (on the

axis of x) at Q.

With

centre S and radius

P.

NQ describe a circle cutting the ordinate through N at P is a NQ = ON x *7 = e. ON, where e = eccentricity

.".

SP =

point on

the conic.

Similarly other points

may

be found.

37. Take X for origin, the directrix for axis of y. Let 1 inch. Join (0, 0) to (1, 1-5) and produce this line to at the ordinate through any point N on the axis of x.

XS be
meet

With

centre S and radius NQ describe a circle cutting at P the ordinate through N. SP = NQ = ON x 1 *5 = e ON, where c = Simi eccentricity .'. P is a point on the required hyperbola larly other points may be found.
.

axis of y for directrix, S the focus on the axis the origin. Join (0, 0) to (1, 1) and let this line cut at Q the ordinate through any pt N on the axis of x. With centre S and radius XQ describe a circle cutting the ordinate NQ at P. SP-XN J'2-=e. XN [since the eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is ^/2] .'. P is a point on a rectangular Simihyperbola whoso focus is S and directrix the axis of y For a rectangular hyperbola with its larly for other points. asymptotes on the axes of x and y, see 22.
38.
#,

Take the

of

1 39. Take each horizontal tenth of an inch to represent 1 of interest. of capital, and each vertical inch to represent Join the origin to the point (100, 3). The interest on ,57

is

shown by the ordinate corresponding

to the abscissa 57.

is

Interest

1 '7

= .1.

14s.

Interest on
is

34

represented by
1*02

the ordinate whose abscissa the nearest shilling.

34.

Interest

= jl

to

40. Take A for origin, AB 8 inches vertically to represent the chain AB. Take BD 6*4 inches horizontally to represent the weight of the chain. The tension at any point P varies as BP; for the tension at P = weight of chain below P. Mark the vertical inches 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ; and at these points draw horizontal distances !, -4, -9, 1*6, etc. Connecting by a curve At the points thus obtained, we get the required graph. 3 ft. 6 in. from the lower end the tension =12^ Ibs. weight. At 6 ft. 3 in. from the lower end the tension = 39 Ibs. nearly. 41. Mark the horizontal inches as seconds the vertical ones as 0, 40 feet, 80 feet, etc.
0, 1, 2, etc
,

and

Join

(0,

0) to

Ex.XLIVto]
(10,

KEY TO ELEMENTARY CEOMET&Y.

,

101

200).

For the 2nd

This represents the motion of the 1st particle. 2 since it does not start till particle s--= k(t 2)

after 2 seconds.

When

*=3,

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10, s

= 4,

16, 36,

64, 100, 144, 196, 256.

points.
(7-5,

The graph is a curve through these At the intersection we have = 8'53. By joining

140) to (8-5, 160), and (8*5, 180) to (9-5, 200), and observing where these cut the curved graph, we get the times when they are 10 feet apart, viz. 8'23 sees., and 8*82 sees. At the end of the 4th second they are 64 feet apart.

100

80

1"

2"

3"

4"

6"

7"

9"

10"

42.

Done

in the text.

102

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book IV.

EXERCISES XLV.

L
2.
3.

(2a)
2

(3tt)

= 4a = 9a 2

2
,

also also

from a

figure.

from a

figure.

Let CB be a side of the larger square.

.

In
.

CB mark

off

equal to a side of the smaller square. 2 making CA = CB. The rect. AD DB - CB

4.

CD

Produce BC to A

CD 2

Let ABC be a
Let ABC be a
1

- AC 2 = (BC
5.

right-angled at A. + AC) (BC - AC).

1.

By

II.

11

AB2 = BC 2

By II. DC 2 + 2AD 2 BD DC.

.

BC.

A right-angled at A. Let AD be perp. to BC2 - AB 2 + AC 2 = AD 2 + BD 2 + AD 2 + DC'2 - BD 2 + 2 2 2 AD 2 By IV. 4. BC = BD + CD + 2BD DC

.

.'.

6.

Let ABC be a

in

BC, E the mid. pt. of BC.

= BE 2 -DE 2 =BD.DC
7.

which AB = AC. Let D be any pt. of AB 2 - AD 2 = BE 2 + AE 2 - (DE 2 + AE 2 )

5).
II.

(II.

Proved

AB2 - BD 2 + AD 2 = BD 2 + BD DC
.

in the course of the proof of

11.
.

or thus,
(IV.
3.).

(Question 5)

= BD BC

AD 2 8. Let AB be divided equally at C, unequally at D. - DB 2 = (AD - DB) (AD + = (AC H-CD-ACT^CD) AB = 2CD.AB. DB) 9. Let AB be the greater; in it cut off BC equal to the 2 2 2 2 2 less. By IV. 7. AB + BC = 2AB BC + AC i.e. AB + BC is not less than 2AB BC.
.

10.

the mid. pt.

= 2BE 2 + 2DE 2 = 2AE 2 + 2DE 2 = 2AD 2

Let ABC be the A right-angled at A, D any L B = 45 - L BAE .'. AE = BE. By II.

.

pt. 8.

in BC,

BD 2 + DC 2

11, Let PR, QS intersect at T. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at rt. LS .'. PR bisects QS at rt. z.s .'. RTP

passes through O, since

OS = OQ. OP OR = OT 2 - PT 2 OT 2 + TS 2 - PT 2 - TS 2 = OS 2 - SP2
.

(IV. 6.)

Ex.

XLV-XLVH
If x>

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

,

103

y be the length sides of the rect a that of the The perimeter of the rectangle = square, xy a* (hyp.). 2 2 2 (x + y\ that of the square = 4a. (x + y) (x- y) + ^xy = - 2 -f 4a 2 .'. + y) 2 >4:a 2 .'. x + y>2a. (# (x ?/)
12.
13.
line.

W + 2f =
Xj

Let

minimum 14. Draw

.'.

y be the lengths of the two parts, a of the whole = tf + (x-y)* .'. x* + y* is a (x + y)* + (&-y)* when x y = 0.

^EAP- 45 = z_EPA PE, PF perp. to AB, BC. AE = EP = BF. Similarly EB = FC. AP 3 - BP2 - AE 2 - EB 2 - BF 2 - FC 2 = BP 2 - PC 2 /. AP 2 + PC 2 - 2BP 2 = sq. on the (II. 11.)
sq.

diagonal of the
15.

on BP.
.

AB2 = AD 2 + BD 2 + 2AD DB (II. 4.) - AD 2 + BD 2 + 2CD 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 (II. 11.) ACB is a rt. L. (hyp.) AC 2 - AE 2 - AD 2 + CD 2 - AD 2 - DE 2 = CD 2 - DE 2 - (CD -h 16. DE)(CD-DE) = 4DF.CF. 2 2 2 2 But DE 2 = AD 2 = 17. By IV. 9. BE + DE -2OE + 2OD 2 = 2 BE 2 = 2OE 2 = sq. on diagonal of sq. on OE. 2OD 2 A0 + OD
.'.
.

.'.

EXERCISES XLVI.
1.

12 2 >6 2 13 2 < 9 2

-f

82
1

.'.

2.
is

22

- 2PE 2 + 2BE 2 = PB2 + PD 2 (IV. 12.). (IV. 2.) AB 2 + 2AC.CE = AC 2 + BC 2 (IV. 11.). AC 2 + 2AB.BF = 4. AB 2 + BC 2 (IV. 11.) by adding and removing the common - 2BC 2 parts from both sides 2AC CE + 2AB BF Produce AO to H the medians. 5. Let AD, BE, CF be OD = OH = AO. By Ex. xx. 1. OBHC is a parm. making 2 2 = 4BD 2 -f 4OD 2 i OH - ^OA. Similarly for OE, OF. 2OB + 2OC = BC 2 OA2 20C 2 + 20A2 - CA2 + OB 2 20A2 + 20B2 (IV. 12.) 2 2 2 2 2 = AB 2 + OC 2 by addition 3(OA + OB -f OC ) = AB + BC 4-

- 2PE 2 -f 2AE 2

the greatest L (I. 3. AC, BD are equal and bisect each other at
1

the L opposite to the side 12 is obtuse. the L opposite to 1 3 is acute ; and this 10.) .". the angles are all acute.
.'.

E.

PA2 -f PC2

.'.

.'.

-I-

.'.

CA2

6.

Let AB = 8

in.,

BC =

in.,

^.ABC

to BC.

ABD
in. in.

is

half the equilateral

AD - 4^3

.'.

AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2 =

= 60. Draw AD perp, on AB .'. BD = 4 in. and 48 + 25 = 73. AC = N/73

= 8-54

>104

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY

GtfOMETBtf.

[Book *V.

to

Draw AD perp. 7. Let AB - 6 in., BC = 8 in., ^.ABC = 120. BC produced. ABD is half the equilateral A on AB DB AR 2 2 = 2 = = ^P = 3in. and AD = 3^/3 AC AD -f DC 27 4- 121 - 148
.'.
.'.
2t

and

AcWl48 = 12-17in.
8.

Let AB =
the

CF be
2

BC-8, and AC- 10 cms. medians. ,1 ABC = art. L (II. 12.)

6,
.'.
.'.

Also

let

AD, BE,
cms.

.*.

AC = BE = 5
2

AD = AB 2 + BD 2 -36 + 16 = 52 AD = 7'2 BF--64 + 9-73 CF- 8-5 cms.

9.

cms.

CF = CB 2 +

be 9 '8,
10.

Using IV. 12. the lengths 9*2, and 6 cms.

of the

medians are found to

4 cms.

Let AD be perp. to BC, BD = BC = 6 cms., CD = --BC = 2 AB* - BD a - 64 - 36 - 28 .*. AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2 - 28 .'. AD

cms.

16

= 44 and AC = x/44 = 6 '63

Question
5,

11. As in

Let AD, BE, CF be the medians,

O
.

their intersection.

=
/.

l\i,

OC =

lz

.'.

2OB 2 + 2OC 2 - BC 2 + OA 2 2 = BC 2 + -lx\ {;.y +

ButOA=|#, OB
.'.

12.

9BA 2 -8x2 + 8/-4^2 = 200 + 392-16 = 576 BA-8.

.

BA2 = 64

2 2 2 13. AC =BC + BA -2BD. BC (IV. 11.), LB being acute. AC 2 - BC 2 + BA2 - 2 BF BA (IV. 11.), ^-B being acute BD BC = BF BA. IV. 10. would be used if B were obtuse. 14. Let A, B be the fixed pts., C the mid. pt. of AB, P the 2CP2 + 2AC 2 = AP 2 -f BP 2 (IV. 12.) = a constant moving pt. AC is constant CP is constant in length the locus (hyp.).
.'.
.

.'.

.*.

is

a circle whose centre

15.

is C.

Let

be the mid.

20A2
16.

(IV. 12.)

=a

pt. of

BC.

Then AB 2 + AC 2 = 20B2 -f

constant.

+ 2CA 2
.

2 2 2 2 4CF 2 = 2CA 2 + 2BC 2 -AB2 CA2 4(AD + BE + CF )- 3(AB BC 2 4- CA 2 ). + Then AC, BD bisect each other 17. Let ^BCD be a parm. AB 2 +BC 2 + DC 2 + DA2 = 2AB 2 + 2BC 2 = 4AE 2 + 4BE 2 (IV. at E. 12. = AC 2 +BD 2
.'.

Let AD, BE, CF be the medians. 4AD 2 + 4BD 2 = 2AB 2 .*. 4AD 2 = 2AB2 + 2CA2 - BC 2 4BE 2 - 2BC 2 + 2AB 2 .

Ex. XLVi]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

.

105
.'.

2 2 2 2 PB2 4- PD 2 = 2BO 2 + 2OP2 18. PA + PC = 2A0 + 20P PA2 + PB2 + PC 2 + PD 2 - 2A0 2 + 2 BO 2 + 40P2 = a constant.

19. Let ABC be an isosceles A on base BC, PBC another A The perp. AD bisects BC. AB 2 + AC 2 such that AP is to BC.
||

= 2BD 2 + 2AD 2
(I.

PD
(AB

11.)

.'.

PB 2 + PC 2 =2BD 2 + 2PD 2 AB + AC 2 <PB 2 +PC 2

2
.

(IV. 12.).

But

AD<

Let ABCD be a quadl., E, F the mid. pts. of AC, BD. + BC 2 ) + (CD 2 +DA 2 = 2AE 2 + 2BE 2 + 2AE 2 + 2DE 2 (IV. 12.) = 4AE 2 + 2BE 2 + 2DE 2 - 4AE 2 + 4BF 2 + 4EF 2 (EF being the median of ABED) = AC 2 +BD 2 -f 4EF 2 Draw BD perp. to AC. 21. Let AB = 7, BC = 5, CA - 8 in. AB2 = AC 2 4- BC 2 - 2 CD CA (IV. 11.), i.e. 49 = 64 + 25-1600 CD = ! ill. = JOB ^.ACB = 60, for ADCB is half an equi20.
2
)
. .

.*.

.'.

lateral A.

22.
2

Let

AO - EO 2 - AO 2 - BO 2 - EO 2 - BE
BD
externally, use IV.
6.

be the intersection of BD, AC.

.

AB 2 - AE 2 = BO 2 +
5.).

ED

(IV.

If

E divides
--

- HK 2 + AH 2 - HK 2 AK 2 2 2 2 2 (IV. 12.) /. 2(HM -KL )-AH -AK + J>AH JAK 8(HM - KL2 ) = 6 (AH 2 - AK 2 = 3(2AH 2 + 2DH 2 - 2AK 2 - 2DK 2 = 3(AB 2 ) + AD 2 - AC 2 - AD 2 (IV. 12.) = 3(AB 2 - AC 2 ). 2 2 2 BC 2 = 2AC.CF = 24. AB = AC + BC -2AC.CF (IV. 11.)
23.

2HM 2 + 2AM 2
2

- 2KL2 - 2AL 2
2
2
)

.'.

.'.

twice figure ECFG. 25. Let ABCD be a quadl., AD and BC subtending obtuse z_s AD 2 >AE 2 + ED 2 BC 2 >BE 2 at E the intersection of diagonals. + EC 2 (IV. 11.) .'. AD 2 +BC 2 >AE 2 + EB2 + EC 2 + ED 2 Simi,
.

larly

AC 2 + BD 2 < AE 2 + EB 2 + EC 2 + ED 2
.*.
.

Z.AOB is obtuse AB 2 > 26. Z.AOB is gr. than LD (I. 8.) AO 2 +B0 2 Similarly BC 2 >B0 2 + C0 2 and CA2 >CO 2 + OA2 AB2 + BC 2 + CA 2 > 2 (AO 2 + BO 2 + CO 2 ). 2 2 4CF 2 - 4AF 2 = 2AB2 + 2BC 2 - 2AC 2 - 2BC2 27. 4BE + 4AE 2 4BE 2 -4CF 2 + AC 2 -AB2 = 2AB 2 --2AC 2 4(BE (IV. 12.)
.*.
.'.

.'.

.'.

Since the area is given, the 28. Let AB be the given base. altitude is given. Draw AD perp. to AB and equal to the given
altitude.

Let APB be such a A.

pt. of AB).

(E being the mid.

Then AP2 + BP2 = AB 2 + 2EP2 Now AP2 + BP2 is given and AB

106

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

[Book IV.

Describe a circle with centre E and is given .'. EP is known. radius equal to this known value of EP. The point where this cuts the parallel to AB drawn through D is the required vertex.

1.

2.

EXEECISES XLVII. CO = AO BO (IV. 1 3.), i.e. DO = -/ = 2 in. DO = radius, AO OB + OD 2 = r 2 If r a =2l +4-25, and
1
. .

J-

'/

.'.

=5
3.

in.

We
/.

see that

AB

is

a diameter,

i.e.

lies

at the mid.

pt. of

AB.

Let

(IV. 13.) 5 in

CO = x in. so that DO - 9 - x in. AO OB -- CO OD 20 = ,r(9-,r), whence # = 5 or 4 in., and DO = 4 or

.
.

.'.

4. OA.OB-OC.OD AB-9 in. 5.

(IV.

14.

Cor.)

.'.

OB = -^P = 14in.
H.) = 4 x 9 = 36

If

OC
OC

is

.'.

OC =
6.

the tangent, OC'2

- OA OB
.

(IV.

6 in.
is

If

cm. 5-29 cm.

7.

=6

.'.

a tangent, OC 2 = OA.OB (IV. 14.) = 36 .\__OC CD 2 = OD 2 -OC 2 = 64-36 = 28. CD = N/28 =

AB, on the same side as the pt. C, describe an equiE is the centre reqd. By measurement, the = 7'15 cm. intercept on OC
lateral

On

AAEB.

DE is perp. to AB, DE 2 = OD 2 -OE 2 =8 2 - 7 2 =15 8. If DE-3-87 cm. 9. Let O be the centre of the wheel, OC the vertl. rad., AB the face of the brick, so that CA= 12, and AB = 4 in. Produce AB to meet the circumference again at D. Draw OE perp. to BD. AB. AD-AC 2 (IV. 14.) AD = .1*1 = 36 DE
.'.

.'.

.',

Let BA be the common chord, meeting in E the common CE'2 - BE EA = ED 2 (IV. 14.). tangent CD. 11. Let C be any point in the common chord BA produced,
10.
.

CD,

CE tangents

to

the

two

circles.

CD 2 =BC CA = CE 2
.

(IV. 14.),

Draw 12. Let AB, AC be tangents. AB2 = AD AE = AC 2 (IV. 1 4. ). at D, E.

.

ADE

cutting the circle

Ex. XLVI-XLVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

107

13. Sq* on tangent CP^AC.CB^a constant, since A, B, are fixed points .'. locus of P is a circle whose centre is C. 14.

Let AP be such a line drawn from a fixed pt. A. Let Q mid. pt C the centre of circle. Bisect AC at D. DQ = |PC (Ex. xx. 1.) a constant .". the locus of Q is a circle with centre at the fixed pt. D.
be
its
,

Or thus: 15. Proved in the last line but four of II. 11. z.DBO = 90-,LDOB = ^BAD .'. BO touches the circumcircle of

ABDA
16.
(III.

/.

OD,OA = OB 2

(IV. 14.).
z_s

Let AB cut CD at rt. = A0 2 3. Cor.). AE. EB

in E.

-OE 2

(IV.

The centre O lies in AB - OE 2 = CE 2 = 5.)-CO

L>

CE.ED.
17.

CD.CE-CB.CA
.*.

(IV. 14. Cor.),

pt.

i.e.

x(x
.

+ c) =

18.

Let D be the mid.

of

BC.

BE BA .'.

= BA 2
19.

BE-|BA

.'.EA-|BA.
.'.

AP.AQ = AC.AB
.'.

= 90
rt.

+ z.CBQ=180(IV,

14.).

PCBQ is a cyclic quadl. But CPQ = 90 (IV. 18.)

through B perp. to AB.

LCPQ,

.'.

^CBQ
AB
.'.

lies

on a

str. line

20. Let

^s

(II.

EF bisects E, F be the mid. pts. of CD, AB. EF contains the centre of the circle 1. .'. 2.)
.'.

at

DE

is

a tangent
21.

DA. D0 = DE 2 = |DA2
.

.".

DO-|DA.
.

Let AEB, CED be chords. AB - CD 2 - (AE + EB) 2 - (CE 2 2 = 2 4CE ED = (AE -f ED) (AE EB) + 4AE EB (CE ED) 2 2 EB) (CE ED) (IV. 13.). 22. The circle whose diameter is AB passes through P, Q,
2

since the

z_s P,

are

rt.

LS
||

.'.

AO OP = BO OQ (IV.
. . .

13. or 14.).

chords cut by PQ in R, S Let T be 23. Let AB, CD be the PT 2 - TR 2 = PR RQ (IV. 5.) - AR RB (IV. the mid. pt. of PQ. = CS.SD -QT 2 - TS 2 But PT
.

(hyp.)-QS.SP(IV. 13.) = QT the inid. pt. of PQ is the mid. pt. of RS TR = TS and therefore lies on the line to AB and CD and equidistant
13.)
.

.".

.'.

||

from them.
24.
.'.

Z.AEB-^EAB

(I.

5.)

= J^.EBC = ^ECB
D

(I.

AE touches
25.

the circle through E, B,

(III. 18.).

Proved on page 271.

108

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES XLVIII.
AB + BH = 2AB.BH + AH 2
2
2

[Book IV.

= 2AH 2 + AH 2 (hyp.). 2. ABAF-ADAH in all respects (I. 4.) /. /.LBH = LADH 90-z.AHD = 90 -z_LHB (I. 3.) /. HLB is a rt. L. 3. AACK=4 fig. HC (II. 9.) = J fig. FH (IV. 16.) = AAFK FC is to AK (II. 7.). AAGK = | fig. FK (II. 9.) = (II. 9.) = AABK (II. 9.) GB is to AK (II. 7.). J fig. AC (IV. L().) 4. ^EOD-/.HOB (I. 3.) = 90-EBL (Question 2) = 90EFB (I. 5.) = ^FDO EO = ED(I. 6.) = EA LbOD is a rt. L
1.

(IV. 7.)

.*.

||

.'.

||

.*.

.'.

(III. 18.).
5.

Let AB be divided at

H.

AH HB - AB BH
.

BH 2 = AH 2
/.

-BH 2 = (AH + BH)(AH-BH). 6. Let AH=, then HB = 3-a = ^iA^ == -( N /5 -!)-=! -85. =9
.*.

.'.

&2

= 3(3-tf) .'.

x2

+ 3x
x=

3-^=1-15.
9
.'.

7.

Let
4- l)

(^5

then BH = x - 3 .'. x(x - 3) = f x 3-236 -4-85 /. x- 3 = 1-85.

AH=,

2 AL 2 + AL LB = AH 2 8. AB.AL = AH (hyp.) -AL. LB = AH 2 - AL. AH=AH LH.

.'.
.

AL 2 = AH 2

EXEECISES XLIX.
Construct a triangle ABD having 1. Let ABC be a rt. L. the LS B, D each double of z_A. Bisect Z.ABD l>y BE. Bisect L& ABE, EBD. z.ABD = I of a rt. L .'. z_DBC= \- of a rt. L.
2.

of a rt.
3.

L BCD = L B = | of L = 3Lh.
rt. z_s

rt. L.

L ACD = supplement of L BCD

=|

or

of a rt. L at circumference, at the centre of the smaller circle .'. they are sides of an inscribed regular pentagon.

AC and CD each subtend |

of 4

4. L AED - supplement of ACD (III. 13.) - L BCD = | of a rt. L. LADE = z_AED (I. 5.) = I of a rt. L z_DAE = f of a rt. u 5. AABD = AADE in all respects by the last example circumcircle of AABD = circumcircle of AADE = circumcircle
.'. .'.

of

AACD. 6. L DAE = 36

(Example

4)

= ^CDA
12.) /.

(III.

CD BDK is
.'.

is
||

||

to AEK,

to CE.

Ex. XLVIII-L]

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

109

In a A having each of the base-angles double of the L divide the vertical angle into 4 equal parts. Each of these is T^ of a rt. L.
7.

vertical

8.
.'.

The L

at the centre
lies

= 2 ^CBD
rt.

(III. 11.)
it

the centre

on the arc CD.

Also the centre

.'.

= 144-- 180 - A lies on the

str.

line bisecting

CD

at

L&

lies

at the mid. pt. of

arc CD.
9.

Draw
f

equilat.

AABD

= T2s

AABC in which z.B = z.C^2 _A. Draw an on the same side of AB. i.DBC = (t - ) of a rt. Half this angle is the one required. a r k angle.
a
i

- /.BAD + ^DAE 10. at the centre \ of 4 rt. .s

<LBAE
inscribed pentagon.
11.

= (? +
.'.

-)

of a
is

rt.

.'.

BE subtends

BE

the side of a regular

.'.

BD subtends

of a

rt.

at the centre

BD
to

is

the side

of a regular inscribed decagon.

12. In the figure of IV. 17. draw bisects BC, since DBC is isosceles.

DF
-

Let AC = .r, BC =

perp.

BC.

DF

then

BD =

-x = a-^^' a = = u-BF- v -.fl. AF .a //AF FB =

.

z = v-A~.u, a

^^
(

^~
.

a-x; BF =
vr>)

a2

13.

ABC

is

Let A be the centre, BC a side of the inscribed decagon. a A with each base-angle double of ^A .'. BC =
...page 255.

1(^5-1)

EXERCISES
2.

L.

The

bisectors are concurrent

(Example

1)

.'.

they are

equal
4.

(I. 6.).

Draw two

The

sides are equal

perpendicular diameters and join their ends. (I. 4.). Any angle is a rt. L (III. 17.).

perp. diameters and draw tangents at their sides of the quadrilateral formed by these tangents The angles are are all equal; for each = a diameter (II. 2.).
5.

Draw two
The

ends.

rt.

L$
6.

for each

= an

angle at the centre

(II. 2.).

Let ABCD be the square, E, F, G, H the mid. pts. of AB, Let EG, FH intersect at O. The figures formed BC, CD, DA.

110

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book IV.

are rectangular parms. (II. 1.) .'. EO, FO, GO, HO are all equal, The circle since each is equal to half a side of the square. and radius EO is the one required (III. 5.). whose centre is
7. The diagonals of a square are equal, arid bisect each other .'. the circle whose centre is their intersection and radius half a diagonal is the one required.

radii OA, OB, OC, OD, OE including AS of obtain 5 equal arcs. Draw tangents LAP, FBG, GCH, HDK, KEL The quadrilateral AFBO is divided by FO into two AS equal in all respects (I. 17.) .'. z_FOB 36. Similarly L GOB = 36 .'. AS FBO, GBO are equal in all respects .'. FG = 2FB = 2FA=FL, Similarly all the sides of the pentagon are Also each L = supplement of L at centre = 108 .'. the equal.
8.

By drawing

72

we

pentagon
9.

is

regular.

Bisect the angles. The bisectors are concurrent and equal (Ex. 1. 1 2.) .'. the perps. from the point of concurrence to the sides are equal (I. JG.). With anyone of these perps. as radius the circle may be described.
10.

Bisect the
1

angles.

equal (Ex.

1.

2.).

The bisectors are concurrent and With any one of these as radius the circle

may

bo described.

11.

See Ex. xxxviii. 22.

12.

The

vertical

of a

the vertical
difference

L~ 36.

whose base-angles are each twice

of

Place an angle of 24 at the centre The chord subtended is one side of the regular quindecagon. Place equal chords consecutively in the circle, and the required

= 24.

The angle

an equilat.

A =^60.

The

The figure is equilateral by construction. figure is described. It is also equiangular for each L subtends if of the circum:

ference.
13.

EF may be cut

off

on either side

of

.".

there are 2

solutions.
16.

Let A be the given

E making DE = AD. By III. 1. the circle must pass through E as well as A .". the problem is the same as the one in Question
to contain the centre.

pt., BC the Draw AD perp.

given

str. line

which

is

to BC, produce

AD

to

13.

EK.L]
17.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Ill

chord
circle
A, B.

On OP as diameter describe a circle. Place in it OC equal to a side of the given square. Describe
with centre P and radius PC cutting the given

a a

line in

OA.OB = OC 2

(IV. 14.).

Draw a str. line OAB making OA, OB equal to the sides the given rectangle. Describe any circle through A, B. Draw a tangent OC. OC is a side of the required square
19.

of

(IV. 14.).
20.

Let AB be a side
at B.

of the given square.

centre A and radius given side of the rectangle cut the circle at C. first circle at D. The rect. contained by AC, therefore the required rectangle.
21.

touching AB

With

Draw a circle AC equal to the

Let AC cut the

AD = AB 2 and
A, E.

is

Draw any

circle
D.

given

circle at C,

through the given pts. Let AB, CD meet at

B cutting the Through E

draw a diameter EFG of the given circle. The circle described through ABF must pass through G (IV. 14. Cor.). 22. The intersection of the common chords is the point. Prove by IV. 14. Draw the tangent at A 23. Describe a circle about ABC 2 meeting BC produced at D. AD' =BD. DC (IV. 14.).
Let h be the height of flagstaff AB, k that of the tower Let D be the point of contact of the horizontal through C and a circle through A, B. Let E be any other pt. in CD. Join AE cutting the circle at F. z.ADB = ^LAFB (III. 12.) >2lAEB
24.

BC.

(I,

8.).

Thus D
:.

H.) (+/>). Let AB be the given str. line. On AB as diameter describe a circle. Take centre C, and at any pt. P draw a tangent PQ, equal to a side of the given square. Produce AB to R, making CR = CQ. Draw a tangent RS. AR.RB = RS 2
(iv.
25.

CD

is

the required

point;

and CD

>2

=BC.CA

(IV. 14.)
26.

= PQ2

(I.

17

= the

given square.

Let AB be the given str. line. On AB describe a semicircle ADB. Draw a str line to AB at a distance equal to a side of the given square, and let one of the points of intersection with the semicircle be D. Draw DE perp. to AB. AE EB = DE 2 (IV. 13.) .'. E is the required point. If the side of the given square is gr. than AB, the problem is impossible.
||
.

112

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

AADC

[Book IV.

its

Make 27. Let AB be a diamr. of the circle. having sides 3, 4, and 5 cms. long, the 5 cm. side AC lying along AB. Produce AD to meet the circle at E. AEB is the reqd.

(I.

19. 22.).

28. With centre B and radius equal to a side of the given In AB square describe a circle. Draw from A a tangent AP. cut off AC equal to AP. AB 2 - AC- - AB 2 - AP2 = BP 2 = the given

square.

Draw OD a radius perp. to OA, 29. Let O be the centre. OE, OF perp. to OB, OC. The ADEF is the AABC turned through 90 without any alteration of size or shape. Draw OE perp. to AB. Make LS CAP, 30. Bisect AB at O. ACF each 45. With centre A and radius AF describe a circle In OB cut off OD equal to OE. AD 2 + DB2 cutting OE at E.

- 2A0 2 + 20D 2 (IV. 8.) - 2A0 2 4- 20E = 2AE 2 (II. 1 = AF 2 + 2AC 2 = 2AD 2 + 2DB 2 = (AD-f DB) 2 -f (AD - DB) 2 FC 2 = AC 2 2AC 2 is a minimum when AD = DB the least value of 2AC 2 is 4AD 2 when AD = AB, i.e. 2AC 2 must not be less than AB 2
2
1

.)

.'.

.'.

31.
in AB.
is

Let AB be the

AD DB =
.

a minimum,
32.

i.e.

bisected at C. Take D any pt. AC 2 - CD 2 .'. AD DB is a maximum when CD when D is at C.

str. line
.

Let

= side

p be length of perp. Then 24 x perp. = 240 .'. p = iffi = 9 T3.j.

px

26

= twice

area

EXERCISES LL
1.

Let A be a

AD touches one

Since pt. of intersection, AC, AD tangents. circle and DAC is a rt. z_, AC passes through the
:

but AC is a tangent to the other circle centre of this circle .*. a tangent to one circle passes through the centre of the
other.
2.

of all the circles

circle

Let A be the given point of intersection. The centres must lie on the tangent at A to the given
,

(Question 1). Let A be the given pt B the given pt. of intersection with the circle. Draw BC touching the given circle. Make an <LBAC equal to ^ABC. AC = CB (I. 6.) .'. the circle with centre C and radius CA passes through A and cuts the given
3.

fix.

L-LII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

B, since

113

circle

orthogonally at

CB

is

a tangent to one circle

and radius of the other. 4. The centres of the circumcircles are at F, E, the mid. Z.FDA-Z.FAD (I. 5.) and z.EDA = ^EAD /. pts. of AB, AC. whole Z.FDE = ^FAE = 90, i.e. the radii are at rt. L.S .. the tangents at D are at rt. ^s. 5. Let the circle whose radius is PA cut at D a circle 2 2 through B, C. PB PC= PA' (IV. 14.) PD' .'. PD touches the But PD is a radius of the circle DA circle DBC. the circles
.

.'.

cut orthogonally.
6.

Let

P,

T,
.'.

U meet the first circle at R. CR = CP2 - CU CT (Ex. xlv. 7.) the circles cut orthogonally. CR touches the circle TUR
1
.

be the points of contact.

.'.

Let a

circle

through

EXERCISES
1.

LII.

PQ be a common tangent meeting the radical axis TP = TQ (property of radical axis). 2. Let AB, AC be tangents drawn from a pt. A on the Let D, E be the centres. AC = AB since A is on radical axis.
Let
in T,

the radical axis

.".

through
rt. L.S
;

C.
it

Also

it is

the circle with centre A and radius AB goes touched by BD, CE, since the z_s B, C are

cuts both circles orthogonally. tangents from the radical centre, and use these as radius.
.'.

3.

Draw

any

of

4. Let A, B, C be the pts. of contact, E, F the centres of the circles which touch at A; D the other centre. Let the T lies on the bisector of ^.AFB tangents at A, B meet at T. (from ATAF, TBF). Similarly any other pair of tangents meet on the bisector of an L of the ADEF. But the bisectors are concurrent .". the tangents are concurrent.

Nos. 5 and 6 are particular cases of No. 3. In No. 5 two of the circles are of infinitely small radius ; in No. 6 one circle
is so.

EXERCISES LIII
1.

Let the diagonals of the quadl. ABCD meet at O.

^pO^ACOD y
BO
2.

~^~ AAOB
Let the

A COB

'

"''

'Let

diagonals AC,
.

CO
3.

ABCD be a trapezium having AB BD meet at O. AB is to the DO

||

||

to CD.

base

CD

of

A DOC

From D

pt. in

the base

BC

let DE,
F.
is

DF

||

to

AB and AC
to

respectively
O.

meet AC
(II. 2.)

at E
.'.

and AB at

AO = OD

Let AD, EF meet at

a
str. line
||

the locus of

BC and
AB
of

bisecting the sides AB,

4.

AC

(V.

2.).

Let DEF be the mid.

Join BE, CF.
is
||

pts.

of the sides BC, CA,

(II. is

A ABC.
.'.

ABFE-AAFE

6.)
||

= AEFC
CA
.'.

EF
5.

to

a parm.

.*.

BC (II. 7.). EF = CD = iBC.

||

Similarly DF Similarly DE
lines AB, lines

to

DFEC

(II. 6.) is

= ^AB, and DF = |-AC.

AC, CE, BD,

Let the three DF on the

'

str.
str.

CD, EF cnt off intercepts ACE, BDF. Join E, B cutting

-

CDafcG
6
-

CE
5

!< V
-

)=D?<
!c (V
-

2 ->'

H (V
||

2 ->

2>)

GF

is

to

CD (V

2 ->-

7. Draw PD making DC=BD.

to

AB

Join

Produce BD to C to meet BC at D. CP and produce it to meet BA at A.

8.

Draw DE
.'.

||

to

BC

to

meet AC at
at H.

E.

CF-CE. Join DF meeting BC = HF DHF is the line reqd.

DH EO rjp^pt HP CP

In AC produced take
(V. 2.)
/.

DH

116

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

9.

[BookV.

ADBE = ADCE
!.)=
(V.

(II.

5.)

.'.

ADBF = AECF.
1.)

Also

>10.
'

2.)-(V.
l
'

/.

AADF = AAEF.

Join AO.

AANO = i p arm> ANOM = AAMO = AOMN AM BO ABNO ^ OC y ' CM AAON A OMN~AAON AN

.^
AOMN
ACivo'

Acvi

'

''

ABED
(V. l.)

BE

ACED

CD

.'.

ACED-2AAED
at

.*.

ACED-4ABED
Join

.*.

5
FG

=
^-

from the above AADH-AHBM ^FAH=AHOB. And they are between the same parallels FH = HO. Thus if HO-HF, BO produced meets AH on .'. DE. In the same way, since KO = KG, we can prove BO produced meets CK on DE .'. AH and CK meet on DE.
.'. .'.

12. Lot AH meet DE BH AFAHAF AD (V< L) "BD ADAB = AMAB (TI. 5.)

M.

BM
tv
*

(V

^~BM

B^

^~'
A HOB
FG
is

cutting

at 0.

Also

1314.

b^
AC

=
is

^
||

<

'

2 ')

AL

5L

V
.

2-)

.'.

||

to

AC

(V.

2.).

to

BD

(V.

2.).

Let BO be
-

DO is err. 20P 20Q

than CO.
.*.

O B OD -=
||

O^--^
15.

PQ

is

to

C AC and
II.

..

OB - OA OD - OC -----= ------OA OC
also to

gr.

than AO, so that

.

i.e.

.'.

BD

(V.

2.).

With
^

the figure of

10.

KG P arrn i- = !Si
P arnh

parm. FK

parm. FH
16.

parm.
'

HG

HG

HE

(V.

1.)

*^~~parm. FH*

Let the medians AD, BE, of

/.

AABC meet

at 0.

Join OC.

ABEC = }AABC = AADC But ACOD = ABOD (II.

6.)

ABOD = AAOE = ACOE (II. 6.). BO = 20E ABOC = 2ACOE

.'.
.'.

Similarly it may be shown that CF divides (V. 1.). ratio of 2 to 1 .*. the medians are concurrent.

BE

in the

Bx.Lin-UV]
-.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETKY.

1
/Tr
,
N
.

117

AAEB AE
(II. 2.).

ABCD
<0

AAED
.*.

DE
:

,- 7

Ar<rfc

ABCD

AAED

parm.

ABCD

14.

EXERCISES LIV.
1.

Let AD bisect z_BAC and base BC

of the

A ABC.

BD

BA = AC

3.

Let AD, BE, the bisectors

of LS
3.). '

A and B

of

PA
at G.

GD

=
'

RA _ from AABD BD
'

AABC meet

(V.
x

Also since AD bisects ^A

BA

AC~DC
.

= BD

BC CF of ^C
current.
4.

-5.

A GA _ BA _ AC _ BA + AC _ ~ ~ "" " " 5^_ ^ " BD~DC GD BD DC BD 4- C D

>

In the same
divides

way

it

may

be shown that the bisector

.'.

AD

in the

same
z_s

ratio

AD, BE,

CF

are con-

AO, BO,

CO

bisect the
it

A,

B, C.

Hence, as in the

preceding example,

may

be proved that
z_s

OD

=
BC
E.

Let the bisectors of

A and C meet BD at
F.

the bisector of
. '

LD meet AC

at

DE ^ ~ Ao ED
HA

Also

let

(V.

3.)

DO CD

(V. 3.)

DA AB AF AD.,, = = AB. _ Also ..B D<TCBCF -(V.3.) c B

,

.'.

the bisectors of
6.

z_s

B and D meet on AC.

at
rt.

AB

bisects

CD
.'.

LS (III. 3.)
(V.
3.).

.'.

arc

BC = arc BD

/^BGC^BGD
GD~FD*

Similarly

g.|

/.

118
7.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

Let OA and
be the
of

[BookV.

OB meet

let

GOH

common

tangent at

the inner circle at E and F, and O to the circles, G lying on

A.

the same side ^LOEC-/.AEC.

OC
22.)

as the pt.

.OFC = supplement
(III.

of
.*.

/_OCF-^.HOF

(III.

18.)=A.EAC
.'.

18.)
3.).

,FOC = ,ECA
8.

(I.

= ,COE

(III. 18.)

*>_. (V.

AD
.'.

L at A and CO

the altitude of the isos. A ABC bisects the vertical O the centre of the incircle lies in AD. Also BO
LS>

bisect the

at
.

B and

C,

From A ABD
2BD
~~

OA

BA

(V. 3.) V '

OD
OA -f OD
9.

~"

BD

BA^ BD
F.

" OD ~~
AD
2

base

Let AD meet the base at O.

produced at
FAD,

(BATB~D) perimeter' Produce BD to meet AC Bisect DF at E and join OE From AS BAD,

16.) /.

BD = FD(L
/.

==?

|*
2.)

= ?* = ??
/.

(V. 3.)

/.

OE

is

||

to

CF

(V. 2.)

^-5| (V.

DO-AO.
/.

10.
/-ir
\

AE.*ABandAF = jAD
^

^ - J- \ and |? =
.
(V. 3.)
.'.

**

11.

Let the

pt.

O fall

within BD.
.

~~ = BA AC ie ^OD^BAj-^C "~ BA + AC' 2OB BA + AC

~~ " OD^BA^AC

OB

BATAc*

EXERCISES LV.
1.

Let AO bisect

Z.A

and BO

bisect the extr.

L at B of
(V.
4.).

A ABC.
.

Join CO, and lot

AO meet BC
AC
'

at

A
F.

AB BF = A1S AC CF
.

^
/T

rt

v
'

'

AB

BF^CF

AC = AO CF OF"

-^^ RF OF

''

blS6CtS the

extr.
2.

L at

C,

Produce DP to E and AP to

which proves the proposition. F. PA bisects

ext.

of

ACPD

AD
/.

^=

PD
(V.
4.).

^APB = a

rt.

L
of

(III. 17.) /.

z_BPD-

complement

of

z_FPD

= complement

L EPA = complement

Ex. LIV-LVI]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

i.e.

119

'of

^APC = ^CPB,

PB

bisects Z.CPD

.'.

=
PC

??
BC
3.

'

'

*<L*
BC

D
of the int.
.'.

BC

(V. 3.)

.'.

AC

BD'

Let the bisectors

D.

and

ext.

z.s

at P

meet AB at

C and
.'.

AC AP = gg pB

(V. 3.)

is

a fixed pt.
is

^= ^
.'.

AD

AP

(V. 4.)

is

D is also a fixed pt. Also a circle on CD as diameter.

4.
.'. .'.

CPD

rt.

the locus of P

Z.OAB-Z.ODC, ^BOA = ^COD

.'.

/.OBA-Z.OCD

/.

^OBC
L
of

= z_OCB

OB = OC AB-CD AD OD OA AB _

(L
v

4.).

OA

bisects ext.

5.

at

Let AD, the bisector of Lk of ABAC, meet the base BC and let AE, the bisector of the ext. L. at A, meet BC proE.
.*.

duced at
fixed pt.

A.DAE

=a

rt. L.

ER AB -.--=EC AC

(V. 4.)

RD BC

.'.

is

the locus of A

is

a circle on

DE

as diameter.

EXERCISES LVI.
1.

Take

D, E,

F the mid.
.'.

pts. of
||

the sides BC, CA,

(V.
is

AB DE

of
is

A ABC.
||

~|

=1=
.*.

||

EF

is

to

BC

2.).

Similarly

to

AB and DF
and

to CA.

Also
it

AAEF
(V.

equiangular to

A ABC

and in the same way As CED, BFD are similar to A ABC. Also FEDB is a parm. .*. AFED = ABDF in all respects (II. 2. and I 4). Similarly each of the AS AFE, EDC is equal to ADEF in all respects .'. AAEF = ABDF = ACDE = ADEF, and each is similar to A ABC.
(I. 20.)

similar to

5.),

2.

With
in the

the

fig.

of IV. 13.
.".

^CEA = ^BED
/.

(L

3.),

/.ECArect.

_EBD

same segment
(V. V
5.) ^
.'.

and .*. similar BE.EA.

3.

PP RP ^=5 EA ED
14,

AS CEA, BED are equiangular,

rect.

CE

ED =

With

the

fig.

of

IV.

segment, and
are

^COA is common OA OP _==_ (V. equiangular ^ * OC OB

.'.

to
5.)

^OCA = ^OBC As OCA, OBC

.'.

in alternate
.'.

these AS
.

rect.

OA.OB = OC 2

120
4.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

LOBC^LODh
.'.

[Book V.
is

in the

same segment, and

LO

common

to

As BCO, DAO
/.

(V. 5.)
5.

rect.

AS OA. OB = reet. OC. OD.

these

are equiangular

.'.

OC

=- OA

Let AD, BE two medians of

is
||

A ABC
is

cut at G.

CE- CD = EA DB

.'.

DE
.'.

to

AB

(V. 2.)
.'.

.'.

ACDE

and

similar (V. 5.)

DP DO 1 - = = -.

equiangular to ACBA,

Also AS DGE,
.'.

AGB
^

are

equiangular (I. 20.) and proves the proposition.

.'.

similar (V. 5.)

=
AG

AB

= -, which

6. Let AB be the man CD the post, AE the shadow of the Let AE =#. man, so that DBE is a str. line. AsEAB, ECD are
,
.
.

equiangular
7.

^
EA
1

EC -, Q

x
^.e.

=x+4

=4
A

ft.

man (=10

Let AB be the man, CD the post, AE the shadow of the Let AC = x. AS EAB, ECD are equiangular, ft.).
.

S-S*
8.

-'-^-

-' "
;

the house,
.

Let AB be the pole, AC its shadow DE the height of DF its shadow. AS CAB, FDE are equiangular, _ DE BA DE 10 ,
.

9.

Let

A ABC

be such that

BC = 5, AB =
EF = 3

9,

also let

DEF

be a similar

having

cms.

AC -7 cms.; _ = /__, i e.

10.

Let AB = a;, and AC

/.

= //ft.
12

As
.'.

in

Ivi.

4,

As OAC, ODB
Also

arc similar

OD

OA

i.e.

o;=4-6

ft.

AO

11.

AC

at 0.

LEOC

Let EF be the crease cutting AB at E and CD at F, and When the folding is done, Z.EOA coincides with and is .'. equal to it. .'. z.EOA = i.EOC = a rt. L. AEAO

fac.LVl]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETBY.

to

is

similar

A CAB

EO
.*.

A/^"*

BC

*'*

EO = 2 AO = |AC

12.
F.

As

= OD = CF
13.

EOF be the crease, cutting AB at E, AD at O, AC at in the previous example, EOF is perp. to AOD, and AO EOF is to BC, and since AO = OD, AE = EB, and AF .'.
Let
||

.'.

EF = JBC.

Let

OE

AO = OB, and OE
.'.
FC

be the crease, cutting AB at

is

O and AC =
-%-

at E.

perp. to

AOB

as in the previous examples

As AOE, ACB are equiangular .'.--= AO

in.

AC

i.e.

.'.

OE

12

= ~-- = 2 -71
14.

nearly.
line
||

Let DE be the

to

BC
.'.

cutting

AB
i.e.

at

D and AC

at E.

AS ADE, ABC are similar

in.

=
BC

= 5}
15.

AB

=~
9 7

.'.

DE

equal to 2CD.

Let ABCD be a trapezium, having AB parallel to CD and Let the diagonals AC, DB meet at O. AS DOC,
(I. v

BOA are equiangular ^ G

20.) '

.'.

AO = BO == AB = 20C, 2, i.e. AO OC OD CD
||

and BO = 2OD, which proves the proposition. 16. Let OAB, OCD, OEF intercept on the
BDF, portions AC, CE, and BD, DF.

str.

lines

ACE,

^9 = 95
BD

ODB

are equiangular)

= CE

(for

As OCA,

(for

AS OCE, ODF are equiangular).

17. Let C, D be the centres of the circles, and AB a common In AS OAC, OBD, ^.OBD tangent meet CD produced at O. = a rt. ^ = z_OAC LO is common .'. the AS are equiangular

OC _ OD
18.

AC BD

Similarly y
P,

if

common

tangent EF divide

CD

internally at

As CEP, DFP are equiangular

CP
.'.

CE

Let AD be the median to the base BC of

A ABC.
for

Draw

EF

||

to BC, to

meet the median at

(I.

G.

ADBare equiangular EG = GF. angular

.*.

= Qp 20.) CD

BD

=
AD

AS AGE,
equi-

for

AS AGF, ADC are

122

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

[Book V.

Let P be 19. Let Z.ADB be obtuse, so that ^ADC is acute. the centre of the circum-circle to AADB, and Q that of the
circum-circle to

A ADC.

lies in

PE which
rt. z_s.

bisects

AB

at

rt. /.s.

Also z_APB = 2 supplement of Z.ADB (III. ll.) = 2z_ADC = z_AQC (III. 11.) .'. Z.BPEAlso LPEB = & rt. z. = ^QFA .'. As PBE, QAF are Z.AQF.

lies in

QF which

bisects

AC

at

equiangular 1 b

. .

PB = BE

=,

QA

FA

AB AC

20. Let the perpendiculars AM, BN on a str. line DE be in a constant ratio. Let DE cut AB at O. As AMO, BNO are equi-

angular
passes
21.

AO AM -^r=D = a constant BO BN thro, a fixed pt. O in AB.

.'.
'

.'.

is

a fixed

pt.,

i.e.

DE

TTE^nn Uh UU
(I.

DE
.'.

is

II

to
:==

AB
20.)

AB gQ
E

"
-

As AOB

>

DOE

are

equiangular
equiangular i o
bisected at
22.

Dp

r)

g = T-

Also As
?-

CDE CBA
>

are
are

(I. \

20.) /
E.

.*.

D and

- = CE = -- = oQr^AAn " Ob OA Ab
4

.'.

CB and CA

As QAO,
for

QCD

are equiangular

(I.

20.)

.'.

^5 ^5 (V.
'

5.)

"CD" PD
23.

As PBO PCD aro

>

e( i uian

s ular L 20 )
<

op

=
PD'

Let DA produced meet EC at

'

F.

From AS BAD, CAF,

'

AD- AF (I. 20. and 16.). As BOE, ADD are equiangular (I. 20.) RO BE DF = = BEFD JS a Pam ^ = 2 B0 = 20A 5A DA (V 5>) DA (f01
' "

.'.

is

pt. of trisection of

AB.

24.

Let AB be

>

AC, and let

ANC, ANE,
(V.
2.).

CN-NE

and

AC^AE
'

CN meet AB CN CO
.'.

at E.
'-

From AS
is
||

^^QB
Q

ON

to

BE AC

Also

== r\t.

^ = CB^|

N = IBE=I(AB~AC)

for

25.

Let

fall

Let P be the centre of circle ABC, on the opp. side of BD to the

pt. A, so

that of circle ABD. that P falls

KX.LVI-LVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

12.)
.'.

123

of BC as the pt. A. Z.BQD = 2 supplement of = 2z.CAB = ^CPB LPCB + -LPBC =LQDB+ ^.QBD (I. 22.), i.e. z.PCB = z.PBC = z.QDB = z_QBD As PCB, BC PC diameter of circle ABC ,, ---- --QDB are equiangular .. BD = ^T; = diameter of circle ABD ^ : r r^TV 1 b QB I^

on the same side

(III.

^.BAD

.*.

^ ^EAC=J(180 -A)and^ECA-i( 180 -9) 18 B = = 180 - i(180' - A) - | (180 - 0) = 26.

'

Also
(I.

Lf

is
.'.

common
=.

to

As FAB, FDE

.*.

the As are equiangular

22.)

FB

FE

-,

i.e.

FA and FB are inversely proportional

to

FE and FD.

NE bisects the arc BC of 27. Let N be the mid. pt. of BC. the circum-circle of A ABC. Also since L BAE = Z.CAE, ADE also bisects this arc .'. E lies on the circum-circle at the mid. pt of arc BC. In As ABE, BDE, -LBEA is common. ^BAE-z_EAC
Z.DBE
in

the same segment

.'.

the As are

equiangular

28.
/.

As FED, AEB are equiangular

i.e.

(I.

20.)

.'.

AB

EB

FD = 3AB,

FC +

CD-3AB

/.

FC = 2AB

(II. 2.).

EXEECISES LVIL
'

1.

5p-"
A

rect.

AO.OB-rcct, CO OD
.

.'.

A,

B, C,

are concyclic (IV.

2.

13.).

OC

= P OB

/.

rcct.

OA OB = root. OC OD.
.
.

If

the circumagain at E.

circle of

A BAG
rcct.
.'.

does not pass thro. D,

.

let it

cut

OC

Then OC. OD
3.

OE.OC-rect. OA OB
i.e.

OD = OE,

(IV.

14.

Cor.)

= rect.

D must coincide with

.'.

E.

= ~~ and L BDA = /LCDA

.'.

A BDA is

similar to

A ADC

(V. 7.)
rt.
L.

z.

(I. 22.).

124
4.

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

As ADE, ABC are similar by V.
along AC,
i.e.

[Book

V.

7.

.'.

z.DAC

= i.DAE

.".

AE

falls

AEC

is

str. line.

rect. AC. BC = rect. BC AB CD. But AB CD = area of A ABC = AC BE /. iAC BE = |AC BC BE - BC. But BE is perp. to AC BE must coincide with BC, i.e. ^ACB = a rt. L Z-BCD = complement of
5.

Draw BE

perp. to AC.
.

CD

AO AR M - i^ =

.'.

.*.

.'.

.'.

6.

As ACB, BDE,

BC = BD ^BCD = z_BDC AC
.'.

.'.

^ACB = ^BDE.
.'.

Hence

in

CB

~ and ^ACB-ziBDE DE
,
'

As ACB, BDE are

similar (V. 7.)

ABE
(V.

.'.

.'. ^.CBA^^DEB, and ^A is common to As ACB, As ACB, ABE arc equiangular (I. 22.) and .'. similar

5.).

AE

DF

AE

DF
.'.

'

As

AEB, DFB are similar (V. 7.) /. ^.EBA = ^.FBD adding ^.ABF to each, ^EBF=/_ABD. Also since As AEB, DFB are similar, AB EB AB BD '* ^ABD = z_EBF AS EBF, ABD are
.

EBBF'
8.

BD^BF

.*.

similar.

Let the

lines thro.

AQB, DPE have

.

similar

BQ ^
~E~P
||

A and B meet in Q. Join CQ. their sides respectively parallel and are AB 2 BC BQ EP

AS
.".

respectively

above,
to PF,
9.

RO = RQ FJP

DE T EF to EP and EF * EP
"

= =

BC

EF'

are
as proved
.*.

.'.

/LQBC = z.PEF, and

AQBC

is

similar to

APEF

(V. 7.)

QC

is

||

which proves the proposition.

Take O the centre

of the circle

on which the

pt.

lies,

and OA.

let

C be one

= OP2

OB-OCOA OP
.'.

of the cutting pts. of the circles. Rect. (IV. 14.) (for OC is a tangent to the circle) ABC

XS^/^B

an(l

^0
.'.

As are

similar (V. 7.)

is common to As PAO, BPO PA PO BD^^D^ a constant ratio. rO UD

.'.

these

Ex. LVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

DR
^PAC and

125

10.

In As DBC, PAC, /_DBC =

.'.

PA

'

the As

are similar

21 DCB = z. PCA

.'.

= adding Z.BCP to each, ^.DCP

DC
BC

Z.BCA

i a ^

rt. L.

Also since As DCB, PCA are similar, -ST;^?^ OA rL

.'.

ADPC is similar to and the included LS DCB, PCA are equal a rt. L (I. 22.) z.DPC = /-BAC = a rt. L .'. ^PDC = ABAC
.'.

.'.

PD=PC.
11.

Let DE produced meet AC at

H.

F.

meet DE at

=. (V. 5.) From similar AS DBH, DAF, BH AF = CF. (hyp.) =^r from similar As HEB, FEC CF RD RA = the As 12. In AS ABC, DBA, Z.B is common, and BA BC RH RA ?_ =*, and ^.BDA = ^CAB. In like are similar (V. 7.) v ' AD AC = and ^AEC = manner AS AEC, BAG are similar, and
BE EC
.*. .'. .*.

Draw BH to AC RH DR
||

to

.'.

EC

AC

Z.BAC

.'.

^.AEC-^BDA

.'.

z.ADE

= z.AED

/.

AE-AD

.'.

=
AD

BA_AE_AD
AC "EC ""EC"
13.

Root.
is
.'.

OA.OB = OC 2

(IV.

U.) = OD
.'.

.'.

^. = OD OD OB
.'.

Also

Z.BOD

(V. 7.) to OD (I. 20.).

14.

these As are similar common to AS DOA, BOD EF is ^ODA = z.OBD = /_CEA (in same segment)
||

Eect.
to

AO BO = OC 2
AS AOP, POB

(hyp.) v J1 '
.".

-OP

2
.'.

AO =
'

OP

OB

and

LO

is

common

these AS are similar (V. 7.)

(I.

.'.

Also z.CPA

+ z.PAC = z.OCP

= 22.)

lino thro. C meet AD at G and AE CG = CD = CA /T ~ * = milar ASCDG, similar As CDG, BDA, (V. 3.) (\ -^ DB from similar As EBA, ECH .". CG = CH.

15.
i

Let the

at H.
(V.

From
4.)-<g

_^.^

126

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES
1.

[BookV.

LVIII.

Let ABC be an

perp. to the base BC.

E.

isos. A having AB = AC, and let AD be Produce AD to meet the circum-circle in

ABE
.

Join BE. The centre of the circum-circle lies in AD .'. is a rt. L. Also AD is perp. to BC .*. As ABE, ADB are
/Tr
N

similar (V. 9.)

2.

/.

^-^

EA

AB

= 7.

Let ABC be the A rt. L.d. at C, so that AB= 10, and AC Draw CD perp. to AB. AS ACB, ADC are similar (V. 9.)

EXERCISES LIX.
1.

ACD

is

str. line (T. 2.).

AC + CD CF CA From similar As AFC, ABD, -- = --: DB DA similar AS ECG, EBD CF = CG.

-root DC.CE

A
.'.

CD

=5I
CB

.-.

A ABC - A DCE _J*C_ =a _jOE_^

.*.

rect.
-

AC CB
.

ft

AD EB CE + CB EC CG (V. 5.)---= ^ from EB DB

.'.

AO^EO

.'.

2.

Join AD, BE.

z.ADC
.'.

= ^ACD-z.ECB-z_BEC
.'.

AsDAC,

CD CE (V. 5.) BC.CD AACE = ADCB(V. 10.). 3. Kect. OD.OC-rect. OP OQ (TV. rect. OD OC is OA.OB (IV. 14. Cor.)
.'.
.

EBC

are equiangular

AC -- = BC

rect.

AC. CE = rect.

14.

Cor.)

rect.
all

.'.

directions of

OPQ, and C
.

is

a fixed
.

pt.

.*.

constant for D is a fixed

pt.

Also since

rect.
.

QA + AD OA
4.
.

OA OB = rect. OC OD, OA = OC CB^AD

OB = -D
C
A

^.

QC + CB ==
C

^ OC~"OA'^' AD^CP'
similar
2
,

From

AS GBA, ABC, 5? =

^
BA.

(V. 9.)

.*.

rect.

BG BC = BA i.e. rt. L Lk^E ACDA.

of a

rect.
.'.

BG BF = rect. BE
.

Also ^.FBG

ABFG = A BE A.

=f

In like manner,

A FCC

Ex. LVIII-LX]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

127

5. Draw CD perp. to the hypotenuse AB of the A, and let BC = 2CA. The circles on diameters BC, CA each pass thro. D CD is their common chord. Also rect. CD AB = 2 area of
.".
.

AABC = rect. CA.CB = 2CA 2

6.

/.

for

z_B is common, ^ACB = z_BDC BA BC 2 = rect. BA.BD = BC AS are equiangular BC BD touches the circum-circle of A ADC (IV. 15.).

In AS ABC,

CBD
.'.

.'.

the

.*.

.".

BC

7.

If

AB

is

the

common

chord,

OP.

OQ = OA. OB

(IV. 13.)

-OR. 08

(IV. IS)

.-.-<
.*.

DO EC are con cyclic 8. Z-AEC = a rt. z. = z_DOC AD AE = rect. AO AC = 2A0 2 = AB 2 AB touches the
.

.'.

rect.

.'.

circum-

circle of

ABDE

(IV. 15.).
.

Rect. AC AB- AK 2 9. Draw AK to touch the circle at K. = rect. AE AD (IV. 14.) C, B, D, E are concyclic (hyp.) z.CBE-^CDE (in the same segment) = z.DFE (III. 18.) /. DF is to AB (I. 18.).
.

.".

.*.

||

10.

In As ABD, BOD,
is

z_OBD=^CAD
.*.

(in

same segment) =

Z.BAD, arid /.BDO

common
DO.

AD
the As are equiangular
.'.

.'.

DO
'

DB 2 = rect. AD.
_

A BOD

= 1>oct A0 oc
rect.

/ '

BOTOD
15

v iow- X ~ =
'

^"4

A AOD =
ABOC~"

5~10'

rect.
rect.

AO.OD_3
OB.OC~~^
.*.

X
2

r=

8*
.'.

12.

AAOC^ABOD
OD=10.

rect.

AO.OC = rect. DO OB
.

.'.

4x5

= 20D

EXERCISES LX.
1.

Let A be the area reqd.

A
p 7o

sq. in.

=^ ^

(V. 11.)

.*.

A -27

2.

AsADE,ABCaresimilar

128
3.

KEY TO ELEMENTABY GEOMETRY.

Let DE be the reqd.
at E.
is

[Book V.

line,

meeting AB produced at D and

AC produced
4.

^!

|^ =
2

.'.

AD = 2AB.

If

DE

the reqd.

line,

meeting AB and AC produced

AADE

AD 2
2
(

__ ~' U *'~~ 4i_ji_ ~16'

in1

'~9

"

AD -AB~3'

<'

*'*'

>

AD + DB

*_^ ~

"

7. z_BDA = art. z_ = /_BEA = supplement of z_AED = /_ABD

.*.

B, D, E,

(III. 13.).

A are concyclic .'. /.DEC Also L.C is common

(I.

to

AS DEC, ABC
o

.'.

the

AS are equiangular

22.)

.'.

.....

A ABC

.'.

ABDF-iBH.AD.
.

= iCG AD
9.

/.

quadl.

AFDE - J HG AD
.

Similarly

AAED-?,DG.AD and A DEC

.'.

the three figures are

proportional to BH, HG, GC.

From

similar

AS BFD, BAG,

=
FD
/.

^ AC

/.

BF = AE AC

^
2

...

(1).

Also
. rt

5? ^ = DC EC
T,

; (V. 2.)

A ?-

AC
,.,

' (V. 3.)

from

V (1) '

^ ^^ EC AC
2
X
-

10.

If

^ ABCD
.'.

,8

A
.

on AB

-AB on Bb BDS

,T

in

AB 2

(V. 11.)

(II. 11.)

on AB~=i similar

on BD.

diculars,

Let DEF be the equilateral A formed by the perpenA lying in EF, B in DF, C in DE. ADBC is half the = JCD. Also CE = DB .'. DE = 3DB. equilateral A on CD .'. BD Also from A DBC, DC 2 - DB 2 + BC 2 (II. 11.) .'. 4DB 2 = DB 2 + BC 2
11.

3DB2 -BC 2

A ABC A DEF

BC 2 DE 2

BC 2 9DB 2

3DB 2 9DB 2

3*

Ex,

LX]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

ABDC
G
were folded about BC, the pt. the centroid of ABAC .'. ABDC =
||

129

12. If the coincide with

D would

13.

Let DE drawn i rn2 1

to

AB meet AC

at E.

AABC

CB 2

14.
is

,L EBD -supplement of z.ABD = z_ACD (III. common to As EBD, ECA As EBD, ECA are
.'.

13.).

Also

equiangular

AC^

'AEBD
15.

y
A

.
'

Let BAC be a

rt.

u\. at A,

and
'

let

AD be drawn
'

perp.

'>'

f r

AS ABD CAD are

similar (V.

9.).

16. In AS ANC, BAC, L.C is common, ^ANC^^BAC .'. the LS are equiangular. In like manner, AS AMB, CAB are equi-

angular &

.'.

AS AMB, ANC are equiangular.

Also

AR2

NC

:=A

AANC

17.

OB
(1.

OL and OM are cutting AM at P.

.*.

7.)

ALBM

AB and BC. Join From AS LOB, MOB, z_LOB-z_MOB from As LOP, MOP, ^LPO-^MPO = a rt. L BP /v ALPB /Tr x BL 2 , r
respectively pcrp. to
.'.
.

LPB, LPO are similar) '

18.

2 (diamr. of in-circle)
.'.

,.
,

The
.

rt.
.,

^d.
.
.

As OPN,OTC have the ^O common

the

sare amilar
OQ*
19.

AOPN

OP2

/T7nl

OP 2

Join AC.
fig.
fig.

ABCD.

In like manner, ADML = |^ADAC .*. ABFG-hADML = ^ In like manner, AAEN + ACHK== J fig. ABCD /.

EFOHKLMN = |

of

fig.

ABCD.
I

130

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

;

[Book V.

20. Let O be the centre of the circle, AB a side of the inscribed hexagon EAF, EBG sides of the circum-hexagon. Join EO meeting AB at H. As in Question 12, AAEB = ^AAOB
.'.

quadl
21.

OAEB=^AAOB
/. <i.EAC

.'.

the circumscribed hexagon *=f of

18.

the inscribed.

EA-EC

= z.ECA = Z.ABC
,.

(III.

AS EAC, OCB are equiangular

(V. 11.) for these

(V.

AS are

similar (V. 9.)

(V.

1.).

EXERCISES LXI.
Let EG meet BC at K. As CKG, HAE, EKB are equiAlso CG, AE, EB are corresponding angular (I. 2. and 20.). And AE = CF and EB=FG .'. by V. 15. sides in these As.
1.

AEBK = AAEH + ACKG. Adding DAEKC = ADHG. EXERCISES LXIL

1, Let the circles ACB, Let being their centres

to each, parm.

ABCD

ADB intersect in A and B, P and Q PQ meet the circles in C and D between P and Q. Draw the diameter EQF perp. to PQ. z.QAP = z.QBP = a rt. L .'. z.s AQP, APQ, EQA, BQP are each = 4 sector AQD equal to half a rt. L .'. half the circle ADB = 2 sector AQB = sector AQB + sector APB^fig. AQBP-farea common to the circles PA2 4- area common to both circles.

EXERCISES LXIIL = = 1. AD =BD.pC AD.DE (IV. 13.) .'. DA DE. Also in As EDO, EGA, z_E is common, ^ECD = z.BAE (in same segment) -^ =-.-. EC 2 = ED. EA the As are equiangular 2 2 2EC -2.ED. EA-EA
2
.

.-.

.'.

2.

AD

bisects

= AE.ED.
<=AE. AD
If

(V. 3.). Also as in V. 17.,

.

^A

in the previous exercise AB.AC = AE.AD /. AB.AC-f

As

BE 2 BE 2

+ AE ED = AE 2
P
is

the reqd. pt., and PM, PN be drawn perp. to AC 3. and BD, and if X is the diameter of the circle, PA PC = X PM
,

fcLX-LXIII]
.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

.
.
.

131

and PB PD = X PN

PM = PN, Hence

O we

bisect either of the LS

points where these lines the reqd. condition.

4.

if AC and BD meet at AOB, AOD, any one of the four meet the circumference will satisfy

CE^DE
2

PB.AC + PC AB = PA BC .-. PB-h PC = PA. 5. Let the bisector of z_A in A ABC meet BC at D and the circum-circle at E. As in Example 1 above EC 2 =ED.EA = 2ED 2 for EA=2.ED. Also from the similar AS EDC, EGA, CA DC CA2 CE 2 " =
By
V. 19.
.

''

CD^DE

'

le

Cfif

2CD *-

In like manner,

BA = 2BD
6.

2
.

Let AB be the given base, P any position of the vertex, and let PM be perp. to AB. The rect. PA PB <x JPM AB. Let X be the diameter of the circum-circle of APAB. Then by
.

V. 18. PA.PB = X. PM .'. X PM oc PM AB .-. X is constant .*. the locus of P is a circle which passes thro, the pts. A and B.
.

Let ABCD be the quadl., and let its diagonals meet at Draw BM, DN perp. to AC. BA BC = X BM where X is the Also DA. DC = X. DN diameter of the circum-circle (V. 18). - = = from the similar As by the same prop. .*. DA DC DN OD
7.

O.

BOM, DON.

'

8. Let EB produced meet the circum-circle of A ABC at F. Join AF. .AFB = supplement of ^.ACB = z.BCE. Z.ABF-Z.DBE

= <LCBE
.-.

.-.

AS ABF, EBC are equiangular 1 *

/.
14. Cor.).

AB.BC-BE.BF
9.

AR RF = - (V. 5.) ' BF BC V 2 2 = BE EF AB. BC + BE BE + BE BF

.-.
-

(IV. 3.)

= CE.EA(IV.

circum-circle,
(III.

= 2AABC + 2AADC = 2 fig. ABCD. Let X 10. Draw AM perp. to BC.

AABD, and Y
(V. 18.).
.

Let ABCD be the quadl., AC being a diameter of the and AC bisecting BD at E. AC is at rt. zjs to BD = AC BE + AC. DE 3.). AB.CD + AD. BC-AC. BD(V. 19.)
.

circum-circle of

be the diameter of the that of the circum-circle of AACD.

(V. 18.)
.-.

AB.AD-X.AM
AD ^TT from uu

AC.AD-Y.AM

X = ^? = Y AC

the similar AS ABD, CAD.

132

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

[Book V.

EXERCISES LXIV.
Let AB be the given str. line. Draw any other str. line AC, and from it cut off equal parts AD, DE, EF, FG, GH. to BH to meet AB at P, Join BH, and draw DP, EQ, FR, GS Q, R, S. By V. 21. AB is divided into 5 equal parts at P,
1.
||

Q, R,
2.

8.

Let AB be the given

it,

from

and cut
II

off

line. Draw any other line Join equal parts AD, DE, EF, FG, GH.
A

AH EB
ALJ

and draw HP /v 9 \=
3.

to

EB

to

meet AB produced

in P.

=
PB

HE

To EF = BC AB, BC, find a fourth proportional FG as in V. 23. A~D EQ the rect. contained by EF and FG is the EF. FG^AB. BC
Let EF be the given
line,

ABCD

the given rect.

EF

'

<

.'.

reqd. rect.
4. If ABCD is the given proportional EF as in V. 24. is the reqd. sq.
5.
4.

rect., to

AB and BC
.".

EF-

= AB. BC

find a mean the sq. on EF

L ABC = supplement of ^.CBE - z_CDE, and ^A

.

is

common
.

to

ADO Anc AS ABC, ADE

.

AC 4 == = -. .AD AB 3
--

AE

AD 10 = Also AB 3
Ai

AE

..

AB

= 40
9

, '

i.e.

AB 4- BE _ 40 " BE_31. BA~~T' AB

Draw AB 3*6 in. long, and in AB produced make BC On AC describe a semi-circle ADC, and draw BD to ABC to meet the circle at D. BD'2 = AB BC (V. 9. Cor.) perp. = 3-6 sq. in. the sq. on BD is the reqd. sq. By measurement BD-1-90 in.
6.
1

in. long.

.*.

7.
1 in.

Draw AB
long.

2'4 in. long,

Join BC.

Draw CD

and draw AC perp. to AB and perp. to BC to meet BA pro-

Ex. LXIV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

As CAB, DAC are similar
1 sq. in.
.'.

133
*

duced
,

in D.

AB AD = AC 2 =
the
re<id. rect.

the rect.

AB AC T^ = T^ AC AD contained by AB arid AD
(V. 9.)
.'.

is

8.

Draw

lines

37, 17, and 2'9

in.
-

proportional to these,
.'.

Then

37
r-=
1 "7

long. 2'9
-

Find AB a fourth

AB

.'.

AB

37 = 17
in.

x 2'9
is

the

rect.

whose

sides are

AB and

the line

37

long

the

rcqd. rect.
9.

See Book V., Prop. 28.

If

10.

ABC

is

the given A, bisect

BC
||

at D,

and draw BF,

Keel.

DE

perp.

to BC.

Also draw AEF

.'.

to BC.

FBDE =
X

AABC

(IV.

(V. 24.).

To BD and DE find a mean 9.). Then BD. DE = X 2 the sq. on X is

proportional the reqd. sq.

11. Use the method of Example 6 above. By measurement the side of the sq. will be found to be 1 '67 in.

by the method of Example 6 above, a sq. If X bo its side, X 2 = 3-6 xW^M}" measurement X will be found to be 1-90 in. long .'. \/3-6 By
12.

Describe,
is

whose area

3-6 sq. in.

.'.

-1

90.

13.

Describe the

sq.

by the method
A.

of

Example 10 above.
in.

By measurement its 14. Let ABC lie Draw DH (V. 20.).

are equiangular the reqd. A
15.
(I.

side will be

found to be 1M9
Trisect

the given
II

AB
H.

to

BC

to

meet AC at
.'.

at D and E. AS ADH, ABC

20.

and

22.) '

^ ABC
E.

=
AB *

=
9

'

ADH

js

Let
II

Draw DE
example
16. to

ABC be to BC

the given A.
to

Take AD = JAB

meet AC at

As

(V. 20.). in the preceding

D,

" ADE

is

Produce AB to
||

AC and CE
is

to AD.

making BD equal Farm.

to BA.

Draw DE

ADEC

the reqd. pann.

134
17.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

From

[BookV.

the external pt. A draw any str. line cutting the B and C. Take X a mean proportional to AB, AC. With centre A and rad. X describe a circle cutting the given circle at D. AC AB = X 2 = AD 2 .'. AD is a tangent to the given
circle at
.

circle (IV. 15.).

and BC at rt. z_s to it 1*28 in. ABCD. To AB arid BC find a mean BE 2 = AB. BC and the sq. on BE proportional BE as in V. 24. is the sq. reqd. measurement BE = 2 in., and the diagonal By of the sq. on BE = 2 82 in.
18.

Draw AB

3*12

in.

long,

long,

and complete the

rect.

19. Draw L BAC = 30 with a protractor, or by bisecting the L of an equilateral A. Make AB==4 in. and AC = 5 in. Join Produce AB to D making AD = 4 '5 in. Join CD, and draw CB. to DC, to meet AC at E. BE Join DE. ABEC = ABED With to AD. .'. AADE-AABC. Thro. E draw EF (II. 5.)
II

||

centre A and rad. 3*25 in. describe a circle cutting Join AF. DF. AADF-AAED (II. 5.)-AABC .'. ADF
reqd.
20.

EF
is

at

F.

the

Use the method

of

Example 10 above.

21.

By V.

22. find

E a third proportional to A and B

Then

A*

(V. 12., Cor.

2.).

To

A, E,

and C

find a fourth propor-

tional D, as in V. 23.

Then

5^_^~

.*.

is

the reqd.

line.

With centre B and any rad 22. Let AB be the given line. describe a circle ; and with centre A and rad. double the first describe a second circle, cutting the first at C. Join AC, BC, AD AC 2 and bisect ziACB by AD meeting AB at D. pr^pH (V. 3.) = y
.".

is

a point of trisection of AB.

Bisecting

AD we have

the

other
23.

pt. of trisection.

line AC,

Let AB be the given str. line. Draw any other str. and in it make AD = 5 cms. and DE = 3 cms. Join EB,
||

and draw DF

to

EB

to cut

AB

at F.

=
FB

DE

(V. 2.)

= -.
3

Ex. L30V]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

line.

135

24.

Let AB be the given

With any

unit greater than

one-fifth of AB, describe a circle with centre A and rad. 3 units. Also with centre B and rad. 2 units describe a circle cutting

the

first

at C.

Join AC, BC, and produce AC to

E.

D.

Bisect

Z.BCD by CE meeting AB produced at

25.

| EB

= | CB

(V. 4.)

'1

Bisect AB at D, and draw DE perp. to AB, making DE = DA = DB. With centre A and rad. AE describe a circle cutting AB at F. Draw FG to BC, meeting AC at G. From As BDE, ADE,
II
.

Let ABC be the A.

art.

L,

and BE = AE

.'.

BA2 = 2EA 2

(II.

ll.)

= 2AF 2

Let ABC be the A. On AB describe the equilateral Bisect Z.ABD by BE, and draw AE pcrp. to BA to meet this line at E. With centre A and rad. AE describe a circle AB at F. Draw FG to BC to meet AC at G. z_ABE = cutting 30 and ^.BAE = a rt. L .'. ABEA is half the equilateral A on BE
26.

AABD.

||

'

2EA

:.

AB*-BE?-EA*-3EM
,

AAFG = AF 2 = AE 2 =
AB=i

AJP

= ^AABC.
equal to FA.
cutting

Again, at F draw FH perp. to

centre A and rad.
||

AB and

With
K.
'

AH

describe a circle

AK 2

AB at AH 2
77=9 AF J

Draw KM
..

to

BC

to

meet AC at M.
.*.

AAKM

FG and KM

trisect triangle

ABC.

27. to
C.

On AB
AB

so that the sq. on AB = the given sum of sqs. as diamr. describe a circle, centre O, and draw OD perp. Divide AB in the given ratio at to meet the circle at D.

Draw AB

BE.
rt.

Join DC, and produce it to meet the circle at E. Join AE, <LAEC= |.AOD = J a rt. L. In like manner LDEB = a
.'.

n -

AE 2 + BE 2 = AB 2 = the given sum of sqs. Also g^ ~ 55 AE and EB are the reqd. lines. (V. 3.)== the given ratio Seamd method. Let a and b denote the reqd. lines, so that
L
.'.

A/%

= _. b CB

Draw CD

perp. to AC,

making CD = CB.

Join AD.

136

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

2
2

[BookV.

2 2 2 2 2 b' __ b_CB " a + """ CB + CA' _ CD 4- CA _ DA " AB = DA2 " " 2 2 2 ar "a 2 CA CA CA" ~~CA a~CA
2
. .

a is a fourth proportional to DA. CA, AB, and .'. a fourth proportional to AC, CB, this can be found by V. 23. a gives b.
-

CA

denote the reqd. lines. Let AD be a str. line = AD 2 Divide AD at B and C in the so that a b c AB BC CD. Draw BE perp. to given ratios, BA and equal to BC. Join AE. Draw EF perp. to AE and 2 2 2 &2 + a2 b BC or* T AT = BC + 2AB = AE 2 Join AF. - = .. equal to CD. 1 a2 a AB AB AB 2 2 2 2 2 2 E fl + fr + c AD2 _AE +EF _AF
28.

Let

a, b, c

such that a 2

-f b- 4- (?

4.

~
c

f!_ f! ~ AB AB 2 AF AD AF 2 = T^J or -- = a is a MD MD
S0
*
'

^-CD ~~
a

"

'

'

///-

tt-

AB.

" ~ AB

'

a2

.*.

(?

fourth proportional to AF, AB, AD,

b

and
the

this

is

found as in V.

23.

and

can then be found by

method

of the preceding example.

29. Let a and b denote the reqd. lines, a being the Take AB such that AB'2 = a2 - b 2 = the given difference.
it

greater.

Divide

AB

n.t

in

the given ratio, so that

semicircle ADC,

and place a chord CD

a~CA
AD _~ CA
AB
.*.

"

~ =
""a 2

CA 2

__
~
CA 2

= AC f ^ h CB

On AC

describe a

in it equal to CB.
~~

Join

AB 2 _ A0 2 " 2 ~ 2 2 a CA CA

a fourth proportional to AD, CA, A B gives us the

this can

line a,

and

be found by V. 23.
b.

fourth proportional

to AC, CB, a gives us the line

Draw 30. Let ABC be the given A. With centre A and rad. equal to it.

meeting AB produced at E. produced at F. AS AEF, ABC are equiangular E -||

BD perp. to BA and AD describe a circle Draw EF to BC to meet AC

(I.

similar (V. 5.)

.'.

=2 = = AABC AB AB
.

20.)

and

.'.

/.

A AEF

is

similar to

A ABC and

twice

its area.

fix.

LX1V]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

137

Produce BA to D making 31. Let ABC be the given A. AD = AB, and on BD describe an equilateral A BDE. Join AE. With centre A and rad. AE describe a circle cutting AB produced at F. Draw FG to BC to meet AC produced at G. AE
||

is

perp. to

BD

(I

7.)

.'.

EA'-Etf- BA-3BA;
.'.

=
-^D'2

Also the As are similar by construction

AFG

is

the reqd. A.

Draw BD perp. to BA and 32. Let ABC be the given A. With centre A and rad. AD, describe a circle equal to 2BA. Draw EF to BC to meet AC procutting AB produced at E. _ , ,, i AAEF AE 2 AD 2 5AB 2 /TT 11X = 5. Also the c A1 ducedatF.
||

4.

___ ^ __,.._,
by construction
.'.

(II. ll.)

As are
33.

similar

AEF

is

the reqd. A.

Let ABC bo the given A. To AB and AC find a mean proportional X, and from AB and AC (produced if necessary) 2 Join DE. cut off AD = AE = X. liect. AB AC = X - rect AD AE .'. As ADE, ABC are equal in area (V. 10.). Also ADE
. .

is isosceles,

and

is

.*.

the reqd. A.
it

34.

Join OA, and divide

||

at F, so that

= the

given

ratio.
it

Draw FD

to
E.

AC

to

meet AB

at D.

Join

OD and

produce

to

meet AC at

?P-

= ?^

(V.

2.) -the given

ratio.

Describe the circum-circle, and from it cut off' a seg35. ment ACB containing an angle equal to the given vertical L Bisect arc AEB, on the opp. side of AB to the pt. C, (III. 25.). at E. Divide AB at D in the given ratio of the sides. Join ED and produce it to meet the circle at C. Join AC, CB.

Arc AE = arc BE
.'.

.*.

^.ACE

= ^BCE

.'.

=
CB

ACB
36.

is

the

Let

A reqd. AAOB be gr.

DB

the given ratio.

that

OF OF

is
.'.

than A COD. Take a pt. F in OA such a fourth proportional to OB, OC, and OD. Then

_-:?-?

OC

OB.OF = OC.OD
OB = A COD 5.)
||

/.

ABOF = ACOD
E.

(V.

10.).

Thro. F draw FE

to

to
.'.

meet AB at

Join OE.

ABEO

= ABOF

(II.

BEO

is

the reqd. A.

138

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Make AD =
1-5 in. so that

[BookV.

37.

DB = '9
BE
-

in.

DB
-/

=
9

=
o

In

AB produced make BE = 3 '6

Exercises the locus.
38.
Iv.

in.

tM

= ?- =:p
DE

Then

as in
is

3,

we

see that the circle on

as diameter

Let

CB

be the given

ratio,

ACB being a

str. line.

On

AB
D.
sq.,

describe a semicircle and draw CD perp. to AB to meet it at In CD make CE equal to a side of the given Join DA, DB.

and
i

to DA, DB respectively to meet AB in F AC.CB-=CD 2 (V. 9.). Also AS ECF, ACD are similar CE CD CE 2 CE = CD CD 2 r-^ r.^ and .. and AECG, DCB

and draw EF, EG

G.
.

||

_ _

-,

-^
v

g^-^--^
/.

=
.*.

/.

CE^CF.CG.
rect.

Also

CF CA

^(V. CD

-5? 2.)
'

CB

CG

^-^ CB

the
39.

CF CG
.

in the rcqd. rect.

Let AB be a side of the given equilateral A. Divide in the given ratio. On AB describe a semi-circle, and draw CD perp to AB to meet it at D. Join AD, BD. 2 A on AD AC AB AC Equilateral------- = AD A f j = Also the sum of A on BD BD 2 BC BA BC Equilateral these As = equilateral A on AB (V. 15.) .'. the equilateral As on AD, BD are the reqd. As.

AB

at

40. On AB, 3*8 in. long, describe a semi-circle ABC. Draw Draw DC to BA to meet BD, 1-3 in. long, at rt. L$ to BA. the semi-circle at C, and draw CE perp. to BA. ^.ACB is a rt.
||

.'.

AE.EB-CE
Let

segments.
41.

= BD 2 AE, EB are the By measurement, AE = 3'28 in. and BE == -52

2

(V.

9.)

.'.

reqd.
in.

ABCDE be
\\

the given figure, ab

I.
\\

str. line.
||

to BC, ac abcde is similar to

Using the method of to AC, cd to CD, ad

to AB) the given method), draw be to AD, de to DE, ae to AE,

(||

31. (1st

\\

\\

\\

ABCDE

(V. 25.).

42. Let D be the given pt, in AB, BD being gr. than DA. Take E in BC such that BE = JBC (V. 20.). Join DE and draw AF to DE to meet AB in F. Join DF. ADEF = ADAE .'.
||

Ex. LXIV]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

.

139

= = ADFG = ADFB (II.

AAHD = JAABC.
.'.

CF<FB,

as in the

To BD, AB, BE Rn RF = BD.BF = AB.BE AB BF

| A ABC.
43.

point H in AC such that F might also be found as follows. Then find a fourth proportional BF (V. 23.).

and 6.) first part, find a

pt.

If CF>FB, from FC cut off FG = FB. = ^AABC the problem is solved. If

The

.'.

ABDF = AABE

(V.

10.) '

Let ABC be the A, P the given

pt.

within

it.

Join PA,
;

PB, PC.

Draw AD
||

||

to

draw AE
Divide Let M

to

AABP-ABPD
DE
fall

PC to and AAPC-APCE

PB to meet CB produced at D and meet BC produced at E. Join PD, PE.

(II.

5.)

.'.

ADPE-AABC.
(V. 21.).

into four equal parts,

to

DL, LM,
it.

MN, NE
to

within BC, L and N without

Join PM.

Draw
R.

LQ

||

to

PB

meet AB at Q, and NR

||

to

CP
.'.

meet AC at

AAQP4 ABQP = AAPB = APBD (II. 5.) = APBL +APLD. But ABQP = ABPL (II. 5.) AAQP = APLD = = |AABC. In like manner, A APR = ^ A ABC. Also JAPDE = A PBM 4- A PQB = A PBM + A PBL (II. 5.) - A LMP quad!. M PQB = APDE = AABC. In like manner, quadl. PMCR = ^AABC the str. lines PQ, PM, PR divide the A into four equal
Join PQ, PR.
.'.

parts.

44.
E,

falling

Let ABC be the A. Draw AD perp. to BC, and bisect BC^at between D and B. Let BGH be the reqd. A, GH

being perp. to 61 *
for

BC

at G.

by y

similar AS,

2ABGH AABC G H = ??
-

JM^ JMJQH__Btf AD LBC.AD

BE.

BE.BD'

.'.

AD

BD

BG 2 = BE

BD.

Hence the

To BE and BD take a mean proporfollowing construction. tional BG along BC. Draw GH perp. to BC to meet AB at H.
the given pt. in AB. Join 45. Let ABCD be the quadl., OD, OC. Draw AE to OD to meet CD produced at E. Draw BF to OC to meet DC produced at F. Join OE, OF. AOEF Bisect EF at G. Join OG. Fig. ADGO *=fig. ABCD (II. 5.).
|| ||

= AOGD + AOAD = AOGD + AOED (II. * ABCD OG bisects the quadl. fig.
.*.

5.)=*

AEOG

140
46.

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

[BookV.

Let O be the given pt. in the side AB of the quadl. Reduce the quadl. to a triangle OEF as in the preDivide EF into three equal parts EG, GH, ceding example. HF (V. 21.). Join OG, OH. As in the preceding, fig. DGOA = AEOG = quadl. ABCD. In like manner AOGH =fig. OHCB = \ quadl. ABCD .'. OG, OH divide the quadl. into three equal
A BCD.
-J-

parts.

Join AC, BD. Draw AE perp. to 47. Let ABCD be the sq. With centre A and ran. AE AC, and make .-ACE equal to 30. describe a circle cutting AD at F. Draw FG to BD, to meet AB at G. EC - 2AE. EC- - AE 2 - AC J .'. 3AE- - AC 2 = 2AB 2 .'. AE 2 2 AAFG ' AF 2 = AE 2 = 2 = A1S A AFG & 3 ADB = I 1AB* 3' A ADB AD* AB* 3
||
. '

'

ABCD.
||

Cutting off

to DB,

ACHK = J
AB

sq.

DH from DC equal to GF and ABCD

.'.

DF,

and drawing HK
||

HK,

to BD, trisect

the sq.
48.

In

5 cms. long take a pt.

C such

that

PR OD ^
W f\

"1 '

r "

(V. 21.).

On AB
60
49.

describe a segment of a circle containing an angle of and use the method of Example 35 above.

Draw

L.

BAG -45, and take

AC

=-.
5

Join BC.

Draw

AD perp. to BC and from it, produced if necessary, cut off AE = (?'5 cms. Draw FEG perp to AE, meeting AC, AB ut F and G. AC AD AB AF AC 5 o similar A1 u = = Also the alt. of AS .. .-_ = ._ = -. By y AF AE AG AG AB 3 AFG is the A reqd. AAFG = 6-5 cms.
-i
.

.,

.*.

Take X a j)erp. to AB and equal to 1 cm. fourth proportional to AB, AE, and AC, and from AE produced cut off AF = X. Draw FHK to AB, and bisect ^.CAF by AH
||

50. Draw AB 8'6 cms. Draw

3'7 cms.

and from

it

produced cut

off

AC =

AE

ABKH is the reqd. to AH. meeting FK at H. Draw BK parm. Draw BG perp. to AB to meet FHK at G. Farm. ABKH
||

rect.

ABGF

(IT. 3.)

= AB AF = AB X = AE AC = 8-6
.

sq.

cms.
centre

51^

Make ^ACB = 41, and

and
let

cut

off AC = 3'1

in.

With
at B.

A and rad. /.BCD = 63

2*7 in. describe a circle cutting

BC

CD meet BA produced

at D.

Make To BA

EX.LXIV]

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

BE = X.

141

and BD find a mean proportional X

BD

cut off

AEBF

BE 2

CB at F. BA.BD = BA = AABC - DC = AD " AEBF AABC and

||

Draw EF

to

CD
.

(V. 24.), to meet

.

and from
,

BD ACDB EBF is the reqd.

A.
.*.

Draw perp. diameters AOB, COD zLACB = z. in semicircle = a rt. L. Also from Similarly LS at A, B, D are rt. z.s. ADBC is a sq. With centre As AOC, BOC, AC=BC (I. 4.) D and rad. DO describe^ circle cutting the first circle in
52.
.'.

E and
in

F.

C,

E,

F are alternate
.'.

pts.

of

a regular hexagon

the

circle.

CEF

is

an equilateral A.

To EF and

AD take
Cor. 2.) '
ratio of
f*

a third proportional

(V. 22.).

^? =

~.

=
X

sq.

on side of equilateral i_
sq.

__ m the

A
.
:

(V.
^

12.
,

T.

circle

J5y J
3.

measurement the

to

EF

will be

found to be 2
str.

53.

Let AB, BC
||

be the given

Draw OD

to

CB

to

meet BA at

D.

In

AO and produce it to AOC is the reqd. line. Make ^.BAE 60, the pt. 54. Let ABCD be the given sq. E being in BC produced. From BE cut off BF a mean proporDraw FG to EA to meet AB at G. In tional to BC and BE. - BF. Join FH, AC. ^ GFB = -^ = ?? AB produced make BH AAEB BE BE AARO
Join
.'.

= 2BD.

(V. 2.)

O the given pt. BD produced make DA AO AD = meet BC at C. OC DB

lines,

||

:=A-

(V. 1.)

.'.

AGFB-AABC
is

/.

AGFH = 2 AABC = square

=
/_BGF

ABCD.

Also

AGFH

equilateral, since L.H

= 60.

Take BE-JBA (V. 20.). Make 55. Let ABCD be the sq. z.PBE-60 P falling in CD. Join PE. 'APBE-^V sq. ABCD. To BE and BP take a mean proportional FG (V. 24.). On FG describe an equilateral A FOG. AFOG = APBE (V. 10.). With centre O and rad. OF or OG describe a circle, and round its circumference set off chords GH, HK, KL, LM each equal to its radius. FGHKLM is a regular hexagon and is equal to six
,

times
56.

A FOG,

and

is

therefore equal to the sq.

Bisect triangle. to AD, AC,

Let ABC be the equilateral

cut off

AC

at D,

From AC

AF a mean proportional

and draw

142

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

||

[Book V.

FG
FK,

to

CB

to

meet AB

in G.

Draw

FH,

GH

perp. to AF,

AK

perp. to FG,

AG; AL, GL perp. to FA, FG.

AG The hexagon

57.
If

EOF and

O be the pt. within the circle. Draw any chd take OD a mean proportional to OE and OF (V. 24.). x and y are the segments of the reqd. chord, # y OE OF
Let
.

= OD 2

...

(1).

Take a

line

p
y

such that

=
-^-

the given ratio

...

\ju y the following construction.

= ?...(2).

From(l)

~=

=?
f

.\

=y. OD

(3).

Hence

jc/

Take p

(as

above) such that the

(3)] is

= given ratio

(V. 23.) then one

segment [by

mean

proportional between

p and OD.

58. On AB the given base describe a segment of a circle conDraw AC taining an angle equal to the given vertical angle. Let P, Q be the sides of the given rectangle. To a diameter. At A draw AD AC, P and Q take a fourth proportional X. Draw DE to AB to meet the to AB and equal to X. perp. Draw EF perp. to AB. Kect. AE.EB = rect. circle at E.
||

AC. EF (V. 1.)=-AC.X = P.Q.

.'.

Also A.AEB-the given angle

AEF

is

the reqd. A.

59. Draw AB 3 in. long, and with centre A and rad. 2 '3 in. Draw BC perp. to AB * in. long, and draw describe a circle. CD to BA to meet the circle at D. Join DB. Draw DE perp. DE= J x 3 x = 1 sq. in. By Area of to AB. measurement DB^ 1*04 in. If we take the other pt. where CD meets the circle, we obtain a second A satisfying the given conditions.
||

AADB^AB

ij

60. Draw a str. line ABCD, such that AB= 1 in., BC = 3 in., BD = 4'7 in. On AC and AD (on the same side of the line) draw semi-circles. Draw BEF perp. to ABC to meet the circles at E and F. Join EA, EC. Draw FG to EA and FH to EC BG = to meet ABC at G and H. BA BE BC BH BC 3 2 Also BG BH = BF (for LGFH - ^AEC = a rt. L) - BA BD = 4'7 the rect. contained by BG and BH is the reqd. rect. sq. in.

||

^ H.^.l
.
'
'

||

.".

Ex. LJOVJ

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

143

61.

in.

To AB

a str. line AB 3*28 in. long, and AC at rt. LS to it Join BC. Make ^BAD = 60, and draw CD to AB. AB and AD find a mean proportional X, and from AD and Join EF. z.FAE-60 and cut off AF = AE = X.
long.
||

Draw

'.

AAEF

is

equilateral. 4

Also

.*.

AAEF - AADB = A ACB =

x 2 x

AADB AD.AB 3'28 = 3'28 sq. in.

^_.

(V. 10.) V '

62. Draw the diagonals AOC, BOD of the quadl. A BCD. On OA describe an equilateral AOEA, and draw EF perp. to OA. From OA cut off OG = EF. Draw GH to AD to meet OD at to DC to meet OC at K, KL to CB to meet OB at L, H, HK
||

||

||

OE.

Also since

OCB, and As OLG,

pairs of
.'.

= ^OBA 55^ = 5^
are in the
.'.

As

OHK OCD As OLK

>

>

>

same

ratio.

As
is

are similar

FHKL
63.

the quadls. FHKL, the reqd. quadl.

ABCD

Also these are similar

Describe the circum-circle. Let AE be a diameter of it. z_EAF equal to the given difference of angles, and make AF equal to the side AD of a rectangle on AE equal to the given rectangle con til. by the sides. Through F draw a pcrp. to AF to meet the circumference in B, C. Join AB, AC. AB.AC^AE.AF (V. 18.)-= the given rectangle. L.C -LB = 90 -B-(90 -C)-^BAF-^ECB = <LBAF-zLEAB (III. 12.) =

Make

LEAF = the given 64. If BAC is

than AC,
a ^ O.

angle.

the reqd.

let the bisector of the ext.

.

on given base BC, AB being gr. ^CAE meet BC produced

Also z_AOC
diff.
A ,

BO BA ^ = AC ~ OC
-77;

the given ratio.

-

= C- i.CAE =
Hence
a>b.

C-B =
^

| the given

of base angles.

the following construction.

Let
A

r-

= the
in

Take a
==

line

X such that
1 a~b
.'.

^~
t>O

given

ratio,

and

BC produced make CO

X.

=
BC

=^: BO

= -.
a

Thro.

O draw OA making L BOA &

144

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

[Book V.

= J given diff. of base angles. Draw CD perp. to OA and produce it to E, making DE = DC. Join BE cutting ODA at A.
Join AC.
(V. 4.)

In AS ADC, ADE,
7.

LCAD = LDAE (L 4.) ^Q^QC Also L.C-LB = 2LAOC = given L, as above;

.*.

.".

ABC

is

the

reqd.

EXEECISES LXV.
1.

AS ABE, BCF are equal

.'.

in all respects

(I.

4.)

.*.

LBEQ

= z_BFC

Also AS BGE,

AS BEG, BFC are equiangular .*. AG -- BG

^^ET^o.'.

AGB

are equiangular

.'.

=2

AG = 2BG
.'.

QLJ

AD

-4GE
= 2HF
2

.'.

QE=J-AE.

/.

=2 From AS AHB, CHF, p^=~^ BH = fBF=:jAE = -GE i.e. BG + GH = GE

BA.AD n = AC.AE
>
.

BH

.'.

GH

'

EC

AEAC

'

" BA_AE.BD

AC~AD.EC

AC'2
3.

CD CE
.

Let the
0.
_
J

line joining

to the mid. pt. of the base

(I.
.

BC
3.)

meet CD at

AC
.

bisects Z.BAC
.*.

7.)
.

.'.

~ BD ~ AB AD
as AB,

DA

^B BD = AD 2

CD

is

divided in the same ratio

^=^ ?

(V.

divided in extreme and mean ratio. The solutions of 4-8 will be found on page 178.
i.e. it is

EXERCISES LXVI.
1.

and

2.

Done

in the text-book,

3.

moving

Let A and B be the fixed pts. and P one position of the Let the internal and external bisectors of the L P pt.
D.

meet AB and AB produced at C and

^5.

CB

= ^?
PB

(V. 3.) v '

=a

Ex.

UOV-LXVI]
.*.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

145

is a fixed point for all positions of P. Similarly a fixed pt. .". the locus of P is a circle on CD as diameter, for LCPD is a rt. L.

constant
4.

by V.
4.

is

Let AP be the given

it
:

str. line.
-. is

Draw OA

perp. to AP,
it
-

and divide

at

B
1

so that

OB = ^

Draw

OP, and divide

at

so that
.'.

OB -~ .'.

QP
is
||

= -.
to

Join BQ.

Q
is

a pt. on the locus. l

=
pt.

QP
||

QB

AP

.'.

Z.OBQ

rt. L.

Also B

is

a fixed

the

str. line

QB

is

the locus reqd, viz. a

str. line

to the

given
5.

str. line.

EF

at

EF. locus of P

Draw the str. line AB to meet the given str. lines, CD, B and A. Bisect AB at P, and draw MPN perp. to CD and the From AS APN, BPM, PN = PM, and MN is constant
||

.'.

is

str. line

||

to the given str. lines

and equidistant

from them.
6. If AB be the given base, P any position of the vertex on the given line PE, Q the intersn. of the medians lies in DP such

that
in

= -, when D
str. line.

is

the mid. pt. of AB.

locus of

Thus we
a
str. line
||

see,

as

Example 4 above, that the

7.

is

to the

given
circle

On the given base BC describe a segment, BAG, of a containing an angle equal to the given vertical angle Then the arc is the locus of the vertex of the (III. 23.). A (III. 12.). Bisect BC at D. Join AD. Then the intersn. of
the medians
lies

at P in DA,

where

DP

1 = -.

Draw PE

||

to AB,

and PF

||

to

AC

to

meet BC at E and

F.

EB

=
PA

=^
1

.'.

is

a fixed pt. In like manner, F is a fixed pt. Also z_EPF = Z.BAC (I. 20.) = the given L .*. the locus of P is an arc of a circle on EF, containing an angle equal to the given angle.

The base and area being constant, the altitude of the to the constant, i e. the vertex lies on a fixed str. line The locus -can now be found as in Example 4 above. base,
8.

is

||

146
9.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

||

[BookV.
is

line

(1) to them.

When

the given

str. lines

are

||,

the locus

str.

(2)

When
pt.

they intersect,

let

AB,

AC be

the given

linos.

Let

P be any
AC.

on the
.,

locus,
pt.

In

AP take any
.

and draw PM, PN perp. to AB and Q and draw QR, QS perp. to AB and

AC.

By

smulor AS

QS -- = QA - QR

- -

.
.

QS
.

PN
.

^ Q

is

on the locus .'. the locus is the str. line AP. The line AP is however only part of the locus, for in the same way it may be shown that pts. on a str. Hue thro. A and within the L formed by AB and AC produced satisfy the given condition.
10. Describe any circle PAD passing thro, the pts. A and D. Also thro. P, B, C, describe another circle cutting the former
circle

^--

pt.

Kect.

OA OD = rect. OP OQ - rect. OB OC
.
.

again at Q.
take a

Join

QP and

produce
.

it

to

meet AD at
1

0.

(IV.

4.).

and

OD
R ou

mean
rad.

With
pt.

centre*
it.

O and
OA.
>2

proportional OE in the line OE describe a circle ERS and take any

2

To OA OABCD.

OD-OE -OR

.*.

QR^QD "

AS OAR>
.

ORD are similar OA.OD = OE we

L OCR. But ^ARB-^ORB-^ORA and .'. Z-ARB=^<LCRD .'. the locus of pts. at which AB and CD subtend equal ^s is the circle ERS. By Ixv. 2. it can be shewn to be the same question as Ixvi. 3.
It is 11. Let ABC be the A P, Q, R the given str. lines. on the sides reqd. to find a pt. O such that the perps. from On the same side of BC, CA, AB are proportional to P, Q, R. BC as A, draw BD perp. to BC and equal to P. On the same side of AC as B draw CE perp. to AC and equal to Q. Draw
;

.'. Also since OB OC can prove in the same way that z.ORB

/_ORA = ^.ODR,

= =

DF and EF to BC and AC, meeting at F, The perps. from F on BC and AC are equal to P and Q respectively .'. the pt. In the same way a line BQ may be found in reqd. lies in CF. which the reqd. pt. lies .'. it lies at the pt. where CF and BQ
||

meet.
12.
it is

angular

Let A be the fixed angular pt., B any position of the pt. in the given line EF, and C the vertex whose locus reqd. to find. If the circum-circle of AABC meet EF at Q,

Ex. LXVI-VIII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

is
.'.

147

Z.AQB
pt.
.'.

= supplement of z_C and

AG
is
.'.

constant.

Also A
is

is

a fixed

a fixed

line.

segment
line

^BGC

is

Join GO. z_BGC fixed .'. the locus of

= /_BAC
C

in the

same
str.

the fixed

GO.

Let AB, polar of Q. polar of P passes thro. O .". the polar of O passes thro P. In like manner the polar of O passes thro. Q .'. PQ is the polar of O.
1.

Let

EXERCISES LXVII. AB be the polar of P, CD the

The

CD meet

at O.

2. 3.

With the

fig.

of

Example

above,

is

the pole of PQ.

Q is the fig on p. 372, let P be the fixed pt. It is reqd. to find the locus of Q. pole of the str. line ABP. This is proved on p. 372 to be a str. line at rt. z_s to OP.
the
4. If P and Q be the pts. and O the centre of the circle, OP and OQ are respectively perp. to the polars of P and Q the ^POQ = the L between the polars of P and Q.
.'.

With

EXERCISES LXVIII.
p.
.'.

1. Let PB, P'B' be two z_OBP = z_OB'P' and 376).

||

radii of the circles (see

fig.

on

LO

is

common

to

AS OPB, OB'P'

OP
Or
radii

-=->, PB
.".

PB

i.e.

PP'

is

divided externally in the ratio of the

is

a centre of similitude.

In like manner,

if

PB,

in opp. directions, it will be seen that BB' divides PP' internally in the ratio of the radii, and .". passes
P'B' are

drawn

thro, a centre of similitude.

on

best proved by means of the prop, on Transversals Let A, B, C be the centres of the circles R 1? R 2 R Let P be the internal c. of similitude of A and B, Q the internal c. of similitude of C and A, R the external c. of AP R 1 Q R 3 and BR R 2 .1. , * i i o A similitude of B and C. 55 ^p ITS PR R R CR P AQ p>
2.

This

is

p. 379. their radii.

:{

AP RR 00 PP'^P ArS BP CR AQ
.

"

>

>

R are collinear (prop, on

p. 379).

In

like

manner, the rest of the prop,

may

be proved.

148

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book V.

3. Let a circle (centre A) touch the circles whose centres are C and D at P and W. Also let a circle (centre B) touch the circles whose centres are C and D at Q and V. Take the case where P and lie on one side of CD and Q and V on the

Let QP meet circle opp. side, all the contacts being external. A again at R. Join CA (passing thro. P), CB (passing thro. Q), and AR. From the isos. AsCPQ, ARP we sec that CQ is to
||

.'. QR passes thro, the external c. of AR, i.e. QB and AR are similitude of circles A and B. In like manner, passes thro, the same c. of similitude. Let O be this centre. I)raw OEF a
||

VW

common OW OV
.

and

D.

OP OQ OE OF tangent to circles A and B. O is a pt. on the radical axis of circles C .'. (p. 376) In the same way we may prove the other cases of the
.
.

prop.

Take 4. Let A and B be the centres of the fixed circles. the case where the variable circle of centre P touches them both externally. Join PA, PB passing thro, the pts. of contact, Let DC meet the circle (centre A) again at E. Join AE. C, D. From the isos. AS PCD, ACE we see that PD is to AE, i.e. BD is to A E .'. DE passes thro, the external c. of similitude of the fixed circles. In the same way the other cases may be
|| ||

proved.

EXERCISES LXIX.
so that AB and AC are equal to the given str. as diameter describe a circle, and from A draw If the chd. of contact DE meets BC at tangents AD, AE to it. Join BD, DC. A.ADB = ^BCD (in F, AF will be the H.M. reqd. alt. segt.) = .BDF (V. 9.) .*. DB Insects the intr. ^.ADF of AADF.
1.

Take ABC

lines.

On BC

BDC
:.

is

rt.

AC, AF,
2.

AB

.'. DC bisects the extr. are in H.M. (p. 384).

of

AADF

.'.

^ = ^= Uh

With the same figure AB-f AC-2AB + BC- 2AB + 2BO AO is the A.M. between AB and AC. Also AD 2 = AB AC (IV. 14.) AD is the O.M. between AB and AC. From AO AD = similar AS ADF, AOD i.e. the A.M., G.M., and H.M. are AD AF

-2AO
.

.'.

.'.

in continued proportion.

Ex.

LXVIIMXJ
3.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

149

external pt. O draw OA, OB, tangents to, cutting at P, Q the circle whose centre is D. Join AB cutting OD at C and OQ at R. OP OQ = OA 2 = OC.OD for <LACO is a rt. L .'. P, Q, D, C (IV. H.) are concyclic .'. z_PCO supplement of ^.PCD = A.PQD = ^.DPQ^^DCQ .'. CO bisects the extr. L of APCQ. Also

From an

and

OPRQ

ACO

is

rt.

L
i.e.

.'.

CA
is

Insects the

intr.

APCQ

.*.

OQ CQ -^ = 7^

(V. 4.)

= QR
RP
,

PQ

divided internally and externally in

the same ratio at R and

.'.

OQ

is

cut harmonically at P
at P,

and

R. 4.

Let the transversal

DPEQ meet BC

CE

at E,

and

AC produced at Q. From the similar DB DP 7^ Kt from the similar As BPD, CPE Uc

QD AD AS QEC, QDA, ^r-^^rQE CE

.'.

DE

is

divided
.'.

internally at

P, and externally at Q in the same ratio D and E are harmonically conjugate with respect Sts. P and Q. ts. FP AP RP 5. From the similar AS AEC, AOD,

the

to the

--.=__ OD AD BD
OB

(hyp.) Jl '

=
at

OD
6.

from the similar AS CBF, DBO

.'.

CE = CF.

Draw

A'C'B'D'
D'.

any transversal cutting OA, OC, OB,

E'C'F'
||

OD
and

A', C', B',

Draw

to

OD

cutting OA,

at E'

As in Example 5 above, E'C' C'F'. Thus in AOE'F' the F'. transversal A'C'B'D' is drawn through C' the mid. pt. of E'F' .'. as in Example 4 above, A'B' is divided harmonically at C' and D'.
7.

To CA and CB take a mean

proportional X, and from

CBAcutoff CE = CF = X. AF BF CE + CB

= ^c

Ufc.

^, UD
in

and F
8.

T-= = _-_ AB is divided harmonically At tit such a manner that CE = CR

.

CA.CB = CE 2 QC^QQ QA ...... ... A

'

CA

CE

.'.

CA + CE QE
at

i.e.

Let

OC

arid

OD

bisect internally

and externally the

Z.AOB.
.'.

Draw any
is

transversal

ACBD.

-^^ DB
D.

~D OB

(V. 4.)

CB

AB

divided harmonically at

C and

150

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

EXERCISES LXX.
1.

IBookVt

Let A be the fixed

BP 2 = AP 2 -AB 2 (II. 11.) perp. to the plane. since AP is of constant length; .'. the locus of whose centre is the fixed pt. B.

pt.,

P one of the

pts. in

AB

=a
P

the plane,
constant,
is

circle

Let AB bo the fixed str. line, P any position of the If P move only in the plane PAB its locus is a pt. str. line PQ to AB .'. the locus of all the positions of P is the surface generated by allowing PQ, to move without altering its distance from AB, i.e. a right cylinder whose axis is AB (VII.
2.

moving

||

Def. 14.).

Let A, B be the given pts., P a position of the moving P remain in the plane PAB its locus is the line bisecting AB at rt. LS (I. 23.). The complete locus is found by revolving the figure about AB, and is therefore the plane bisecting AB at
3.

pt.

If

rt. z.s.

4.

Let

A,

B be the

perp.

to AB.

AN 2
.'.

--

BN 2 - AP 2 - BP 2
the locus of P

fixed pts.,

P the moving
(II.
is

11.)

=a

pt.

Draw PN
constant
.'.

is

a fixed pt.

a plane cutting

AB

at

rt. LB.

5.

Let

A,

pt. of

AB
.'.

B be the fixed pts., P the moving pt., C the mid. 2CP2 + 2AC 2 = AP2 + BP2 - a constant /. CP = a conis

stant
6.

the locus of P
A, B,

Let

C be the
.'.

PD perp. to the plane ABC. PA2 = PB 2 =PC 2 (hyp.) AD 2 = BD 2 = CD 2 (II. 11.) D is the circum-centre of the AABC the locus of P is the perp. to the plane ABC drawn through the circum-centre. There is no such point if A, B, C arc collincar. The reqd. line is 7. Cut off equal lengths OA, OB, OC.
.'.
.'.

a sphere whose centre is C. three given points, P the moving

pt.,

the perp. OP from to the plane ABC. For the right-angled As OAP, OBP, OCPare equal in all respects (I. 17.) .'. OP is

equally inclined to OA, OB, OC.

Let ABDC be a skew quadl., E, F, G, H the mid. pts of EF is to BC and equal to ^BC (Ex. xx. 1.); so also is QH. .'. EF is equal and to GH. .'. EFHG is a parm. (ILL). .*. 9. As in the last question EF, GH are they are in one plane .'. EH and GF are concurrent.
8.

AB, AC, DB, DC.

||

||

||

Ex. LXX-LXXI]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETBY.

EXERCISES LXXI.
of
||

151

A, B be two points, E the mid. pt. Let GEH be their projections on the plane.
1.

Let

AB

C, F,

to
(I.

CA,

DB
2.

= BH

at G, H.

AGAE- AHBE

.*.

AC + BD - GC + HD = 2EF

in all respects
(II. 2.).

CD meeting GA 16.)
.'.

Let A, B, C be three pts., G their centroid, D the mid. BC. Let H, K, L, N, M be the projections of these 5 pts. on the plane. Let PGQ be to HM meeting HA, MD in P, Q.
pt. of
||

From

similar

As PGA, QGD,

PA

DQ GD 2QM-PA + 2

AG

^
1

=~.

As

in Question

1,

+ 2GN-3GN.
contains

the plane APQ which Similarly the APQ is perp. to the second plane, .". the plane APQ is plane perp. to the common section of the other two planes (VI. 17.).
3.
.'.

AP is perp. to the first plane, AP is perp. to the first plane

(VI. 16.).

Let PQR, SQR be intersecting planes. planes meeting PQR in AB, DE, and AB is to DE, and BC is to EF (VI. H.) (VI. 10.).
4.

be

II

||

||

Let ABC, DEF SQR in BC, EF. ^ABC-/.DEF

.'.

Let QR be 5. Let a sir. line PQ meet a plane XY in Q the projection of PQ. PQR is the minimum L. For in XY draw any other line QS making it equal to QR. PR is perp. to the plane .'. PRS is a rt. L .'. PS>PR .*. in As PQS, PQR,
LPQ.B
is

gr.

than

^PQR

(L

15.).

6. Let PO be equally inclined to three str. lines OA, OB, OC which are in a plane. Let PQ be perp. to the plane, Q Make OA equal to OB. In AS POA, lying within the Z.AOB. POB, PA = PB (I. 4.) .'. in the right-angled As PQA, PQB, QA -QB (I. 17.) .'. in AS AOQ, BOQ, Z.AOQ-LBOQ (I. 7.) .*. Q lies on the bisector of the Z.AOB. Similarly Q lies on the bisector of the Z.AOC .". Q lies at the common pt., viz. O, i.e.

PO

is

perp. to the plane.

||

Let AB, CD be str. a plane XY. Let AK, CL be

7.

AB
.'.

their projections on is to CG (VI. 6.), is to CD (hyp.) .'. the planes BAE, DCG are (VI. 13.) their intersections with XY, viz EF, GH are (VI. 14.). The
lines,

EF,

GH

||

to EF, GH.

AE

||

||

||

||

152

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETBY.

[Book

VL
.'.

As BAK, DCL are equiangular to each other (VI.

10.)

AB_AK_EF
CD~CL~GH"
8.

Let ABCD be the base,

'

height.

O OA 2 = OE 2 + AE 2 -2AE 2
,

= 2AE 2 AB 2 = similarly OB,

the vertex,

OE

the vertical

EXERCISES LXXII.
BC its projection on Q. Let BD 1. Let AB be the line L. to BD. be the trace of Q on P, and let AG, CF be AC is porp. to the plane Q .'. ACF is a rt. L .'. CAG is a rt. L (L 20.). AB is perp. to the plane P .'. ABD is a rt. L .'. BAG is a rt. L (L 20.) .'. AG is perp. to the plane ABC (VI. 4.) .'. DB is perp. to the plane ABC (VI. 8.) .'. DBC is a rt. L.
||

to a str. line CD, which is in a plane P. are in one plane .'. if AB met the plane P in a point R, R would lie in the plane ABDC .'. R would lie in the intersection of the planes, i.e. in CD .'. AB and CD would not be parallel.
2.
||

Let AB be

AB and CD

3.

Let the planes be

||,

P,

are not

let AB,

AC be the

with R. Then the pt. A with R passes through A.

4.

If the lines of intersection Q, R. intersections of P with Q, and P lies on R .'. the intersection of

containing BC
.".

pt., BC the given str. line, P a plane AE perp. to the plane P. Let AD be perp. to D and A are fixed points, and AED a rt. L BC. Join DE. the locus of E is a circle whose diameter is AD for E must lie in a plane through A perp. to BC (Question 1).

Let A be the given

;

5.

Let A be the centre.

B.

Join OA, and draw

QB
.'.

||

to

PA
a

meeting OA at
fixed pt.

Also

QB == OQ
Hr A
i

Then ^r

OB = OQ

^r^=a given
.'.

ratio

is

7:5 ==a given ratio \Jt

A,

QB = a

constant
B,

as P traces a circle round .'. and PA remaining parallel.

6.

traces a circle

round

QB

The same

as 4.

Ex. LXX1-II1)

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

CD
||

153

7.

Let AB,

be

||

str.

jections.

AE

is

to

BAE
8.

is

||

^.ABE

= ^CDF(VI.

to plane

CF (VI. 6.), AB is DCF (VI. 13.) BE

.'.

lines; let BE, DF be their proto CD (hyp.) .'. plane

||

is

||

to

DF

(VI. 14.)

.'.

10.).

Let P be any position of the pt., PQ perp. to BC the Let R, 8 be the projections of intersection of the planes. P on the planes. PR=PS (hyp.) .'. PQ bisects ^SQR (I. 17.) .'. the locus of P is a plane bisecting the angle between the
given planes.
9.

The

locus

is

of planes bisecting

the the

str.
z_s

line which is the intersection between two pairs of the given

planes (see the preceding). 10. If the 4 planes form a tetrahedron, the pts. are the centres of spheres touching the 4 faces. sphere may touch 5 points. all internally, or one externally, the rest internally.

EXERCISES LXXIII.
Let ABCD be a skew quadl., BD a diagonal. Z.ABC is than <iABD+^CBD (VI. 18.). Z.CDA is less than ^.BDA-f ^BDC (VI. 18.) .'. /.ABC + /LBCD + /.CDA + ^-DAB is less than the sum of the z>s of the AS ABD, CBD, i.e. less than 4 rt. z.s. 2. Let BAC, CAD, DAB be the containing z_s, AP any line, <LPAB + Z.PAO/-BAC (VI. 18.).
1.

less

^.DAB.
3. Let ABC be a A, DEF an inscribed A, P any pt. outside the plane of ABC. Z.BPF + z.BPD>^FPD (VI. 18.). Z.CPD + z_CPE>z.DPE, z_EPA-t-LAPF>z.EPF .'. by addition the result

follows.

Let a plane BCD cut AC at rt. LS in D. Let the plane L (i.e. the angle BDC) meet BC at E. BO = CO, and BD = CD (I. 16.) /. in As BDE, CDE, BE = CE in AS BOE, COE, z.BEO = ^CEO (I. 7.), and the LS at (I. 4.) .'.
4.

bisecting the dihedral

E are rt. LS. .'. CE is perp. to EO and ED. .'. the plane CBO which contains CE is perp. to the plane DEO (VI. 16.). Let D 5. Let AB, AC be equally inclined to a plane BCD. be the projection of A. In AS ABD, ACD, ^ABD*=z.ACD (hyp.),

154

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

AD
is

[Book

vt

the angles at D are equal, and

.'.

common

.'.

AB = AC

^ABC = ^.ACB

(1.

16.)

(I. 5.).

The plane AOB 6. Let AOE, BOF be the perpendiculars. contains AE and is therefore perp. to plane BCD (VI. 16.); it also contains BF and therefore is perp. to plane ACD .'. plane AOB is perp. to the line CD (VI. 17.).
7.

Let O be the
||

pt.,

a
is

str. line
||

to AB.

AB, CD, EF be Then OP must be

||

str. lines.
||

Let
etc.

OP
...

be

to CD,

EF

OP

the plane OAB passes through P. Similarly the passes through P, and so on .'. the planes have a common line OP .'. if any plane cuts these planes, the lines of intersection all pass through some point on OP.
to

AB

.'.

plane

OCD

8. Let ABC be a A right-angled at C, P a pt. equidistant from A, B, C D the mid. pt. of AB. AD - BD = CD (Ex. xviii. 9.) .'. AS PDA, PDB, PDC are equal in all respects (I. 7.) .'. ^PDC
;

= LPDA = APDB-90
9.

.'.

PD

is

perp. to plane
||

ABC

(VI.

4.).

In the figure of VI. 20. draw LP to AB. Then LK is perp. to the plane DLP (VI. 4.) and to the plane HKB .'. these planes are parallel, and one contains CD, the other AB.

FG, pts. of AB, CD, CB, AD. (Ex. xx. 1.) .*. FEGH is a parm. .*. FE is in the same plane as EG, EH. GE is to CA and therefore perp. to AB. Similarly EH is perp. to AB .*. AB is perp. to the plane HEG (VI. 4.) .*. AB is perp. to EF.
10.
E. F, G,

Let
||

H be the mid

HE

are

to

BD and each = JBD

||

11.

Let AHD,

BHE

perp. to the common section .'. AC is But it follows from VI. 8. that if a perp. to the plane PBE. str. line is perp. to a plane it is perp. to any str. line in that plane .'. AC is perp. to BP.

The plane PBE is drawn in the plane ABC

ABC.

be perp. to BC, CA ; HP perp. to the plane perp. to plane ABC (VI. 16.), and AC is

[NOTE.
perp. to

In the figure of VI.

.'.

8.

AB

is
||

to CD,

and CD

is

EF

AB

is

perp. to EF.]

The lines 12. Let OA, OB, OC meet a str. line in A, B, C. OA, OC, AC are in one plane (VI. 2.), and B lies in AC .'. the lines OA, OC, OB are in one plane.
*

13.

Let

MR

be

||

to NO.
.'.

Then MR
is

But

MO is

perp. to

PQ

PQ

is perp. to perp. to the plane

PQ

(VI.

S.\.
4.;.

RMO (VI.

Kx.

LXXinj

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

R,

155
is

But the points

.".

M, N,

are in one plane since

RM

||

to

ON

PQ

is

perp. to

MM.

Draw BD perp. to the given 14. Let A, B be the given pts. plane and produce it to C making DC = BD. Join AC meeting the plane at P. In the plane take any other point Q. Join PB, AQ, PD, QD, QC, QB. PB = PC and QB = QC (I. 4.). AQ + QB = AQ + QC > APC (I. 12.) i.e. > AP + PB .'. the position found by joining AC is the one required.
15.

Let PM, PN, PR perp. to OA, OB,

OC

be

all

equal

the

angles POM, PON, a str. line through

16. Let AB, were parallel, the pts. A, C, CD would be in a plane. 17. Proved in VII. 22. 18.

POR are equal (T. 17), i.c. the locus of P is O equally inclined to the 3 str. lines. CD be two str. lines not in a plane. If AC, BD
D,

B would be

in a plane

.'.

AB,

AF

(Ex. Ixxii. therefore to TX

EB TX

AH

In the figure of VI.

(hyp.)
.'.

15., let

the planes PQ,

therefore
II
||

TX be

||.

HD

EH

is

||

to

BD and

to the plane

to the plane PQ and Similarly HF is the plane RS is to the plane TX (VI. 13.). to ab .'. ABba is a parm., arid so is 19. By VI. 14. AB is BCcb, etc. .'. AB, BC, etc., are respectively equal to ab, be, etc. ...
2.).
.'.
II ||

L^BC-Ldbc (VI. 10.) and similarly for the other LS. The plane CPF which 20. Produce CO to meet AB at F. contains PO is perp. to the plane ABC (VI. 16.). Also it contains PC and is therefore perp. to the plane ABP it is COF is perp. to AB. Similarly perp. to the line AB (VT. 17.) AO is perp. to BC O is the orthocentre of A ABC.
Also
;

.'.

.'.

.'.

it is proved that the plane PCF is perp. perp. to AB .'. the feet of the perps. from P coincide with the feet of the perps. from the vertices to the From the cyclic quadl. DOEC, ^EDO = z.ECO sides of A ABC.

21.

In question 20

to

AB

.*.

PF

is

= 90-z.CAB.

Similarly ^.FDO
.'.

= 90-CAB

.*.

DA
rt.

ternal bisector of the z_EDF

BC, which

is

at

is the inLS to it, is

the external bisector.

22. Let BAC, EDF, HGK be the 3 LS. Make AB, AC, DE, DF, GH, GK all equal. Construct a ALMN with its sides MN, ML,

LM

equal to BC, EF, HK,

Take O the circumcentre

of

LMN, and

156

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

AB

tBook VII.

draw OP
equal to

AVith centre L and radius perp. to the plane LMN. From As LOP, cut OP at P, and join LP, MP, NP.
I.

MOP, NOP by
23.

4.

LP=-

MP= NP

.'.

by

I. 7.

we can prove

that

the LS at P are equal to the given LS.

Let BAG, CAD, DAB form a trihedral z_, AP being any drawn within the trihedral L to meet the plane BCD at P. Produce CP to meet BD at E. ^CAD + ^DAB = z.CAD -t-^DAE + ^.EAB>z.CAE + ^EAB (YL 18.). Similarly z_CAE -fz.EAB> .iCAP +Z.BAP .'. A.CAD + z_DAB>z_CAP + _BAP. Similarly L DAB + L BAC> L DAP 4- z_CAP and L BAG + Z.CAD > L BAP + L DAP .'. by adding and dividing by 2, ziBAC + ^CAD-}-z.DAB>^BAP The rest has been proved in question 2. 4-Z.CAP + Z.DAP.
line

Let AB be a str. line 24. Let the planes intersect in AO. perp. to AO, AC its projection ; AD a line in the first plane to AO. not perp. to AO, AE its projection, BD being In the
II

right-angled
(II. 2.)
.'.

As ABD, ACE, AB<AD, AC<AE, and BC = DE by superposing the right-angled AS ABC, ADE we

can prove LBAC gr. than z_DAE. 25. Let AD be the common section of the given planes, AB, AC str. lines drawn in the planes perp. to AD. Draw BC perp. At B in the plane BAG make z_CBE equal to the comto AC. plement of the given L, BE meeting CA at E. Draw a circle with centre C and radius CE cutting AD at D. The rightangled AS BCE, BCD are equal in all respects (I. 4.) .'. LCDB = = the given L .'. CDB is the required plane. Impossible if the given L is gr. than the L between the planes. 26. Let O be the given pt.. AB, CD the given str. lines. Let the plane OAB cut CD at E. OE is the required line.

LCB

27.
.'.

OA 2 4- OB2 = AB 2

OB = OC.

(II.

Similarly

= AC 2 1 1) OB = OA.

(hyp.)

= OA 2 + OC 2 (II.

11.)

EXERCISES LXXIV.
P, Q, R be the centres of three adjacent faces, N the mid. pt. of the common edge of the first two faces, a the length ( j2 a 2 (ft ( j2 of any edge. PQ2 = -j + = -. Similarly QR 2 = --, and RP2 4: 4r <a Z

2.

Let

.'.

PQR

is

an equilateral

whose

side

is

^,a^2

,'.

the

Ex. LXXIII-IV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

is

157

new
3.

faces
.'.

formed are equal equilateral AS, and there are 8 of

a regular octahedron.

them

the figure

Let ABCD,

CDEF
L

be adjacent

faces.

AF 2 = AB 2 -fBF 2

ll.)

= 3AB 2

4. Let ABCD, CDEF, EFGH be consecutive faces of a paralThus ADEN, BCFG are opposite faces. HE is equal lelepiped. and to BC .'. HBCE is a parm. (II. 1.) .*. BE, HC bisect each
||

other.
of

we may prove

HC

is a parm. .'. DG, HC bisect each other. Thus that all the diagonals pass through the mid. pt. and are bisected there.

HDCG

5. Let ABCD, BCEF, EFGH be consecutive faces, so that Bisect at K, L, M, N, P, Q the AD, BC, FE, GH are parallel. sides BF, BC, CD, DH, HG, GF, which do not meet the diagonal AM = AQ= EQ= EM (I. 4.) /. AMEQ is a rhombus .*. MQ, AE. AE bisect each other at rt. z_s at O. Similarly KN, AE bisect each other at rt. LS at O, and LP, AE bisect each other at rt. z_s at O .'. MQ, KN, LP are in one plane perp. to AE (VI. 5.). KQ = BG = iFH=QP (Ex. xx. 1.). Also KQ = ^BG and is to BG .'. KQ = |CH and is to CH. But MN =4CH and is to CH
||
||

||

to MN. Similarly all the opposite sides equal and are equal and parallel; and all the sides are = half the diagonal of a face .'. the figure equal, for each side is a regular hexagon.
.'.

KQ

is

||

of

KLMNPQ

Let A be the vertex, AH perp. to the_plane BCDE, a the / /9 ^2 2 =^ = When BH 2 = length of an edge. AH \/BA 9 <\J?- 2
6.

___

0=10
7.

cms.,

AH = 5^/2 = 5
P,

x 1*4142

=7

(to nearest cm.).

A.
is

Let

RP2 + PQ2 = AP2 + AR 2 + AQ 2 + AP2 =RQ 2 + 2AP 2 >RQ2 an acute angle. Similarly the other z_s of the A PQR
8.

Q, R be points on edges which meet in

.'.

RPQ

are acute.

moving

B be the fixed points, P one position of the Let C, D divide AB internally and externally in the given ratio. Then C, D are fixed points also CP, PD are the bisectors of internal and external LS between AP, PB (V. 3. 4.) .'. Z.CPD is a rt. L .'. P is at a constant distance from
Let
A,

point.

the mid. pt. of mid. pt, of CD.

CD

.'.

the locus

is

a sphere with centre at the

158
9.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

.

[Book VIL

Draw OM perp. to the plane. In OM take a point N ON.OM=the given constant = OQ OP PQNM is a z_OQN = ^PMN = 90 Q is at a constant discyclic quadl. the locus of Q is a sphere, tance from the mid. pt. of ON
such
.*. .'.

.".

.*.

i.e.

the inverse of

a plane

is

a sphere (see page 369).

Draw AO from vertex A perp. to the face BCD. Let In the rightbe a plane perp. to BC meeting it at E. AAOE, AE>OE .'. JAE. BC, i.e. A angled AOBC. Similarly AACD >*AOCD, and AADB > AODB .*. the three faces which meet at A are together gr. than
10.

AEO

BOlOE

ABO

A BCD.
AE
Join AE, DE. AABC is isosceles .'. Bisect BC at E. CD = AB (hyp.)=--AC (hyp.) = BD .'. ADBC perp. to BC. is isosceles .'. DE is perp. to BC .'. BC is perp. to the plane ADE (VI. 4.) and therefore to AD.
11.
is

Let a plane through AB 12. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron. Then BE, AE arc perp. to DC and perp. to CD meet CD at E. of As BDC, ADC .*. ABP is the so contain the orthocentres P,

plane required.
13.

Proved

in

VIL

1.

14. If B be joined to P, Q, R the verticps of the base, the BC is the altitude tetrahedron is divided into 3 equal parts. and ARQ the base of one of these parts. But the base ARQ == the base PQR of the whole tetrahedron .*. altitude BC = J of

altitude AB.

Also

and BD.AP

PB= -^- where a = length of edge BD PB = = /3 = 1 ..

'
:

(VII. 5.)

BC
15.

2
:

BD 2

o AD Ar BA = *BA2 *BA2 BA2 =1

2
: :

fjo
:

9.

AD, etc., be the edges, AB being the BO 2 = BA2 - AO 2 greatest, and let AO be perp. to the base. >CA2 - AO 2 .'. BO>CO .*. by turning the AAOC round AO into the plane AOB we can see that the z.ABO<z.ACO (I. 8.)

Let AB, AC,

Similarly L ABO

<L ADO,

and

so on.

16. In the tetrahedron ABCD let E, F be the mid. pts. of Let a be the length of an edge. AE, DE are equal BC, AD. and are perp. to BC .'. their plane is perp. to BC .'. EF is

Ex.

IXXTV1

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

But EF
2

169
isosceles
/.

perp. to BC.
A.

is

perp. to

AD

since
2

EAD
2

is

an

Also EF 2 = AE -AF 2 = AB 2 --BE 2 - AF = a EF = ^aj'2 = \ diagonal of the sq. on a.

17.
F, G, H.

= -|-^ ^

at E,

Let BD, CD, CA, BA, edges of a tetrahedron, be bisected Let P, Q, R, 8 be points in which the same

edges are cut by a plane parallel to

and and

is
||

half of
to GF.
is

AD

AD and BC. HE is to AD (Ex. xx. 1.). Similarly for GF. .*. HE is equal = ABC .'. Similarly EF, HG are to BC and each
|| ||

HEFG
BC

a parm.
/.

SR
is
||

is in

a plane with

BC and
(V. 5.)
is
.

does not meet

(hyp.)
.'.

SR

to

BC

.'.

g = J|
.'.
.

OR

AO

HP

|g
,

(V. 2.)

gg
SR

SR = PQ.
i

Similarly

SP= RQ
.

SRQP

a parm.
.,

Again
.

SB SR SP AS SB G HG HE " AB BCTAD AtfBOAD AH HB SR SP _ AS SB _ AH 2 - 8H 2 parm. SQ ~~ " A~~ " HGHE~AH~HB'~ AH parm. HF = a ratio less than 1, i.e. the parm. HF is the maximum. Let PQRS be a 18. Let ABCD be a regular tetrahedron.
AS
.

SP

plane section and let it be a parallelogram. Let P, Q, R, S lie on BD, CD, CA, BA. Since the plane SQ cuts the planes ABD, ACD in lines, it is to their common section AD. Similarly
||
II

it

is equilateral .'. SR AS. Similarly the perimeter of parm. SQ = 2AB. 19. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron, and let a sphere touch its edges BA, BC, BD, CD, CA, AD in pts. E, F, G, H, K, L. AD + BC

is

||

to

BC

.'.

AASR

SP = SB

.'.

= AL -f DL + BF + FC = AE + DH + BE + = AB -f DC = (similarly) AC -f BD.
F, G, H, K,
is
1 1

HC(tarigents toa sphere)

20. Let E, HF AC, BD.

||

L be the mid. pts. of AD, BC, CD, AB, to AC. EG is equal JAC equal ^AC and is to AC .'. HF is equal and to EG .'. HFGE is a parm. and is .". HG passes through the mid. pt. of EF and is bisected there (II, 2. Cor. 3.). Similarly LK passes through the mid. pt. of EF and is bisected there.
||

21.
22.

See Question 5. Let ABCD be such a tetrahedron.

Draw DE

perp. to

BC

meeting BC in E. Join AE. Draw BF perp, to DC meeting DC in F and DE in 0. BC is perp, to ED and DA .'. BC is perp.

160

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

[Book VII.

to the plane ADE (VI. 4. and 8.) .'. the plane ADE is perp. to the plane DBC. Similarly the plane ABF is perp. to the plane DBG .'. the intersection AO is perp. to the plane DBC (VI. 17.). But O is the orthoeentre of DBC. Similarly the perp. from each vertex to the opposite face is the line joining the vertex to the orthoeentre of that face. Draw BP, DR perp. to AF, AE. BP must intersect AO for they lie in the plane AFB. DR must intersect AO for they lie in the plane AED .'. the three perps. But they are not in one AO, BP, DR intersect each other. .'. they must be concurrent. Similarly the fourth perp. plane CQ meets BP on AO, and meets DR on AO .'. the 4 perps. are concurrent.
;

= AB 2 + AC 2 -2BE a + DB 2 -f DC-'-2BE 2 (IV. 12.) = AB 2 DB 2 + DC 2 - BC 2 4EF 2 + AD 2 + BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 +DB 2 + AC + 4GH 2 + AB 2 + CD 2 = AD 2 -f BC 2 -f AC 2 + BD 2 + CD 2 Similarly and 4KL2 + AC 2 + BD 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 -f AD 2 + CD 2 by addition 2 2 2 4(EF -f GH -f KL ) = the sum of the sqs. on the six edges.
(IV. 12.)
2
.

23. Let ABCD he any tetrahedron, E, F, G, H, K, L the mid. pts. of BC, AD, AB, CD, AC, BD. 4EF 2 + AD 2 = 2AE 2 + 2DE 2
.'.

.'.

24.

If

a be the length of an edge, A =

altitude

.'.

a2

But the
2A*
9
25.

==O

(VII. 5.)

.'.

Volume =

3*2* ~

3*A*
'

J3
at
rt.

AC

In the tetrahedron ABCD, let AB be at rt. zjs to CD, and LS to BC. Let E, F, G, H, K, L be the mid. pts. of EGHL is a parm. with its sides to BA, BD, BC, CD, CA, AD. AC, BD .". it is a rectangle .*. diagonal EH = GL. Similarly FGKL is a rectangle .'. diagonal GL= FK .'. in the parm. EFHK the diagonals EH, FK are equal .*. it is a rectangle. But its sides are to AD, BC .'. AD, BC are at rt. z_s. Also AD 2 + BC 2
|| ||

= 4FE 2 + 4EK 2 = 4FK 2 = 4FG 2 + 4GK 2 = DC 2 + BA2 AC 2 + BD 2

.

Similarly for

26.

Each

the mid.

common common

of these planes contains one of the three joins of of opposite edges. But there is one point to all these joins (Question 20) .", this point is to all the six planes.
pts.

Bx. LXXXV-V]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

PQ
let it

161

27. Take a plane through hedron whose edge is a, and

Draw QS

a diagonal of a regular octacut an edge at rt. LA in R. PRQ is the dihedral L of perp. to PR produced.

the octahedron.

PR = RQ = -^-; RT
__

(the perp. from R to

/->

PQ)

PQ==a^ 2

T>
'

By

similar

-i

SQ AS -~

PR
to
i.e.

fr

fjo

^Jo

o
z.
21.

^ no AQRS

is

equal in

i-ii all

respects

AAEH

in VII.

5.

.'.

the dihedral LA of are supplementary.

AE H = QRS = supplement of Z.PRQ, the regular tetrahedron and octahedron

EXERCISES LXXV. = 1-1003, 1. Length reqd. = \/2000 = x. log ==(3 -301 03) z= 12-60 ft. -12 ft. 72 in. vol. = f xf 2. Area of end = |x^f sq. ft. = 2-598 c. ft. 3(-866025)
a:
.'.

3.
2

Let a-b,

a,

a + b inches be the lengths of the

sides.

495,

ft

= 4, 6 = 2.

The

sides are
in.

3,

5,

7 inches respectively.

The

vols. are 27, 125,

343 cub.

^^
sq.it
5.

reqd

'

l^ = W
= 96 x
18
c?

ft

-55K)
/

sq in
'

'

= 048
'

Wt.

of 1st. bar

Ibs.

Let

ness reqd. in inches.

.'.

d=l in. Also = **$** =10 & 8

6.

2x9 x = vol. of 2 in. /x9xf = vol. of whole

in.

= length, d = thickof 2nd bar = 27 bar = 96x!8

.'.

=A
7.

= 4'6428
BD
of prism

Let the water ft. = 4

rise
ft.

#
in.

ft.

xx

12x=195,

a;==ff

ft.

Vol.

W7 =+
2

= 9 xl2[14 + 25]= 12x351 -4212

-12xl38sq.
in.

24'2 = 25 in. /. CD = x/25 2 ~ 18xABCD = 18 x J [7 x 24 4- 15

c.

20 2 -15

in.

in.

Area

x 20] c. in. of ends -7

x 24 -h 20 x 15 sq. in. Area of faces Total area- 7 x 24 + 20 x 15 + 18 x 66

18(7
sq. in.

= lljsq.

+ 24 4- 15 + 20) ... = 12[14 + 25 -f 99]

ft.

162

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

the
.'.
||

[BookVIt

8. Let # = dist. between z=12 o*=13 2 -5 2 = 12 2

.*.

sides of the trapezium. area of base = (19 + 9)12

ft

=6

x 28
9.

sq. in.

Vol.

7 -x

/^
6

c.

= 8|
= 85

c. ft.

Vol. contained

cont.
c. ft.

= 765

by

roof
x 7

=|

by

side walls
.'.

x 9 x 14

c.

ft.

Vol.

x 7 x 85 x 9

total

x Y-

10. Area of 6 x 3 x 2 x ^/Sc.

c. ft.

= A <4-JL<> = 13387| c. ft. = = hexagon 3 x 4 x ^f- sq. ft. Vol. of prism ft. = 6 x 6(1 -73205)... =6 x 10-3923... - 6-2-354
2

volume = 85x9x7x|

11.
c. ft.

Vol. = 97rx 5 = |(31-416) ==141 to the nearest c. ft.

[7rr

A]= 9 (15-708) -141-372

12.

ceding
ft.

l
-

ii^L
13.

^Mt.=
ft.

Suppose the last man uses x in. of the rad., the preman y in. and the first man z in irx2 = ^(4) 2 a> = 4
17-32
.-.

"M
/

24-49 in.;

= 7vL7

^+

2
?/)

in., *

= 30-a;-y = 5'51
If

-Hl)

2> >

^ + ?/

= f-

^ =

in.

a right section of the tube, AC must be a diagonal of a face of the sin 60 = 6^3, x = 3JQ in. = 3(2-449) cube ; /. AC = 2^2 = 7*35 in. approx. model greatly simplifies this question.

Let x inches

=a

side of the cube.

ABCDEF is

-2x6

14.
fl -

Let A = ht.,

-2

-. TT 6

= rad. -24x3-1416 -4 x
r
c.
ft.

of base,

18-8496

27rr=10, 7r?- A=600, A = 75 ft. to the nearest

2

foot.

15.
c. ft.

Vol=|^-.6

=3(1 -73205) =3(-866025) = 2-598

Number of jULHl ... = 16-24

16.

= gallons

x if g^ x

2-59807^5x100

gallons nearly.

r2
in.

= T\(18
nearly.
17.

Let r be the radius reqd.

x 12) x (2

+ 9) - 18
ht.

2 ?rr x 1 1 = 7r36 x 1 2 + irl 8 2 x 6, x 12, r = 6^/6 = 6 x 2-449 = 147

Let x be the

part

dug

out.

Sx*
4

= a? + 70 2
c.

and 3x length
.'.
3

of the slope of the

;.

8^=792
c. ft.

ft.

^ x 6929-629 18.
ispL.

-^ 5JL4-^ = 6063 1

=^f (1-41421) = ^(98-9947)

CE = EBtan30
metres.

x^^L^^

Let ABCD be a section of the cutting, AB being the base,

c.

BC

the sloping side. Draw BE perp. to CD, Vol. = area of trapezium ABCD x 1000

Vol.

Ex.

LXXV-VTH

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

163

= f(9-4 + 9-4 + Sgi) 1000 = 8 (9400 + ^75200 +Ji]p<> x 8 - 75200 -f 2309-4 x 8 = 75200 + 18475-2 = 93675-2 c. metres.
EXERCISES LXXVI. end CD = 5 x 6 sq. ft. Perp. from B on AC = 12 !p = 6^3. Vol. - 5 x 6 x 6 ,/3 = 3 x 6(17-3205) = 3 (103-92 30) = 311 -769 c. ft. = 13 c. ft. 936 c. in. x -y- c. ft. 2 Voi =
1.

*v)

Area

of

-*-

3.

x area of horizl. section = 4 x -3 21 2 horizontally. J = 2 x 13 x 12 x 1-41421 = 2 x 12 x 18-38473=2 x 220-616 76 c.in. = 441-233 c. in,

Let AB be the length of

Vol.

pipe.

Draw AC

vertically
1

and
<

BC

= AC

4.

Let

= rad.

the pentagon, A =

dist. of

of circum-circle of the pentagon, a incentre from a side of the

=a

side of

8
4 ^ 4 + ^A = 7.578 /. h = Area 20x2-752 = 55-04.

a2
of ends

pentagon. 8
5

2-752.
of

Area

=|

Aa

=
ft.

sides

5 x 4 x 7

140

sq.

Total area
5.

=195 -04

sq. ft.
in.
.'.

Taking the length as 10

alt.

and the altitude as 8

sq.

in.

Base x

= rt.
137

=2

sec tn. x length

sq. in.

base ==-^-^-^ = 4 25

in.

sq. ft.

EXERCISES LXXVII.
1.

Let

ABCD be
the

the tetrahedron.

Draw CHE

and

let

AH be

alt.

of the tetrahedron.

2 CH = CE =

perp. to BD 2 ft /3

~-

3,

Let

= alt.

of

each slant

face,

/^

= alt.

of

pyramid.

164
4.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETEY.

Let A = alt.
A2 =
J

[Book VII.

of
.'.

pyramid.

Ead. of circum-circle of base

Vol.

=a

.'.

-a2

h = Jl?^a?.

= Jl*^a?

a2

^=

5.

Let # = rad. of circum-circle of base,

a2 = 2#2 - 2x*~

(IV.

n>^2-^-As
in the preceding, z2 =
(2

6.

+ 72)

.'.

A2 =

a;

7.

Let

7i

= altitude

of the pyramid.

Area

of base

=3

a2

8.If ^-edgeof

base,

~.h.x* = V

.'.

-,
,

1=

9.
1

Let

ft

= alt.

of pyramid.

A 2 = a2 -

a"

^=f 2 2

= ~.
,/2

Vol.

10. Let ABCD be the base, and O the vertex of the pyramid. Join DB, AC, cutting at Q. OG-A. Let NMLK be a face of the cube, N lying in OA, M in OB, L in BQ, K in AG. Also let x , , NK AK AG-KG , KG , x ,

^edgeofcube.
11.

j-~ = ^ = ~^- = -^ =
1

-j

*-

Areaof PQR =

ABDC(V.ll) =
-!-

i.=-.
.-.

Perp.

from
X

O on PQR = -A =

(VII. 5.)

vol.

=
~6~

Ex.

LXXVH] Let

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETEY.

B, C,
A.

165

12.

D be the mid.
Vol. = H AC

pts. of

the edges which are con==

7;

terminous at
13.
If
is

A DAB

x ^ -p = -r^. 2 4 48

the centre, and

pt.

POQ

from an angular

of the

a diagonal of the base, draw top face AN perp. to POQ.

of

OQ = -~ ON = ~

Let h = alt.

frustum

W=c

Thro. A and A ends of the top ridge draw vertl. planes APQ, A'P'Q' perp. to the longer sides and cutting them in Let APQ cut off pyramid APCBQ from the P, Q, and P', Q'. end of the bank. Draw AN perp. to PQ, and AM perp. to BC.
14.

MN
AS
4-

BC and PQ. Also .AMN = .APN (hyp.) .-. from APN, MN = PN = J .-. vol. = 2 x pyramid APCBQ Vol. = | h 2 b 2 + triangular prism between A and A'.
bisects

AMN,

IK
(VII.

alt, of pyramid cut off The pyramid cut off __ 1 ~~ ~ 1 alt. of whole The whole pyramid 2 pyramid 4/2 14.) .". the plane must divide the altitude (measured
.

from the vertex) in the ratio of

s/2

1.

16. With the same construction as in Example 1 4 above, Vol. =| 10 tan 40 x 10 x 20+ * 10 tan 40 x A = 10 tan 40. 20 x 80 = 4000 tan 40(| + 2) = 4000 x x '8391 =A-<> x 5-8737 = 4000 x 1-9579 = 7831-6 c. ft.
.

17.

Let

ABCD be

the pyramid,

BCD being an

equilateral A,

and the LS at A rt. LS. Let pl9 p^ p% be the perps. from any AS ACB, ACD, ABD are equal pt. in BCD on the other faces.
in area.

And pl

x AACB-f p%

A ABD +p% A ACD = 3

which
face
is

vol.

of

pyramid
18.

.".

Pi+p^+Ps^-- ACB A Ar> p>

perps. x area of
.'.

constant.
vol. of

Sum of
Alt.

any

=3

whole

figure.

19.

^(VII. o

3.)

vol.4.
o

166
20.
is

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

If

IBookVli.

OA, OB, OC,

OD

are four conterminous edges,

ci

ABCD
.*.

sq.

22
As
Let

Draw ON

/2

perp. to DB.

Let
O

ON=A, DN=-^/O~ ^

A2

21.
22.

in the preceding, diagonal

= 2h =

-^

= ifia.

OABCD be

Draw OE
.'.

= /. perp. to BC, and let OE area of face = ^ x 12 x 10 = 60 sq. ft.

,

the pyramid on the sq. base ABCD. Then Z 2 = 8 2 + 6 2 = 10 2

Draw 23. Let OABCD be the pyramid on a sq. base ABCD. OE perp. to BC, and let OE = and = alt. of pyramid. Then P = 16 2 - 6 2_= 2 2 (8 2 - 9) = 2 2 (55), & 2 = 2 - 6 2 = 2 2 (55 - 3 2 ) = 2 2 x Vol. = -|A 144 = 48^ = 46, h = 2v/46 = 2x6-782 = 13'564 ft. 12 x 54-256 = 651 -072 c. ft.
7i

24.
base,
in.

If is the vertex of the pyramid, AB one edge of the P the centre of the base and PN perp. to AB. PN = 3^3 from A APB .'. ON 2 = 9 2 + (3^/S) 2 .*. ON =^1 08 = 6^/3.

Slant surface
25.

= f x 6 x 6^3 = 187 '06 sq. in. Let h = alt. of pyramid. Taking a

'

slant edge as 20 in.

= 1 152./3 = 1995-26
26.

c. in.

Vol.

of

whole pyramid
off,

=^

x 72 x 8

.'.

if

V = vol.
Vol.

of of

pyramid cut
128-625
27.

-^- = ^=1.

v = J~

c.

in.

c.

in.

Let 2x be any diagonal. 2#2 = 36 .'. x = 3j2. Vol.= 372 36 = 72^2 = 72 (1 -41421 ) = 8(12'727 89) = 101 '823 c. in. 2 c. ft. Vol. of frustum 28. Vol. of pyramid = ?- x (|) x
.

(225
vol.

+ 135+ 81)

=2241-75 +
2292

^=2241-75
17 *
r

50-625

= 2292-375 c. ft. Weight =

Surface
sq. in.

/2 4 /

7 5

tons

= 173-975

tons, nearly.

29.

= |4 2 ^=

16^/3

16(1-73205)

= 4(6-928 20) =

27-713

Ex. LXXVII-vrai

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

slant edge,
Z

167

30.
/.
.-.

U |VH =
=
(1)

If

=a

8-29

in.

Let

= (^ = alt.
sc

of

face,

a?

(11-1) = -4-*
c in.
.

Area

of slant face

= f(10 + 5)

75^10
31,

= 59-29

ACDEFB.

Let the plane CDEF cut off the angular prism Let a = edge of cube, AC = &, AD = c, BF = d, BE = 0.

Vol. cut off = a frustum of a pyramid

a\

^bc

+ -~'Jbcde + -$

(2) Let ABCD be a face, EFGH the cutting plane, AE, DF, CG Vol. = Pyramid FGCBH + pyr. BH being parallel edges. FABCD + pyr. FABHE = a x area GCBH + ED area ABCD + a x

EXERCISES LXXVIII.
1.

Cone cut off=|-of whole cone

i

(VII. 14.)

.'.

frustum = |-

of

whole cone
2.

i_

=5

1
.

Alt.

(VII. 5.)

/.

vol. of

frustum =

of

tetra-

3.

Vol. of cone cut off 2 3 /TrTT - x = ^0 (VII. 14.) -Tfi of j r-i ' Vol. 5s v whole cone
.

23

Surface of cone cut off

-g
j

4.

Surface of whole cone 5 frustum cut off=j^- curved surface of whole cone (V.

^-s

=~=

.
. .

vol.

of cone cut

= 22 =

4 _ 25

'

..

curved surtace of
12.)

-,

h.
/.

5* Vol. generated is two cones on a common base of rad. If x is the alt. of one cone, a - x is the alt. of the other

VOL

- 1 7T&2 (a - 0) + vWx

168

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

6.

DBookvtt

Alt.

of

2A A=4

.'.

as

in

the preceding example, vol.

/2A\

7.

Let h = the perp. from the

.

rt.

L upon the hypotenuse.

A=

be
.".

as in the preceding, vol. generated

vol.

= -~irti 2a = =ir 6

11

2 2

8.

The

generated
.'.

is

a frustum of a cone, radii of ends

(VII. 13.).

and
9.

c; alt. a

vol.

= ^[6 2 + bc + c 2 ]
"I

A*

Alt. of cono

= -/

,'.

vol.

^-T
vol.

10.
11.

Alt. of

coneW/ 2
alt.

^
.'.

.'.

=
its slant side.

Let x ~

of frustum, V

length of

s/241by VII.
12.
.-.

18.

241=o; 2 +16, z=15ft.

Radius of base =

surface

= ml =

12*14
13.

sq. in.

1 in.

length of slant side

= cosec 15

in.

= = 7rj^~ *J2(J5+ 1) *(JG +JS)

and / = slant side, 7rr2 = 180 sq. ft. J 1J J"+ 1 = vrl = W^'-Kffi 5 = ^ N/1 Area of canvas ( ?) = = x 1971 = 253-4 sq. = 7388-5 ^? lAi|2M5 JL^J
If

rad. of base

^^m^D

W W

ft.

= rad. of base, ^ = ^f = 1-^ in. Vol. of whole cone -iWJ-ifni- L x "'- x 143 ~ 3 x - a^V 3 L * ~ 3 v T v ~" - * v 1 7 = I 2874-67 c. in. Vol. of cone cut off= 119-78 c. in. Vol. of frustum c. in. Slant surface of whole cone = irrl in. ^.^ .2 = 14x^ = i?p sq. in. Slant surface of cone cut Slant surface of frustum cut off = T V(1 232) =102-67 sq. in.
14.
If r
/
3

off=308sq.in.
15.

Outside curved surface

plane
surface =

= 2ir

| 4 = 20w
.

sq.

in.

Out-

side

TT(-J

=-j-

sq.

in.

Inside

surface

Bx JJDCVra-DO

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

= 7ri5
x 9-434 = ^1 x J x 94-34

169
T

M?

37-06

gq

in

Whole

sur faco
sq. in.

^^ + 37

-06

l*ii + 37-06 = 82-5 + 37-06 = 119-56

16.
17. 18.
of
/'

Vol.

;(5V3)^0=^=l^LB=^ =786c.in
in VII. 18.
of
f

Proved
r

= rad.

whole cone,

r'

= rad.

whole cone, h
2 *

of cone cut off; length of slant side cut off ; irr'l' + ' 2l '* r Z' r >>
'

= ht.

of cone cut off; /Wht. / = length of slant side,

irr' 2

= irr - irr'l' + ?rr' 2 + 2 T+l l

I
'

'

Keqd. ratio = 4

EXEECISES LXXIX.
1.

By symmetry
.

rad.

=j

alt.

=
-r-^-

2.

Rad. of section = VlO 2 - 6^ = 64(3-1416) 201-0624 sq.ft.

3.
4.

ft,

Area

?r64

Area

sectn.
5.

= TT 6 2

of cap.

= 2;r x 10 x 2 (VII. 23. Cor.). Area of circ. Total area = ?r(40 + 36) = 767r = 238-76 sq. ft.
section.
sq. ft.
.'.

Let x = rad. of the common

Wx = 8 x 6.

Area

of section

= TO

=~

= 72-38

47rr 2 =1000 area of section 6. Let r = rad. of sphere. = 7r(r2 -25) = 250 -257T= 171-46 sq. ft. = [| TT (6 8 - 8 )] {f 7. Let x = rad. of inner surface. | m* f
a;
,

6414,
8.

= 4'379
Wt.=

in.
3

Thickness of iron

1-62 in.

|7r(ll

3-1416 x 602 x 6

= 709-22

-9 3 )fff|
Ibs.

ozs.= 3-1416(1331 - 729)6

170
9.

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

Let a = edge of cube, r = rad. of sphere.
V, = vol. 8

[Book VII
of

V 1 = vol.
.

cube,

of

sphere. \

6u 2 =

47JT2 ,

~
r2

~~

V2

V T _ 72 V2 ~100'
10.

Vol. of iron

7r

>

= 4x61x7r
3
(1)
,

1000 1728
in.

721
ZS
'

100

= 6710x103 3x216

ZS

'

= cc 66
+
x\*

11.

Let x

be the thickness of gold.

,

f7r[2

23

= *7r2 3 2T^ 3 = 2x2 3 -2[V2~l]-2(-26) = -52in. [log 2* = |(-3010) = -1003 = log 1-260]. 2 = = 2^/2,0; =2(^/2-1) = 2 (-4H) (2) 47r(2 +x)*. 4;r. 2 x 2, 2 + - -83 in.
12.

Let
ft.,

2000
.

OC OB =

BA,

be the centre of the earth, B the pt. at an alt. of tangents to the centre. Let OB meet AD at C. OA 2 Hence if h = alt. of the visible segment. 4000 - h

BD
.

4000 2 4000 + " 4000

1056113.

'

_,
.

4000 2 8,000,000 _ 4000 + flff 4000 x 5280 + 2000 27T. 40007* h 1

Let ^ = diamr. reqd. Vol. melted /d\ 3 d* 3 4 TT 1 6

down=
.

-|7r(|)

90986.
11 -63 in.

log rf

= J(i-9590) =

1-9863

= log

'9690,

d=-969 ft.=

8 14. Let 2r = the diameter reqd. ^wr 7 3 - 5 3 = 343 - 125 = 218. r=

6-019, r = 6-019

in.,

diam.

log

= ^7 3 - ^7r5 8 /. r3 = ;7795 = log ^(2-3385)

12

in.

15. If r = rad. of the sphere, r= 6 tan 30 = 2^/3 in. Surface = 47rr2 = 487r = 48(3-1416) = 4(37-69 92)== 150-80 sq. in. 47rr2 = 7r(|) 2 r = |ft. 16. Let r = rad. of sphere. Vol. __ 314T6 ~~ 1047'2 "~ 130'9 ~~ 8 2 7 ~~ _ _ __ __ = i-TTT3 = ^^125 _ 126 7r/
x .'.
'

;i

3^64

3X16*"

3X16X8

16X8

"

16

8'2

C. ft.

fc.

LX30X1

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMET&Y.

171

17. Let # = dist. reqd., ft = ht. of visible segment, O the centre of the sphere, D the pt. of observation, DA and DE tangents to the sphere. Also let OD cut the sphere at C, and AE at B. 27r5A = f4.7r.25 /. h = ^- ft., OB = | ft. OB.OD = 5 + ic) = 25, 5 + z=20, =15 ft. OA2 .'.
18.

Let r = rad. reqd.

l.

4-08

in.

10

= |,r(),
3

r2

V2 /

==^=16-67, 6

r=

field,

edge 98 x 3-1416 = 410-5|024 = 7-43 ft. log 7-432, a

Let O be the centre of the earth, AD a diamr. of the ice and let the bisector OC of the L AOD meet AD at B. BC = 4000 -OB = 4000 -4000 cos 5 -4000 (-003805) .'. area reqd. =2 x x 4000 2 x -003805 = MJLSUL o = 382674? sq. miles. 8 of the cube, a3 = 98 3s = 20. Let a = an
19.

=| x

c.it.

log a

=4 (2-6133) = '8711 =

xr[5

21. Let r = rad. of rim of umbrella, O the centre of the sphere of which the umbrella is a segment, h the ht. of the 2ir.^h = ^- .*. h =*$-.-% = % ft. Draw ON perp. segment. to the circle formed by the rim. ON = --| = 7- ft. Area

22. Let O be the centre of the sphere, A, B, C angular pts. of one end of the prism, OG perp. to ABC, AGN perp. to BC. AG = f AN = | AC sin 60 = -V33- ft. OG 2 = AO 2 - AG 2 = 1 - = f OG = ^/l- = ^- ft. Ht. of prism = ft. Vol. of prism \ ^/~
.

x 2-^6--^223.

c. ft.

= 1221-88

c. in.

Alt. of tetrahedron

1-^- cms.

Vol. of tetra.

= -f^
nx

^. x i-^- c. cms. =!Pg^-. Let n be the no. of 4 /1\ 3 _ _ 1000^/2 _ 1414-21 1000^/2
t

bullets,

24. 25.
=

Let A = ht. of cone.

- f Trr 3 ^irr*h = f 7r[6 3 - 4 3] T5T%\ Ibs. =7rl9 x Mass

.*.

A-

2r.

2 -

/ = 3-1416 x

1861bs.

Bk.

L Ex. XVII]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

XVII.

173

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

Make Z.BAD 62. Make AD 11 cms. 29. Draw AB 5 cms. From C the mid. point of BD draw CE perp. to BD to meet AD at E. The AABE is the one reqd. For its perimeter = DE + EA+AB = 16 cms. BE = 5*45 cms.; EA = 5*55 cms. approximately.
30.

CD

Draw AB 5 cms. Cut off AC equal to 4 cms. 4 cms. perp. to AB. Join AD, BD. AD = 5'66 cms.
cms.

Draw BD =

4' 12

120 /. 3 regular 31. (a) The L of a regular hexagon hexagons fit round a point without leaving any gap. Thus any number of equal regular hexagons can bo fitted together to form a pavement. a regular octagon = 135 .*. two regular (b) The L of and a square fit round a point. Fit together two octagons One square with equal regular octagons with a common side. a side of the same length will fill the gap. Two other equal regular octagons may be applied to the remaining sides of the square, and so on.
32.

The sum

of the other

say 70.

Make ^ABC 95.

two z_s= 165. Make any .BAC, Then z_C = 180 - 70 - 95 - 15.

33. (a) Draw perps. to two sides from their mid. points. intersection of these is the point equidistant from all the Distance 1 78 cms. vertices (I. 23.).

The

(b)

Bisect

two

of the angles (or

is

two exterior

angles).
all

The
the

intersection of the bisectors

sides
(I. 24.).

a point equidistant from

r='82 cms.

From D, the mid. point of AB draw DH perp. to AB With point in DH is equidistant from A and B (I. 23.). centre C and radius 2 cms. describe a circle cutting DH in E, F. These are the reqd. points.
34.

Any

Cut

35. Through E, the mid. point of BC draw a perp. DEF. this perp at D, F by a circle with centre A and radius 2 inches. D, F are the required points. By measurement ED = EF - 1 inch. ^BAD = 30.

174
36.
of

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

height

[Bk.

Ex.

XVH.

Heights in feet 10-35, 20, 28*28, 34'64. The increase is not proportional to the increase of angle of
6,

elevation.
37.

x=

y=

4,

= 3.

Construct by

I.

25.

38.

Draw AB

to represent 70 horizontal feet.

Draw

perps.

Let DB, AC each represent 20 feet. Make Z.CDE DB, ACE. 56 J. AE represents the flagstaff. Height 125-76 feet.
39. Draw horizontal.

AB

vertical to represent

100

feet.

Draw

AD,

BC
the

Make an

angle
feet.

DAC 20.

BC

represents

breadth of river, 27475

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES XXV.

39. 40.
(2)

The

reqd. error

(1) Ht. of tower

= 3 '4 feet. = 93-3 yards.

45.

The

Find a pt. on the ground where the tree subtends dist. of this pt. from the tree the ht. of the tree.

41.

16-1 yards.

The diagonals bisect one another at rt. z_s Draw AD to 43. Draw AB equal to 65 mms. Z.ABC, 70. BC, and with centre B and rad. 85 mms. describe an arc cutting AD at D. Draw DC to AB. ABCD is the reqd. parm.
42.
||
||

Take AB 12 cms. long and draw CD to it, at a dist. of 3 cms. from it. With centres A and B and rad. 6 cms. describe arcs cutting CD at C and D. ACDB is the trapezium.
44.
||

45. Make A AOB such that AB = 33 mms., AO = 30 mms. and BO = 38 mms. Produce AO, BO to C and D, making OC equal to OA, and OD equal to OB. ABCD is the parm.
46. Draw lines distances of 1 in.
||

to

those containing the

2
in.

^65, and

at

and

from them.

Their

pt. of inter-

section
47.

is

the reqd. pt.

Reqd. distance = 28-85 ft. 48. Let ABCDEF be the hexagon.

to

meet EF at H and CB at

G.

Rect.

Draw GAH GHEC = hexagon

||

to

CE

in area.

Bk.IL Ex. XXV]

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

cut off

175

From EH produced
circle

EK = EC.
.

last

KPE, centre 0, cutting HG at line but four of II. 1 1.) = EC

P.

Bisect EK at O, describe EP2 = EH EK (proved in EH = the hexagon. Area =

.

2-6 sq. in.

EF

49. If to H,

ABCD

is

the

making FH = FE.
Twelve.

sq.,

bisect

AD
is

at E,

BC

at F.

Produce

AMD
(3) 84.

the
sq.

reqd.

50.

(1)
(2)

Seven rectangles each 12

cms. in area.

51.

By

rhombus = 8^2 = 11 -31.

52.

Diagonal of

measurement, the longer diagonal = 7 '39 in. = 5*66. Keqd. shortening = 1 -73 in. Area of sq.
Increase of area
.'.

= 4'69

sq. in.

He

Correct area = 288 sq. ft. must shorten each side by '03

correct side

= 16-97

ft.

feet.

OC^OD. From A DEO, (x - 20) 2 + 40 2 =

This problem might also
54.

53. Let the pole D^in the house AD.

BC break

and just miss the window OC = x and EO be to AB. 2 (II. 11.) whence z = 50 feet. be solved on sqd. paper by making
at 0,
a:'

Let

||

to

KHB

Let ABCDEF be the hexagon, and draw HFG to EA meet DE at H and BA at G. As in problem 48 above, rect. HGBD = the hexagon. Produce BG to K, making GK = GB.
II

is

the reqd. A.
If

BK -

6 in.

55.

draw DE
2-83 cms.
56.
.'.#(6
in.

the trapezium, to AB. AE = 1 cm. perp.

is

ABCD

AB being the largest side, DE = x/AD 2 -AE 2 = ^/8 =

.*.

If

is
2 -

-#) =

/-

one side of the rect. 6 - x is the other side whence # = 4| or \\ approx. .*. 4J, 4J, 1J, 1J
will

are the parts,

57.

The A formed
Horizontal
If
/.

feet.

dist.

be half an equilateral A.
ft.

Ht.

= 10

17 -3 2

58.

16
59.

x and # + 24 be the sides, z(# the sides are 16 and 40 cms.

+ 24) = 640 whence

8.

Describe
at E.
L.d.

D,

AB

ABC an equilat. A on a base AD = 4^3, AE = 4, .EAD = 30

isos.

.'.

we have
cut off

a A, rt
mid.

and
BD.

pt. of

AAFD = AAED.

and equal

in area to EAD.

Bisect BC at to find Take F the

From DA

DH = DF.

176

KEY TO ELEMENTAKY GEOMETRY.

K.

[Book

II.

On AD
at

describe a semicircle, and let HK perp. to AHD meet it DK 2 =DH.DA as in problem 48 above = 2AADF =
is

2AAED. But if x = DK 2 /. z = 2DK.

60.
7T

the reqd. hypotenuse,

AAED = -j
4
sq.
ft.

sc

2
.".

*c

-j 4

Area = a
If

rect.

= ~V-.
61.

3J

ft.

by

27rx^ = 2750

taking

x and 2x are the sides, x2 = 98, x = 7^/2.

cms.

Hypotenuse

= ^5 = 7^10 = 22-13

If^

is

the perp. reqd.

^x

62.

cms.

Draw On AC

meet
z_d.

it at D. 2 (Ex. xviii. 9.) and AD The diagonal = 4*2 cms.

str. line ABC, making AB = 2-5 cms. AC 3 -6 describe a semicircle, and let BD, perp. to ABC, AD is a side of the reqd. sq. For A ADC is rt.

= AB AC
.

(II.

11. last line

but

four).

63.

Alt.

= 2^3 (II.

11.)

= 3-46

cms..
Diff.

64. Length of each side = 1 *008 of the given line. 008 of the given line. Fraction = T -J-^ about.

x84x(37 + 41) = 42x78 = 3276sq. ft. 66. Let ABCD be the fig. AB = 28, BC = 25, CD = 3, AD = 30 Draw DE, CF perp. to AB. Let DE( = CF) = z, 28 = AE cms. Whence x = 24 cms. + EF + FB = N/30 2 - x2 + 3 + x/25 2 - x2 Area = |(28 + 3) 24 = 31x12 = 372 sq. cms.
65.
.

Area =

67. of

road

The two AS formed are equal in all respects. = 18 + 24 = 42 feet. Length of ladder
Length of median = Area = 6 times an
(a)
(b)

Width

68.
69. units.

13. equilat.

A
V~

of sides 16

= 665*1

sq.

70.

Area =1 3,403

sq. yds.

yds./** If we turn 71. The angles are equal to those of A ABC. ABC thro, a rt. L> its sides become to those of the new A.
sq.
||

Area= 136,350

36

p qg
'

'

72.

PM + PN = 4
Ld,

in.

= OA = OB,

for

AS AMP, BMP are

isos,

and

rt.

Ex.

XXVI

KEY TO ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY.

.'.

177

AE bisects BD. BD-lGx/PTP 73. Draw AE perp. to BD. = 80 BE = 40 AE = v/96^"40 2 = 8>/144-25 = 8 N/119 = 87-28. Area of ABCD = BC CD + ^AE BD = 32 x 48 + 40 x 87-28 = 5027 sq. yds. 74. PQ = 5405 yds.
.'.
.
.

Join HB, and produce it to 75. Complete the rect. CBFH. meet DA in K. Draw KLM to ABF to meet CB, HF in L, M. BLMF is the reqd. fig. by II. 10. 76. If the duck enters the water at A, descends to B, and emerges at C. ABC is an isos. A. Draw BD perp. to AC. ABD = 31 -18 feet. BD = is half an equilat. A .'. AC - 2AD = 2 x 9^/3
||

|AB = 9
77.

feet.

Let ABC be the A,

AF,

LB

being a

rt. L,

ACDE

the road.

Draw
.*.*

CG

x ^2)2 pound.
78.

= 11-5x^/2 = 13821 -7 6
If

perp. to ED.
/.

area of

As AFE, CGD are isos. and rt. ^d. ground = iBE BD = i (150+ 11-5
.

sq.

metres

/.

cost

-6911

to "the nearest

is

BC perp. to the tower. ABC is half an equilat. A AC = 200^3 = 346-4 ft. /. ht. of tower -351 -4 feet. lines cutting AB 79. Let ABCD be the sq., EF one of the Draw EM perp. to BD. BE- EMJ2=J*2 cms. /. AEat E. 12 -V2, AAEF = i(12 -V2) 2 = 56-03 sq. cms. Area of middle
.'.
||

the top of the tower, B the observer's eye, and

portion
80.

144 - 112'06
is

= 31-94

sq.

cms.

The area

made up
^

of a

and four trapeziums.

Total area = 81.

str.

+-+ +

-^

+ -^ = 1 5

sq. in.

If

we suppose

the vertical

surface of the tower un-

wrapped
Length

until it lies in a plane, the rope will then run in a line along a diagonal of the rectangle thus formed.
of rope

= N/482 + 20* = 52

feet.

178

KEY TO ELEMENTAEY GEOMETRY.

EXEBCISES LXV. (Continued.) Draw any regular hexagon, reduce it

[Book

to a A, and the construction in V. 26. obtain the line GM, so following that GM 2 = the area of the hexagon. On a str. line PQ, 2 '36 in. long, describe a semicircle, and from PQ cut off PN equal to 1 in. Draw NR perp. to PQ to meet the circle in R. PR 2 = PN PQ = 2-36. Now proceed as in V. 26., making AB AB' = GM PR. The proof is the same as in V. 26.
4.
.
; :

Similar to 4, but starting with any regular 5. and 6. pentagon and octagon respectively.
7.
8.

Use the method

of V. 26. A, taking

n = 3.
Aft

As

in V. 26.

A, we have to get A& such that

AB

= y;-.
^/5

Hence on FG (5 half-inches long) describe a semicircle, from FG cut off FH equal to 1 half -inch, and draw HK perp. to FG to meet the circumference in K. FK'2 = FH FG = 5. FK = ^5.
.

.'.

/.

=
FK

and we then

find A& such that

~= AB FK

GLASGOW

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