Determinants Determinants by Cofactor Expansion ab cd. is invertible if and only if ad — be # 0 and that the expression ad — be is called the determinant of the matrix A. Recall also that this determinant is denoted by writing b d and that the inverse of A can be expressed in terms of the determinant as ate a > ~ det(A)l-c a 2 A det(A) = ad — be or = ad —be «A [ “| 42 422. then the two equations in (1) take the form lan aia] det(A) = Adz ~ andy @) lar 20] In situations where it is inconvenient to assign a name to the matrix, we can express this formula as an ai aa ] = aay, — ara 4 a3, 422, DEFINITION 1 If A isa square matrix, then the minor of entry aj; is denoted by My and is defined to be the determinant of the submatrix that remains after the ith row and jth column are deleted from A. The number (—1)'*! My is denoted by Cjj and is called the cofactor of entry ay> EXAMPLE 1 Finding Minors and Cofactors Let 301 4 A=|2 5 6 14 8 The minor of entry ayy is Mi= The cofactor of ay) isSimilarly, the minor of entry ay) is 3 -4 3-4 My =|2 6 26 b The cofactor of a3 is Cx = (-1)3? My = —My = -26DEFINITION 2 If A is ann x n matrix, then the number obtained by multiplying the entries in any row or column of A by the corresponding cofactors and adding the resulting products is called the determinant of A, and the sums themselves are called cofactor expansions of A. That is, det(A) = ay jCyj + aja Ho + yj Cay a [cofactor expansion along the th columa and det(A) = aiiCjy + ai2Cj2 +--+ + ain Cin (8) [eofactor expansion along the ith row] Find the determinant of the matrix 301 0 A=|-2 -4 3 5 4 2, by cofactor expansion along the first row.= 3-4) - (D-IND +0=-1 Determinants of 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrices can be evaluated very efficiently using the pattern suggested in Figure 2.1.1 [ees] lar ans > Figure 2.1.1 lan air ais} las) a: lay a. 1 aas| ni an lay dx as| = a - as 2 lar a33 las, a33 Jas ay, lay) a3. a3 = 441 (479433 — Ay3432) — Ay2(Az\433 — 33431) + Ay3(G2)432 — 22031) My azd33 + Gid23031 + 13021432 — 13422031 — Gy2d2133 — A233: which agrees with the cofactor expansions along the first row.tix AL 1-2 LA=| 6 7 31 3. Let Find (a) Mis and Cis. (©) Mx and Cx eae 11 2 2RA=|3 3 6 ol 4 -1 1 6 Oo -3 3 1 0 4 1 302 4. Let 2 30-1 1 (0) Mzyand Co. 32 03 AS (d) My and Cy. 32 10 3-2 1 4 Find (@) Mz and Cy. (6) Musand Cus (c) Mg and Cy. (d) Mz and C24.In Exercises 27-32, evaluate the determinant of the given ma- trix by inspection. 1 0 0 200 m.Jo -1 0 2. ]0 2 0 oo 1 002 v0 000 ria wy, [1 29 0 [0 222 “]0 4300 "10 03 3 123.8 O00 4 10207 -3 3 0 0 0 oo. -4 1 2 0 0 lo 0 2 2) 1 -1 0 Oo 0 0 3 100 200-233,Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction Operation Corey kay kay kas] any ay ax as] =k la aya ass]— fase det(B) = kdet(A) In the matrix B the first, row of A was multiplied byk. ay a as) =—la an la) ay as lay) as det(B) = —det(A) In the matrix B the first and second rows of A were interchanged. lan tka ay thax, ayy + kay a, ay ays det(B) = det(A) Inthe matrix Ba multiple of the second row of A was added to the first row.Using Row Reduction to Evaluate a Determinant Evaluate det(A) where o 1 5 A=|3 -6 9 2 6 1 Solution We will reduce A to row echelon form (which is upper triangular) and then apply Theorem 2.1.2. o 1s 3-6 9 det(A)=|3 —6 9f=—]0 1 5] Theft and scoond rows or A were interchanged. 2 6 1 2 6 1 1-2 3 =-3/0 1 5 ‘common factor of from theft row was taken 2 61 Ahrough the determina sign 1-23 ==3}0 1 5] + ~2 mes erst row was, ‘added tothe third row.1-203 =-3)/0 1 sf —— ste second row was added tothe third ro, 0 0 —S5 1 2 3 =e << Acommon toro HES) TS tom ea ow aan o 0 1 through the determinant sign, = (—3)(—55)(1) = 165 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 < det(A) = det] G6 gg | = MEN—26) = -546 7 3° 1 =26> EXAMPLE 5 Row Operations and Cofactor Expansion Evaluate det(A) where 305 2 6 12-1 1 4=lo 4 15 307 5 3 Solution By adding suitable multiples of the second row to the remaining rows, we obtain 0-1 1 3 12-1 1 d= |) 9 3 3 o 1 8 0 4 5 -1 3 =] 0 3 3] —— Weadea efit om tothe =-|0 3.3 0 9 3 “ee 1 8 0 + Cofactor expansion along the first column© In Exercises 9-14, evaluate the determinant of the matrix by first reducing the matrix to row echelon form and then using. some combination of row operations and cofactor expansion, = 9. | -2 7-2 1.) 0 0 =2 oO o's 2 1 5 maa Loa Mio 210 Wl}-2 4 1 o123 5-22 ha Oo 1 0 1Properties of Determinants Cramer’s Rule