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Measurement Notes

Measurement is the process of determining the size, quantity, or degree of something using standard units, essential for precise scientific studies. It involves physical quantities, categorized into fundamental and derived quantities, and utilizes various systems of units like MKS and SI. Errors in measurement can arise from instruments or human mistakes, and significant figures are important for accuracy in reporting measurements.

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29 views2 pages

Measurement Notes

Measurement is the process of determining the size, quantity, or degree of something using standard units, essential for precise scientific studies. It involves physical quantities, categorized into fundamental and derived quantities, and utilizes various systems of units like MKS and SI. Errors in measurement can arise from instruments or human mistakes, and significant figures are important for accuracy in reporting measurements.

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Measurement - Detailed Notes

Measurement is the process of determining the size, quantity, or degree of something using a
standard unit. In physics, measurement is crucial because it helps in expressing physical quantities
in numerical form, making scientific studies more precise and reliable.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
A physical quantity is any property of a material or system that can be measured and expressed in
numerical values with appropriate units.
1. Fundamental Quantities: These are the basic quantities that are independent of other quantities.
- Length (Meter - m)
- Mass (Kilogram - kg)
- Time (Second - s)
- Electric Current (Ampere - A)
- Temperature (Kelvin - K)
- Amount of Substance (Mole - mol)
- Luminous Intensity (Candela - cd)

2. Derived Quantities: These quantities are derived from fundamental quantities.


- Speed = Distance/Time (m/s)
- Force = Mass x Acceleration (N)
- Work = Force x Displacement (J)
- Power = Work/Time (W)
- Density = Mass/Volume (kg/m³)

SYSTEM OF UNITS
Different systems of measurement exist:
- MKS System (Meter, Kilogram, Second)
- CGS System (Centimeter, Gram, Second)
- FPS System (Foot, Pound, Second)
- SI System (Standard International System)

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
Errors occur due to imperfections in measuring instruments or human mistakes.
- Systematic Errors (Faulty instruments, zero error)
- Random Errors (Unpredictable variations)
- Gross Errors (Human mistakes)
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
- Non-zero digits are always significant.
- Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
- Leading zeros are not significant.
- Trailing zeros in a decimal are significant.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
- Length: Meter Scale, Vernier Calipers, Micrometer Screw Gauge
- Mass: Beam Balance, Electronic Balance
- Time: Stopwatch

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Used to check correctness of equations and derive formulas. Principle of homogeneity states that
the dimensions of each term in an equation must be the same.

CONCLUSION
Measurement is the foundation of physics and plays a vital role in scientific calculations,
engineering, and technology.

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