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Chapter 9 Differential Analysis
9‐2 Continuity Equation
ME 320 Lecture 26
March 15, 2019
L. Pauley
Jet in cross flow.
http://www.ansys.com/Products/Simulation+Technology/Fluid+Dynamics/ANSYS+FLUENT#/0
Chapter 9 Differential Analysis
• Recall
– Chap 5: Control volume (CV) versions of the laws of conservation of
mass and energy
– Chap 6: CV version of the conservation of momentum
• CV, or integral, forms of equations are useful for determining
overall effects
• However, we cannot obtain detailed knowledge about the
flow field inside the CV motivation for differential analysis
Lecture 26 2
Conservation of Mass
Differential CV and Taylor series
• First, define an infinitesimal
control volume dx dy dz
• Next, we approximate the mass
flow rate into or out of each of
the 6 faces using Taylor series
expansions from one face to the
other
(u)right face (u)left face u
u
(u)left face dx higher order terms
x
u Ignore terms higher than order dx
(u)left face dx
Lecture 26
x 3
Conservation of Mass for a Differential CV
For the differential control volume shown, label all inflow and outflow
mass flow rates. Since the differential control volume is very small, the
density and velocity across a face of the CV is approximately uniform.
Recall the general equation, m Vn A
Lecture 26 4
Conservation of Mass for a Differential CV
Now, sum up the mass flow rates into and out of the 6 faces of
the CV and put into the integral conservation of mass
equation
mcv
0 m m
t out in
Lecture 26 5
Conservation of Mass for a Differential CV
• Dividing through by volume dx dy dz
u v w
0
t x y z
Or, if we apply the definition of the divergence of a vector
t
V 0
where i j k and V u i v j wk
x y z
Lecture 26 6
Cylindrical Coordinates
Label all inflow and outflow mass flow rates. Note that the
CS area changes in the r‐direction.
Lecture 26 7
Conservation of Mass for a Differential CV
Now, sum up the mass flow rates into and out of the 6 faces of
the CV and put into the integral conservation of mass
equation
mcv
0 m m
t out in
Lecture 26 8
1 r ur 1 u u z
0
t r r r z
Lecture 26 9
Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
If the flow is steady and compressible
The continuity equation u v w
0
t x y z
becomes
Cartesian
u v w
0
x y z
Cylindrical 1 r ur 1 u u z
0
r r r z
Lecture 26 10
Conservation of Mass
Special Cases
If the flow is
constant 0 and
t
incompressible
(steady or unsteady) uniform 0
x y z
The continuity equation u v w
0
t x y z
becomes
u v w
Cartesian 0
x y z
Cylindrical 1 rur 1 u u z
0
r r r z
Lecture 26 11
Continuity Equation in Cylindrical
Coordinates
Use a coordinate transformation to cylindrical coordinates is:
x r cos y r sin
Solving for the cylindrical coordinates gives
y
r x2 y2 tan 1
x
The first derivatives with respect to x are
r x x y y sin
cos 2
x x2 y 2 r x x y 2 r 2 r
The first derivatives with respect to y are
r y y 1 x x cos
sin
y x2 y2 r y y2
x 1 2
x2 y 2 r2 r
x
Lecture 26 12
Transform the velocity components.
u ur cos u sin v ur sin u cos
Use the chain rule to write the x derivative in terms of
derivatives in r and .
u u r u u sin u
cos
x r x x r r
ur u sin cos ur sin 2 u
cos
2
sin cos
r r r r
Use the chain rule to write the x derivative in terms of
derivatives in r and .
v v r v v cos v
sin
y r y y r r
ur u sin cos ur cos 2 u
sin
2
sin cos
r r r r
Lecture 26 13
Substitute terms into
u v w
0
x y z
ur ur 1 u u z
Gives 2 2
cos sin
r
r r z 0
ur ur 1 u u z
Simplify: 0
r r r z
1 1 u u z
Can also be written: rur 0
r r r z
Lecture 26 14
