ROUTE SURVEY OF YABATECH STAFF QUARTERS

BY
ADEDOKUN GREAT TOLUWALASHE
MATRIC NO: F/ND/21/

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS

NOVEMBER 2023
APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "route survey of YABATECH STAFF QUATERS " by
ADEDOKUN GREAT TOLUWALASHE MATRIC No: F/ND/21/3560041 submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement award of a National Diploma on SURVEYING & GEOINFORMATICS has been approved.
By DR. AJIBOLA SURV. OLADIBOYE E Supervisor ( H.O.) Surveying & Geoinformatics
Signature................... Signature................... ..................................... External Invigilator

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the

encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and

able supervisor Mr. Ajibola for his kindness in supervising this project. My warmest gratitude

goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this

institution. My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. Akinfusi Orion,

and Mrs. G. A Ajaegbo, my appreciation goes to my lovely friend Tomiwa Gideon-Ige and many

others who were quite helpful.

ABSTRACT

The project is focused on the execution of route surveying from the back gate of yabatech to the

end of of the road inside the yabatech staff quarters. Stations were selected along the existing

route at regular intervals as in the specifications Theodolite traverse was run over stations, while

levels were observed along the longitudinal and cross-sections of the traverse lines. All data were

gathered with effective orientation from the controls, these were used to produce the plans (with

appropriate scale) showing horizontal alignment, profile and cross sections.

1 INTRODUCTION

1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3 AIM

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1 PERSONNEL

1 STUDY AREA

CHAPTER TWO

2 LITERATURE REVIEW RECONNAISSANCE PRELIMINARY

SURVEY LOCATION SURVEY OFFICE LOCATION: -

CHAPTER THREE

3 METHODOLOGY

3 RECONNAISSANCE

3.1 OFFICE PLANNING

3.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

3.2 EQUIPMENT USED

3.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENT

3.2.2 LEVEL INSTRUMENT TEST (TWO PEG TEST)

3.2 CONTROL CHECK

3.2.3 SELECTION OF STATIONS

3.2.3 MONUMENTATION

3.2 FIELD OBSEVATION

3.2.4 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

3.2.4 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

3.2.4 LEVELING

3.2.4 DETAILING

CHAPTER FOUR

4 DATA PROCESSING AND RESULT ANALYSIS

4 FIELD BOOKS REDUCTIONS

4.1 HORIZONTAL ANGLE REDUCTION

4.1 VERTICAL ANGLE REDUCTION

4.1 LINEAR MEASUREMENT REDUCTION

4.2.1 BEARING REDUCTION

4.2.1 CORRECTION TO BEARING

4.2.1 COORDINATES REDUCTION

4.2.1 COORDINATES ADJUSTMENTS

4.2 BACK COMPUTATION

4.2 LEVELING COMPUTATION AND ADJUSTMENTS

4.2.3 LEVELING ADJUSTMENT

4.2 ACCURACY

4.2.4 ANGULAR ACCURACY

4.2.4 LEVELING ACCURACY

4.2.4 LINEAR ACCURACY

4 RESULT ANALYSIS

4 EXTRACT OF RESULT

4 INFORMATION PRESENTATION (ANALOG AND DIGITAL)

4.6 PLAN PRODUCTION

4.6 MANUAL PLOTTING

4.6 DIGITAL PLOTTING

1 INTRODUCTION 1

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Engineering Surveying is one of the branches of surveying which from the general express for

any survey work carried out in connection with construction engineering and building project, it

is a large-scale topographical map survey which the basis for design of engineering works such

as highways, railways, canals, tunnels, dams, pipelines and transmission lines. In the word of

engineering and environmental studies, surveying has been recognized as the inevitable

operation been described as be the bedrock of every meaningful development. The greater part of

its responsibility is seen from the various types of surveying which are all geared toward

promoting route ways, convenience, accessibility and spatial declination of both natural and

social environment. In addition, surveying means the activities of planning, designing,

constructions, development and rehabilitation of roads, depending on the survey data required by

the surveyor. Route survey which is an aspect of engineering survey may be defined as the

survey operation that is done for the establishment of the horizontal and vertical alignment of

transportation facilities. It involved: planning, design and setting out of any route such as

railways, highways, pipelines and canals etc. as obtained by a surveyor, and it also involved the

proper assessment of natural and man-made features. In addition, this type of survey should be

applied when there is need for alignment, expansion, or rehabilitation at any existing route (road)

e. for traffic purposes. The reason is that route survey provides a plan/map that shows the

alignment, details, profile and cross-sectional levelling which depicts the nature of the terrain of

a given strip of land which serves the purpose of location, design and construction of route

networks. Good road network is one of the basic amenities needed by human being as movement
is one of the characteristics of living things. There are needs for people to move from one place

to the other and transportation of goods and services. Therefore, for any meaningful development

in a country, good road is a must. 1.3 OBJECTIVES In actualization of the said aim of the

project, the following objectives Were followed sequentially: - Reconnaissance which includes

office planning and field reconnaissance. Identification of existing features and adjoining roads. -

Stability of the ground controls to be use for orientation.

Determination of centre line and marking of chainages along the centre line at an interval of

25m.

Marking out some selected points for the cross-sectioning at intervals of 3m to the right and left

on the profile and also the edges of drainage was marked.

Levelling to determine the height of some selected points along the road.

Detailing by the use of a total station Mato NTS352R

Plan production (graphical representation of the surveyed roadway) drawn with appropriate

scale.

Reports write up. 1 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS The following are the specification to be

ascertained in the project:

Traverse must commence on three coordinated (known) controls and closed on another set of

three coordinated controls which must be confirmed undisturbed by necessary measurement

(control checks).

Third order theodolite traverse must be run along the route on all turning points at one zero

observation and the angular difference from both faces should not be more than thirty seconds
(30"), the angular misclosure is determined by 30"√n, where ‘n’ is the total number

of stations observed

Establishing traverse points by using pegs together with nails and bottle corks.

Spirit levelling must commence on a known benchmark and closed back on another known

benchmark. Formulae for its misclosure are ±24mm√k, where ‘k’ is the total distance covered in

kilometres.

Levelling must be observed at every 25m intervals on the centre line and at 5m intervals on both

sides of the centre line for the cross sectioning. Edges of drainage at both sides should be

heightened.

Fixing of relevant features to enhance assessment and necessary composition for good

interpretation of plan.

Setting out curve by using deflection angle method within third other survey.

The accuracy of the project must fall within the order of the project. 1 SCOPE OF THE

PROJECT The entire project covered the following: -

IDOWU OLAMIDE QUADRI - F/ND/21/

1 STUDY AREA

The study area for this project is Yaba college of technology staff quarters which is situated

opposite the back gate of Yaba college of technology.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW

Surveying, a foundational aspect of geospatial sciences, entails measuring and mapping the

Earth's surface and its features. Traditional methods like triangulation and traversing,

utilized for centuries, have delineated boundaries and produced accurate maps. However, the

surveying landscape has significantly transformed with the introduction of modern technologies.

The advent of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), exemplified by GPS, has

revolutionized surveying by providing remarkably precise positioning data. This capability is

crucial for construction, urban planning, and environmental monitoring. Combining GNSS with

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhances spatial analysis and decision-making.

Surveying research has a broad impact, extending into urban planning, where accurate data is

fundamental for infrastructure design and land-use management. Environmental monitoring

relies on surveying to evaluate changes in landscapes, ecosystems, and natural resources.

Infrastructure development, such as roads and buildings, benefits from precise surveying to

ensure safety and compliance with regulations. Surveying encounters ongoing challenges,

including ethical data use, maintaining high accuracy standards, and keeping pace with

technological advancements. Ethical considerations involve respecting privacy and addressing

potential misuses of geospatial information. Maintaining data accuracy is crucial for reliable
mapping and decision support. Fundamentally, surveying is a dynamic field that integrates

historical methods with state-of-the-art technologies, persistently evolving to meet the demands

of a constantly changing world. Researchers and practitioners in surveying play a

Construction and Stakeout: Supporting construction activities, route surveys furnish construction

crews with precise measurements and stakeout points, ensuring that the final infrastructure aligns

with approved plans.

Environmental Impact Assessment: Identifying sensitive ecological areas, water bodies, and

habitats along the route, survey data aids in assessing and mitigating the environmental impact of

construction projects.

Safety and Engineering Analysis: Route surveys identify potential hazards, facilitating the design

of roadways and transportation routes to enhance safety for users.

Utility and Infrastructure Planning: Locating and mapping underground utilities prevents

conflicts and potential damage during construction, offering vital information for planning.

Cost Estimation and Budgeting: Essential for estimating overall project costs, accurate survey

data enables precise budgeting and cost control.

Regulatory Compliance: Route surveys provide the data necessary to ensure compliance with

local, state, or federal regulations, facilitating the acquisition of required permits.

Maintenance and Asset Management: Post-construction, route survey data supports ongoing

maintenance and asset management by assessing infrastructure conditions and planning for

repairs or improvements. In summary, a route survey's purpose spans various stages of a

construction, environmental assessment, and long-term maintenance. Accurate

and comprehensive survey data is indispensable for the efficient, safe, and environmentally

responsible development of linear infrastructure and transportation systems. The importance of

route surveying include:

Educational Enrichment: This route survey initiative doubles as an educational platform for

students in the surveying and geo-informatics department, providing a hands-on application of

theoretical knowledge and fostering practical skills development.

Optimized Pathfinding: Route surveying plays a pivotal role in determining the most efficient

paths for linear projects, strategically minimizing obstacles and refining construction plans for

optimal execution.

Economical Design Strategies: Through early identification of challenges and opportunities in

the planning phase, route surveying contributes to cost- effective designs, mitigating unforeseen

expenses during the construction process.

Prolonged Infrastructure Viability: Rigorous planning and analysis in route surveying contribute

to the longevity of infrastructure by preemptively identifying potential issues and enabling

proactive measures.

Control Point Precision: The meticulous establishment of control points in route surveying is

essential for maintaining accuracy throughout construction, ensuring alignment with the intended

design.
Environmental Impact Mitigation: Route surveying conducts a thorough evaluation of

environmental impacts, ensuring regulatory compliance and minimizing disruptions to

ecosystems during the construction phase.

CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Surveying routes poses distinctive challenges, especially when navigating extended, linear

corridors crossing diverse terrain. Surveyors grapple with obstacles such as rivers, rugged

landscapes, urban environments, and challenging weather conditions. Moreover, they encounter

challenges related to data integration, precision, and the effects of environmental fluctuations.

The future trajectory of this field involves integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),

augmented reality (AR), and advanced GIS applications to elevate both efficiency and data

quality. BASIC PROCESS OF ROUTE SURVEY In the process of collecting information

through route surveying, there are several fundamental procedures, including:

Reconnaissance

Traversing

Levelling

Detailing RECONNAISSANCE In surveying and land assessment, reconnaissance denotes the

initial stage of data collection and preliminary investigation aimed at gathering information about

a particular area or site. This phase entails observing, examining, and assessing the land, its

characteristics, and other pertinent factors, serving as the preliminary inspection before

conducting a survey.
PURPOSE OF RECONNAISSANCE

In the surveying and assessment process, reconnaissance stands as the initial phase, serving the

primary purpose of acquiring preliminary data and developing a broad understanding of the

designated area or site. The data gathered during reconnaissance is instrumental in enabling

surveyors and planners to make well-informed decisions regarding the feasibility, potential

constraints, and overall appropriateness of the area for its intended purpose, whether it be for

land development, construction projects, or environmental assessments. TYPES OF

RECONNAISSANCE There are two distinct categories of reconnaissance:

FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

RECONNAISSANCE OF THE OFFICE TRAVERSING Traversing stands as a fundamental

surveying method employed to establish a sequence of interconnected survey points along a

route or linear feature, such as a road, railway, pipeline, or property boundary. The key goal of

traversing is to precisely measure both the horizontal and vertical positions of these points.

Purpose of Traversing: Traversing serves the primary purpose of pinpointing control

points' exact locations along a designated path. These points act as references for

subsequent surveying tasks, involving angle measurements with instruments like theodolites and

total stations. Angles, measured clockwise or counterclockwise from a reference point, are

complemented by distance measurements using methods like EDM, taping, or pacing. Following

angle and distance measurements, computations are executed to establish bearings and

coordinates for each control point. Bearings indicate horizontal directions relative to a reference

(e., north), while coordinates denote positions in a coordinate system. The traverse undergoes
adjustments, employing methods like the compass rule or least squares, to minimize errors and

ensure loop closure. Traversing finds widespread use in surveys, such as boundary delineation,

road layout, or construction planning. It offers a systematic and precise approach for