THE OKE-OGUN POLYUTECHNIC SAKI, OYO STATE

SCHOOL:

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (SESSA)

DEPARTMENT:

SURVEYING AND GEO – INFORMATICS

TECHNICAL REPORT ON

CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY CARRIED OUT ON 7.089 ACRES OF LAND, AT THE

BACK OF ICT BLOCK, TOPS CAMPUS, SAKI.

BY

GROUP A

SUPERVISED BY: SURV. JIMOH A.A.

DATE: - MAY, 2025.

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 CERTIFICATION

We hereby certify that we all took part both in the field observations, Office work and the

production of the plan and that all the values in the field book are recorded, computed and plotted in

accordance with survey Rules & Regulations and Instructions given by the Lecturer.

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 ABSTRACT

This report focused on perimeter survey at the back of ict block, tops campus, saki. (7.089 acres). The

practical was carried out using the basic survey principles and methods. The field survey operation

includes: reconnaissance which involves (field and office reconnaissance). Data acquisition of perimeter

survey which involves third order theodolite traversing. Data processing computations (all the data

acquired from the field were deduced, computed and adjusted according to specification, and results were

analyzed and found to be within the expected accuracy. Finally, computed data were presented in graphical

form using AutoCAD software and a comprehensive report on how the whole operation was carried out).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………….………… 1

CERTIFICATION …………………………………………………………………………….2

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..………….3

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….…………... 4

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………...……………… 8

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ……………………………………………….………… 8

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………..…………...…10

1.2.1 AIM ………………………………………………………………..………………... 10

1.2.2 OBJECTIVES …….…………………………………………….…………………... 10

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL …………………………………………...…………… 10

1.4 PERSONNEL ………………………………………………………………...………... 11

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEYING…………………13

2.1 WHY CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY?............................................................13

2.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY ……………………15

2.3 SOME TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY ……16

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………….……………... 18

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE …………………………………………………………………. 18

3.1.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE ……………………………………………………. 18

3.1.2 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE ……………………………………..…….………. 18

3.1.3 SELECTION OF STATIONS ……………………………………………………. 19

3.1.4 MONUMENTATION ……………………………………………………....……. 19

3.2.1 LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED ………………………....………………………. 20

3.2.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENTS ………………………………….……………………. 20

3.2.3 THEODOLITE TEST ………………………………………….…………………. 21

3.3 DATA ACQUISITION …………………………………………………….……...… 22

3.3.1 CONTROL CHECKS ……………………………………………………...……… 22

3.3.2 FIELD OPERATION …………………………………………...................………. 23

2.3.3 THEODOLITE TRAVERSING …………………………………………………… 24

3.3.4 ANGULAR OBSERVATION ……………………………………….…...………... 24

3.3.5 LINEAR MEASUREMENT ……………………………………….………………. 25

3.3.6 DETAILING ……………………………………………………….……….………. 25

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PROCESSING ………………………………………………….……..………..26

4.1 FIELD BOOK REDUCTION …………………………………………...…………..….26

4.1.1 TRAVERSE FIELD BOOK REDUCTION ……………………………………..……26

4.1.2 HORIZONTAL ANGLE REDUCTION …………………………...……………….27

4.1.3 VERTICAL ANGLE …………………………………………………...……...……27

4.1.4 LINEAR MEASUREMENT …………………………………………...………..… 27

4.2 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION …………………………………………..……….……28

4.2.1 REDUCTION OF BEARING ……………………………………………..….…… 28

4.2.2 ANGULAR MISCLOSURE …………………………………………..……..……. 28

4.2.3 FORWARD BEARING ……………………………………………..…….………. 29

3.2.4 COMPUTATION OF COORDINATES OF TRAVERSE POINTS ………………29

4.2.5 BACK COMPUTATION …………………………………………………….…… 30

4.2.6 LINEAR ACCURACY …………………………………………………………… 31

4.2.7 EXTRACTION OF RESULTS…………………….……………………………….31

4.2.8 AREA COMPUTATION …………………………………………………………. 32

4.3 PLAN PRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….33

4.3.1 DIGITAL PLAN PRODUCTION ………………………………………………….33

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED, SOLUTION,

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION…………………………..………….34

5.1 SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………….………. 34

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED ……………………………………………….……….34

5.3 SOLUTION …………………………………………………………………………...34

5.4 RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………..………35

5.5 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………… 35

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...…………..36

APPENDIX…………………………………………….....................................................37

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Surveying is the technique, professions, art and science of determining the two-dimensional or three-

dimensional position of distance and angle between them.

It is the art and science of determining the relative position of distinctive features on the earth surface or

beneath the earth surface, by means of measurement of distances, directions and elevation.

CLASSES OF SURVEY

i. Plane survey – this is a class survey which assumes that the earth is flat and it is most commonly

practiced form of surveying because it is a survey with the reference base of fieldwork and

computations. Plane survey covers smaller areas of the earth surface and any survey of area less

than 100km square will have negligible effect of curvature hence, the level surface can be regarded

as horizontal. This field work is classified under plane surveying.

ii. Geodetic survey – this is the survey of a large area of land in which corrections are made to

account for the curvature of the earth. It is the most accurate of all forms of survey and its main

objective is to provide accurately fixed points called controls, whose positions cannot be

questioned. These points are used as reference points in lesser surveys using the most refined

instruments and methods of observations are employed.

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 PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

I. Working from whole to part – it is the main principle of surveying, whether plane or geodetic,

for accuracy, your observations must be connected to the main frame work of higher accuracy that

could be made once the work has been established.

II. Choosing the method of surveying – this is adopted in other to meet up the desired and required

accuracy which the more refined technique and instrument employed, the greater the accuracy that

will be obtained.

III. Insitu check– it is an important aspect of surveying exercise as it will show the possibility of

deflecting error and how to handle it. Therefore, survey as well involves stages such as planning

data, acquisition, processing and information presentation.

TRAVERSING

Traverse is a series of connected straight lines each joining two ground stations on the ground. Each

end points are known as TRAVERSE STATION and the straight lines between two consecutive stations are

called TRAVERSE LEGS.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVERSE

i. CLOSED TRAVERSE: - This is a traverse that start from a known point and ends on a known

point too (either the same known point it started from or another known point).

ii. OPEN TRAVERSE: - This is a traverse that ends on an unknown point. In this case, a series

of connected lines extends in the same general direction

iii. THEODOLITE TRAVERSING: This is the type of traverse in which angular measurements

between traverse sides are made with a Theodolite. The length of the traverse legs is measure

directly on the ground using chain or tape according to the accuracy aimed at and the nature of

the ground.
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1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 AIM

The aim of the survey is for the production of Perimeter/Cadastral survey plan of a parcel of land at

the back of ICT block Area (7.089 Acres) Tops campus of The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic Saki, Oyo State

1.2.2 OBJECTIVES

The following objectives were pursued for the achievement of the aim of demarcation of the boundary of the

land of this practical work:

 Reconnaissance: - It involves planning and visiting the site in so as to have a general view of

the project site.

 Traversing: - This is a sequence of connected straight lines whose directions and distances have

been precisely measured.

 Detailing: - This is an act of fixing details such as buildings, roads, electric poles etc.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL

The project covered delineation of boundaries, perimeter traverse, chain surveying, detailing,

computations and plan production as well as report writing.

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1.5 PERSONNEL

The following student who were members of Group (A) participated in this project work.

MATRIC NUMBER NAMES

23NSG012 ADEBISI USMAN ADEBAYO

23NSG013 OYEDEJI JOSHUA

23NSG014 OLANREWAJU ABDULLAHI

23NSG015 MUDASIRU BASIT

23NSG017 ADEDEJI ABDULBASIT

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO CADASTRAL SURVEYING

A boundary is a surface that divides one property from another, which in the case of land parcels

theoretically extends from the centre of the earth vertically upwards to the infinite in the sky. It could also be

defined simply as an imaginary line which marks the confines or line of division of two contiguous plots.

Cadastral surveying is the sub-field of cadastre and surveying that specializes in the establishment and

re-establishment of real property boundaries. It involves accurately measuring and mapping land parcels,

typically for the purpose of defining property boundaries, determining land ownership, and assessing

property taxes. It’s crucial for land management, urban planning, and legal purposes, ensuring proper

delineation and documentation of land ownership and usage.

2.1 WHY CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY?

A cadastral and layout survey is conducted to accurately define and map the boundaries of land parcels.

It’s essential for legal purposes such as property ownership, taxation, and land use planning. These surveys

help prevent boundary disputes and ensure proper land management and development.

Below are some reasons why cadastral survey is important: -

1. Legal Documentation: - Cadastral and layout surveys provide legal documentation of land

boundaries, which is crucial for resolving property disputes, establishing ownership, and facilitating

property transactions.

2. Parcel Identification: - Cadastral and layout surveys assign unique identifiers to each land parcel,

which helps in accurately referencing and managing individual properties within a jurisdiction. These

identifiers are commonly used in legal documents, property databases, and land information systems.

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 3. Regulatory Compliance: - Cadastral and layout surveys are often required by local government

authorities to comply with land registration laws and regulations. They help maintain an updated record of

land parcels for taxation and land use planning purposes.

4. Land Use Planning: - Cadastral and layout surveys play a vital role in urban and rural planning by

providing essential information about land ownership, parcel sizes, and land use patterns. This information

guides decisions related to zoning, infrastructure development, and environmental management.

5. Accuracy: - These surveys are conducted with high precision using advanced surveying techniques and

equipment to ensure the accuracy of boundary lines and parcel dimensions.

6. Integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS): - Cadastral and layout survey data is

frequently integrated into GIS platforms to create digital maps and spatial databases that provide detailed

information about land ownership, boundaries, and land use. This integration enhances the accessibility,

analysis, and visualization of cadastral information for various stakeholders.

7. Subdivision and Consolidation: - Cadastral and layout surveys are essential when subdividing larger

parcels of land into smaller lots or consolidating multiple parcels into larger tracts. They ensure that the

newly created parcels adhere to zoning regulations, property laws, and land use plans.

8. Boundary Markers: - Cadastral and layout surveys often involve physically marking the boundaries of

land parcels with monuments, stakes, or other permanent markers. These boundary markers serve as visible

indicators of property lines and help prevent encroachments or disputes over land boundaries.

9. Maintenance and Updates: - Cadastral and layout surveys require periodic maintenance and updates

to reflect changes in land ownership, boundaries, and land use. Surveyors may revisit parcels to verify

boundary lines, resolve discrepancies, and update cadastral records to ensure their continued accuracy and

relevance.

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 10. Historical Records: - Cadastral surveys also contribute to preserving historical records of land

ownership and changes in land tenure over time. These records are valuable for researchers, historians, and

genealogists interested in understanding the evolution of land use and ownership patterns.

Overall, cadastral and layout surveys serve as a foundational framework for effective land

administration, property management, and sustainable development.

2.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN CADASTRAL AND LAYOUT SURVEY

Cadastral and layout surveying is a detailed process that involves several steps: -

1. Research: - Surveyors begin by researching existing records, historical maps, deeds, and other

documents related to the area they are surveying. This helps them understanding previous boundary

determinations and any relevant legal issues.

2. Field Work: - Surveyors then head into the field equipped with specialized instruments like total stations,

GPS receivers, and surveying rods. They physically measure and mark the boundaries of land parcels,

taking into account natural features, existing monuments, and legal descriptions.

3. Data Collection: - During fieldwork, surveyors collect various data points, such as distances, angles, and

elevation changes. This data is crucial for accurately mapping the land parcels.

4. Boundary Markers: - Surveyors may install boundary markers or monuments to clearly define property

lines. These markers can be physical objects like stakes, iron pins, or concrete markers.

5. Drafting Maps: - Using the data collected in the field, surveyors create detailed maps or plats showing

the boundaries of each land parcel. These maps typically include precise measurements, bearings, and

other relevant information.

6. Legal Documentation: - Once the maps are completed, surveyors often prepare legal documents, such

as boundary surveys or subdivision plats, which are submitted to government agencies for approval.

These documents serve as official records of land ownership and boundaries.

7. Quality Assurance: - Before finalizing the survey, surveyors conduct quality assurance checks to ensure

accuracy and compliance with relevant regulations and standards.

 Parcel: A defined area of land with boundaries, often used for legal or administrative purposes.

Parcel is also known as a specific piece of land defined within the cadastral, often identified by its

boundaries, ownership, and use.

 Boundary: The line that separates one parcel of land from another. It can be physical (such as a

fence or wall) or legal (described in deeds or other legal documents).

 Cadaster: A comprehensive register of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a

country or jurisdiction, including details such as ownership, value, and land use.

 Survey: The process of accurately measuring and mapping the boundaries and characteristics of

parcels of land.

 Monument: A physical marker, such as a stake or stone, placed at key survey points to mark

property corners or other important locations.

 Metes and Bounds: A traditional method of describing land boundaries by referencing distances

and angles, often using natural landmarks or compass directions.

 Lot: A portion of land within a subdivision, typically designated for a specific direction.

 Easement: A legal right to use another person's land for a specific purpose, such as access or

utilities, often documented within the cadastral.

 Encumbrance: Any claim, lien, easement, or restriction that may affect the title or use of a parcel

of land.

 Title: Legal ownership of a parcel of land, often documented by a deed or other official records

within the cadastral.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

Methodology is a guideline system for solving problem, with specific components such as tasks, methods,

techniques and tools.

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is a pre-requisite of any survey project to be carried out. It is the study of the subject

matter as regard to a particular survey of an area of land. During reconnaissance, the purpose, specification

and required accuracy of the survey will be closely examined as these will affects the choice of instruments

and method of survey to be employed. The reconnaissance carried out comprises of office planning and field

planning.

3.1.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

This involved a visit to the project site and to locate the controls to be used. All members of the group

visited the site to take a visible picture of the project site and the location of the exact route along which the

work is to be done. Necessary equipment’s like mobile topographer GPS, cutlass and tape were used in

locating and establishing the stations. Obstructions were removed to permit inter-visibility. Pegs were finally

used to mark the actual traverse points.

3.1.2 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE

This involves the planning carried out before visiting the project site. It involves acquiring various

information related to area of study, i.e., the longitude and latitude of the place, the type of instrument required

to yield the expected accuracy, the acquisition of coordinate of available control for orientation, consultation

of previous executed project which covers the area of interest, specification given and the purpose of the

survey. This serves as the basis for our planning.

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Table 2.1: Co-ordinates of control pillars available for the project sourced from SIWES.

STATIONS NORTHINGS (m) EASTINGS (m)

TOPS 001
953791.394 544787.925

TOPS 002
953679.931 544811.823

3.1.3 SELECTION OF STATIONS

The boundaries as shown in the recce diagram were laid down by establishment of the station

coordinate given to the group by the lecturer. The stations were established by GPS and slight adjustments

were made for the sake of inter-visibility

The factors considered in selecting these stations include:

i. Inter-visibility between two points.

ii. Firmness of the ground at the selected point.

iii. Working convenience over the station.

3.1.4 MONUMENTATION

Monumentation could be described as the art of defining any selected points on the perimeter

of the ground at each station point the peg was driven into the ground at each station point, leaving

the remaining above the surface of the ground for recognition of the point.

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 2cm
Earth’s Surface

16cm

3.2.1 LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

 Digital Theodolite

 Ranging pole

 Plumb bobs and string

 Cutlass

 Field book

 Linear tape (50m)

 Tripod

 Arrow

3.2.2 INSTRUMENT TEST

Having collected the instruments to be used from the department, the following tests were carried out

on the theodolite so as ascertain the stability of the instrument.

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3.2.3 THEODOLITE TEST

This test was carried out after collection of the instrument in order to test for plate bubble stability,

horizontal and vertical collimation error. The theodolite was set on a point while all necessary temporary

adjustments were made (i.e. centering leveling and focusing). The instrument was rotated clock-wisely

through 360° several times. Then it was noticed that the instrument was still leveled, which means that the

plate bubble of the instrument was in good condition. Thereafter, target set at another point which was bisected

on both faces and the horizontal and vertical readings were observed, booked and computed.

The result of collimation test on the theodolite

STN SIGHT FACE H.C.R H.C.R. V.C.R. V.C.R.

READING REDUCTION READING REDUCTION

A B L 112° 21’40’’ 89°02’20’’

B R 292° 29’30’’ 179° 59’ 50’’ 270°57’20’’ 359° 59’ 40’’

i. Horizontal collimation error = 180° 00’ 00’’ – 179° 59’ 50’’

= 00 00’ 10’’ / 2

= 00 00’ 05’’

ii. Vertical collimation error = 360° 00’ 00’’ – 359° 59’ 40’’

= 00 00’ 20’’ / 2

= 00 00’ 10’’

From the result obtained for both horizontal and vertical circle readings, it indicated that the

instrument was free of any collimation error.

3.3 DATA ACQUISITION: The data were acquired using the theodolite and the linear measuring tape and

the normal traversing procedures were employed. i.e. after observing the backsight to the initial station,

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observing the angles of both right and left faces next onto observing the foresight from the present station to

the next station. We followed this procedure till we get to our closing angle. And all distances were correctly

measured.

3.3.1 INSITU/CONTROL CHECKS: The control check was carried out in order to ascertain if the control

pillars were still in their proper position. The theodolite was set on control GPS 08 and targets were set on

GPS 10 and GPS 01 respectively. Then all temporary adjustment was performed on the instrument.

Thereafter, back sight and fore sight were made to control pillars GPS 08 and GPS 01 respectively.

Horizontal and vertical readings on both faces, left and right were observed and recorded into the field book

together with the measured distance from GPS 08 to GPS 01.

TOPS 001 TOPS 002 PL 1

The data obtained was computed to get included angle, which was compared with the computed angle obtained

from back computation of the control values. The result is shown below.

Table 2.2: The readings and result obtained from control check observation

STN SIGHT FACE H.C.R REDUCED MEAN

ANGLE ANGLE

24/25/001 L1 347° 53’ 54’’

TOPS 002 TOPS 001 L2 248° 25’ 18’’ 260° 31’ 24’’

TOPS 002 R2 68° 25’ 01’’ 260° 30’ 37’’

24/25/001 R1 167° 54’ 24’’ 260° 31’ 05’’

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Table 2.3: Back computation from coordinates of the controls used

From Bearing Distance ∆N ∆E Northing (m) Easting (m) To

Stn (m) Stn

953791.394 544787.925 TOPS 001

TOPS 002 167° 53’ 56’’ 113.996 -111.463 23.898 953679.931 544811.823 24/25/001

3.3.2 FIELD OPERATION

These include the set of operations performed on the field in order to obtain the necessary data required

for the production of Perimeter plan of the project site. Listed below were the operations involved.

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3.3.3 THEODOLITE TRAVERSING

This entails determining the angles and distances of series of connected traverse lines from a known

coordinated point to another known coordinated point so as to obtain the coordinates of the newly established

stations. The theodolite instrument was used to obtain the angular and distance measurements respectively.

This was carried out by running the traverse from control to the boundary stations and closing back on the

same control. This involves the measurement of distances and angles. Angular observations were taken

between the instrument stations and our boundary peg, i.e the instrument was set on TOPS 002, back sight

24/25/001 and fore sight to PL 01. The angular measurement was observed and recorded at both face left and

face right after then the instrument was moved to the next station i.e PL (1), back sight to 24/25/001 and fore

sight to PL 2 both face left and face right observation were taken and recorded. This procedure was made at

every station and closing back to TOPS 001.

3.3.4 ANGULAR OBSERVATION

Angular observations are based on two types namely; the horizontal and the vertical angular

observations. In the telescope, the vertical and horizontal graduation circle had been graduated from 00 0 00’

00” to 3600 00’ 000, whereby angular observations were taken on both faces (left and right), and the angles

were simply deduced and checked. To deduce the angles, observed horizontal circle reading to the first station

‘A’ was subtracted from the observed readings from the second station ‘B’; that is: L B-LA or RB-RA (where L

and R indicated as horizontal graduation circle readings on face left and face right respectively). Finally, the

deduced angles were meant to give the final angles measured. As for vertical angle determinations, these were

necessary to correct the measured linear distances for slope error. The observations and readings were taken

at the same time as the horizontal angular observations were done. They were also deduced as explained

below.

L2-900 or 900-L2 and 2700-R2 or R2-2700 (where L and R indicate angle on face left and face right

respectively).

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3.3.5 LINEAR MEASUREMENT

As for this measurement, it could be carried out by various methods depending on the accuracy

expected and purpose of the job. These methods are:

(i) Tachometric method

(ii) Direct linear measurement method (taping on ground or by catenary)

(iii) Use of Electronic Distance Measurement method.

But as for this project, as for this project, direct linear method was used.

All measurements were recorded directly into the field book in ink so as to avoid any gross

error in booking.

3.3.6 DETAILING

This stage involved fixing of the natural and artificial features that exist on ground into record.

Examples of such features include existing buildings, rocks trees, well etc. The detailing operation was

executed by means of offsetting method. The baseline was obtained from the boundary of the site and used as

an offset to the building with the measuring tape and ranging pole.

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