TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC
NASARAWA,
NASARAWA STATE.
SUBMITTED
BY
MUHAMMED ISMAIL BABA
FPN/SO2/2020/2021/SUV/0481
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEO-INFORMATICS
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA,
NASARAWA STATE.
SEPTEMBER, 2022.
i
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC
NASARAWA,
NASARAWA STATE.
SUBMITTED
BY
MUHAMMED ISMAIL BABA
FPN/SO2/2020/2021/SUV/0491
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEO-INFORMATICS
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA,
NASARAWA STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING
AND GEO-INFORMATICS
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
SEPTEMBER, 2022.
ii
CERTIFICATION
I hereby, certify that this project work for the award of Polytechnic National
Diploma in the Department of Survey and Geo-Informatics is a product of my
research work and the materials used are duly acknowledged solely according to
the Surveying rules and regulations by me under the guidance and supervision
of SURV. WAHEED ADEYEMI meeting the requirement for the award of
National Diploma in the Department of Survey and Geo-Informatics, Federal
Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa State.
MUHAMMED ISMAIL BABA ---------------------------
FPN/SO2/2020/2021/SUV/0481 Sign/Date
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that this project is the original work undertaken by
MUHAMMED ISMAIL BABA FPN/SO2/2020/2021/SUV/0481 and has been
prepared in accordance with the regulation governing the preparation and
presentation of project in the Federal Polytechnic School of Environmental
Studies Nasarawa, Nasarawa State.
Project coordinator ………………………
Mr. Samson Nicolas Signature/Date
Project Supervisor ………………………..
(SURV. Waheed Adeyemi) Signature/Date
Head of Department …………………………
(Mr. Suberu Ahmed) Signature/Date
External Examiner …………………………
(Surv. Samuel Akut Gatah) Signature/Date
DEDICATION
iv
This report is dedicated to Allah Subwahanahu Wata’ala whose guidance and
wisdom made this report a reality and also to my loving and caring family for
their support.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
First of all my sincere thanks and unqualified gratitude goes to Almighty Allah
who through His guidance gave me the wisdom to conceive this report. The lists
of those I wish to extend my profound appreciations are my families, who
supported me financially, economically in all aspect of life throughout this
program the National Diploma Certificate in Surveying and Geo-Informatics.
They include; Mall. Muhammed Haruna Baba, Mrs. Rahmatu, Mr. Dauda T.
Dahiru and his wife Mrs. Aminatu D. Muhammed, and senior bross Mr. Ahmed
Muhammed Baba and Mrs. Maimunat Muhammed Muktar.
Worthy of mentioning here too are Surv. Waheed Adeyemi (project
Supervisor), Mal. Ahmed Suberu (H.O.D.), surv. Oyekeye, O. I.(former
H.O.D), Surv. Ebiaku E. Augustus (former H.O.D.).
LIST OF SYMBOLS USED
vi
The lists of symbols used in this project are as follows:
FR: Face Left
FL: Face Right
BS: Back Sight
FS: Fore Sight
HCR: Horizontal Circle Reading
VCR: Vertical Circle Reading
HA: Horizontal Angle
VA: Vertical Angle
MSL: Mean Sea Level
STN: Station
TP’S: Traverse Points
CP’S: Change Points
S: Staff Intercept
U: Upper Staff Reading
M: Middle Staff Reading
L: Lower Staff Reading
D: Distance
RL: Reduced Level
Hi: Height of Instrument
∆H: Difference in Height
RO: Reference Object
ABSTRACT
vii
The project is titled “Topographical Survey of the Department of Agricultural
Technology, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa State”. The method
adopted for the project execution are the combination of traversing, leveling
and Tacheometry, and the instruments used are theodolite(T6 sokkia),
leveling instrument(Leica)and their accessories, with 100m steel tape for
distance measurement. The standard procedures stipulated in the survey rules
and regulations were strictly adhered to. The job accuracy falls under a third
order classification of surveys. Presentation and analysis were done. The total
size of the plot is 13877.660sqm or 13.877 hectares. The linear accuracy
obtained was 1:40,000 which is within the allowable specification, the error in
the northing is 0.023m, error in the easting is 0.024m, linear misclosure is
0.033m, the angular misclosure obtained is 00° 00’ 4.55”, while the allowable
is 00°02’07.28” . The allowable misclosure in leveling is 0.0377m obtained
using the basic formulae 24mm√k, where k is the total distance in kilometer,
while the obtained is 0.038m. A check on the levelling was done using Last
R.L – First R. L= ∑ B . S−¿ ∑ F . S . ¿ A combination of Note-Pad, Microsoft
excel and Auto-card software’s were used in the processing. At the end of the
project, topographical, contour and spot height maps were obtained at scale
1:2,000 and a report was written. It is recommended that modern survey
instrument should be acquired in addition to what the Department currently
has.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii
Approval Page - - - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - vi
List of Symbols Used - - - - - - - - vii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - viii
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - ix
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - xii
List of Appendixes - - - - - - - - - xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Location of Project - - - - - - - - 2
1.2 Aims and Objectives - - - - - - - 2
1.3 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 3
1.4 Personnel Involved - - - - - - - - 3
1.5 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - 4-5
CHAPTER TWO
PLANNING
2.0 Planning - - - - - - - - - 6
2.1 Reconnaissance - - - - - - - - 6
2.1.1 Office Reconnaissance - - - - - - - 6-7
2.1.2 Field Reconnaissance - - - - - - - 7
2.2 Instrumentation - - - - - - - - 7
2.3 Instrument Test - - - - - - - - 7
ix
2.3.1 Test on Steel Tape - - - - - - - - 7-8
2.3.2 Test and the Adjustment on the Theodolite - - - - 8
2.3.3 Testing for Plate Bubble - - - - - - - 8-9
2.3.4 Testing for Horizontal Collimation - - - - - 9
2.3.5 Testing for Index Error (Vertical Collimation) - - - 9-
10
2.3.6 Permanent Adjustments of Theodolite - - - - - 10-
11
2.3.7 Test and Adjustment for Level Instrument - - - - 13
2.3.8 “How to Perform Two Peg Test” - - - - - 13-
14
2.3.9 Permanent Adjustment of Level - - - - - - 14
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Methodology - - - - - - - - 15
3.1 In-Situ Check - - - - - - - - 16
3.2 Data Collection - - - - - - - - 18-
20
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Data Processing and Analysis - - - - - - 21
4.1 Procedures for Data Processing - - - - - - 21
4.1.1 Angular Reduction - - - - - - - 21-
22
4.1.2 Traverse Computation - - - - - - 22-
23
4.1.3 Leveling Computation - - - - - - 23
x
4.1.4 Spot Heighting - - - - - - - - 24-
25
4.2 Data Presentation - - - - - - - - 25
4.3 Result Analysis - - - - - - - - 26
CHAPTER FIVE
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Problems Encountered, Conclusion and Recommendation - - 27
5.1 Problems Encountered - - - - - - - 27
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 27
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - 27-
28
References - - - - - - - - - 29
Appendix - - - - - - - - - 30
LIST OF TABLES
xi
Table 2.0: showing Northing, Easting and Height of the control points - 6
Table 2.1: showing the reading on the theodolite - - - - 12
Table 2.2: showing the reading on the leveling instrument- - - 14
Table 2.3: Show In-situ check data - - - - - - 17
Table 2.4: of the controls co-ordinate and computed distance and bearing. 17
Table 2.5: Extract from field sheet of the perimeter survey - - 19
Table 2.5: shows result achieved - - - - - - - 26
xii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
LIST OF ITEMS APPENDIX
Recce Diagram APPENDIX1
Back Computation APPENDIX2
Traverse Computation Sheet APPENDIX3
Tacheometric Computation Sheet APPENDIX4
Leveling Computation Sheet APPENDIX5
Computation of Unadjusted Coordinate APPENDIX6
Map APPENDIX7
xiii
