DIPLOMA GEOMATIC (DGU)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PRACTICAL REPORT
SUBJECT
NAME / DCG30083 : ENGINEERING SURVEY 2
CODE
PRACTICAL
CONDUCT CROSS-SECTION AND LONG-SECTION
NAME
COURSE CODE DGU3A
AKID AMAN SHAH BIN HERRY
YANTO 01DGU23F1023
MUHAMMAD AQEEL ASHRAFF BIN
STUDENT ARIFUDDIN 01DGU23F1008
NAME
NUR IWANI AQILAH BINTI
KHAIROL AZMI 01DGU23F1007
NASR DAMIA BINTI MOHD NAZARUDIN 01DGU23F1001
LECTURER PUAN NAZATUL FARIZA BINTI BAKRI
NAME
1. INTRODUCTION OF ENGINEERING SURVEY
Engineering Surveying is the board term used to describe the work of surveyors
on civil engineering jobs. The role of an engineering surveyor is a lot larger than
simply set out for construction of a structure and survey pick-ups. Engineering
surveyors will usually be the professionals who first examine a finished design
for a project and often will identify any design or practically issues. This survey
helps engineers understand the terrain, boundaries, existing structures, and other
features of a site, providing the data needed to make informed design and
construction decisions.
2. LEARNING OUTCOME
❖ Team members play a role in carrying in practical engineering survey at
field and do a report
❖ Understand and able how to use the engineering survey equipment and
tools
❖ Provide the perpendicular routes to do traverse
❖ Able to determine the relative height of level on different points on or
below the surface
❖ Able and understand to take a levelling from TBM and end with same
TBM
❖ Learn and understand how take details from every station to do a
topography
INTRODUCTION
LONG SECTION :
Longitudinal section refers to a profile or cross-sectional view of a
surveyed area along a specific line, typically following the route of a
proposed road,pipeline,railway or other infrastructure.This section
provides a detailed view of elevation changes,slopes and other
features along the length of the surveyed line.
CROSS SECTION :
Cross section is a detailed, perpendicular view of a terrain across a
particular line or alignment,such as a road,railway,pipeline or
channel.It provides a vertical profile of the land at specific intervals
along the proposed route.Cross section are essential in design and
construction,especially for understanding the topography,grading
requirement and cut-fill areas for earthworks.
OBJECTIVE
❖ To identify high points and low points along the alignment.
❖ The creation of longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles helps in
designing efficient drainage systems by identifying the natural
flow pattern.
❖ To understand the undulation of the ground surface transverse to
the center line or profile line.
❖ To verify the vertical alignment design, including grades, curves,
and transitions.
EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
NO. ITEM QUANTITY
TOTAL STATION
1 1
PRISM
2 2
MEASURING TAPE
3 1
4 3
TRIPOD
5 -Optional
PICKET
PRISM POLE
6 2
WORK PROCEDURES
A) Horizontal Control
i. The area of fieldwork located at JKM.
B) Vertical Control
i. Before conducting levelling, perform the 2 pegs test.
ii. Starting from vertical datum or known point elevation (provided)
Temporary Bench Mark (TBM).
iii. Back sight should be at known point (TBM) and fore sight towards
our control traversing station.
iv. Recommended distance between instrument to both staff is less
than 50 metres. (Possible of fore sight station should be defined
visibly to instrument).
v. Recorded observation carefully on level book provided.
vi. Jobs must be looping back to TBM (original point) as a condition
to accomplish the job.
vii. Reduce all the elevations to station numbers either by rise and fall
method or HPC method.
C) Procedure of Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Work
i. Longitudinal Section
Firstly, the center line of the section must be set out on the ground
and marked with wooden peg.
Starting from TBM, data are taken at each centre line peg and at
intervals along each longitudinal section. This interval may be
regular, for example 5m, 10m, 25m, or 50m.
ii. Cross Section
Starting from TBM, levels are taken at each centre line peg and at
intervals along each cross section.
These intervals may be regular, for example 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m
on either side of the centre line peg or where the ground in
undulating, level should be taken at all changes of slope.
The process is continued taking both longitudinal and cross
sections levels in the one operation and the levelling is finally
closed on another known point.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our data is not perfect and there is a lack of communication
between the team and a lack of knowledge about practical cross-section / long
section which causes us to be unable to carry out the work of this report.
CROSS-SECTION & LONG-SECTION
Although the data is not complete, but we understand about the cross-section
and long-section is The integration of automated survey methods in longitudinal
and cross-sectional surveying has revolutionized data collection, improving
both efficiency and accuracy. Automated tools, such as total stations, GNSS,
and UAVs (drones), streamline data acquisition by reducing human error and
minimizing manual data entry. In longitudinal surveying, these methods
facilitate the rapid collection of precise data along a linear route, essential for
designing infrastructure like roads, railways, and pipelines. Cross-sectional
surveys also benefit, as automation provides detailed data on variations in
elevation and landscape features, enhancing safety and quality in design and
construction.
Overall, the adoption of automated survey technology enables engineers to
conduct faster, more accurate analyses of terrain profiles, improving project
timelines and outcomes. Automation not only reduces the risk of errors but also
allows survey teams to work more effectively, even in challenging or hazardous
environments. Embracing these technologies in longitudinal and cross-sectional
surveying is a significant advancement, leading to more reliable engineering
outcomes and sustainable project practices.
