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PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
1) (a) Calculate the number of different 6-digit numbers which can be formed using the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without repetition and assuming that a number cannot begin with 0.
(b) A committee of 4 people is to be chosen from 4 women and 5 men. The committee must
contain at least 1 woman. Calculate the number of different committees that can be formed.
2) (a) The producer of a play requires a total cast of 5, of which 3 are actors and 2 are
actresses. He auditions 5 actors and 4 actresses for the cast. Find the total number of ways in
which the cast can be obtained.
(b) Find how many different odd 4-digit numbers less than 4000 can be made from the digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 if no digit may be repeated.
3) (i) Find the number of different arrangements of the letters of the word MEXICO.
Find the number of these arrangements (ii) which begin with M,
(iii) which have the letter X at one end and the letter C at the other end.
4) A garden centre sells 10 different varieties of rose bush. A gardener wishes to buy 6 rose
bushes,all of different varieties. (i) Calculate the number of ways she can make her selection.
Of the 10 varieties, 3 are pink, 5 are red and 2 are yellow.
Calculate the number of ways in which her selection of 6 rose bushes could contain
(ii) no pink rose bush, (iii) at least one rose bush of each colour.
5) (a) An examination paper contains 12 different questions of which 3 are on trigonometry,
4 are on algebra and 5 are on calculus. Candidates are asked to answer 8 questions. Calculate
(i) the number of different ways in which a candidate can select 8 questions if there is no
restriction, (ii) the number of these selections which contain questions on only 2 of the 3
topics, trigonometry, algebra and calculus.
(b) A fashion magazine runs a competition, in which 8 photographs of dresses are shown,
lettered A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Competitors are asked to submit an arrangement of 5
letters showing their choice of dresses in descending order of merit. The winner is picked at
random from those competitors whose arrangement of letters agrees with that chosen by a
panel of experts. (i) Calculate the number of possible arrangements of 5 letters chosen from
the 8. Calculate the number of these arrangements (ii) in which A is placed first, (iii) which
contain A.
6) (a) Find the number of different arrangements of the 9 letters of the word SINGAPORE in
which S does not occur as the first letter.
(b) 3 students are selected to form a chess team from a group of 5 girls and 3 boys. Find the
number of possible teams that can be selected in which there are more girls than boys.
7) A student has a collection of 9 CDs, of which 4 are by the Beatles, 3 are by Abba and 2 are
by the Rolling Stones. She selects 4 of the CDs from her collection. Calculate the number of
ways in which she can make her selection if (i) her selection must contain her favourite
Beatles CD, (ii) her selection must contain 2 CDs by one group and 2 CDs by another.
8) (a) Each day a newsagent sells copies of 10 different newspapers, one of which is The
Times. A customer buys 3 different newspapers. Calculate the number of ways the customer
can select his newspapers (i) if there is no restriction, (ii) if 1 of the 3 newspapers is The
Times.
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(b) Calculate the number of different 5-digit numbers which can be formed using the digits
0,1,2,3,4 without repetition and assuming that a number cannot begin with 0.
How many of these 5-digit numbers are even?
9) (a) 7 boys are to be seated in a row. Calculate the number of different ways in which this
can be done if 2 particular boys, Andrew and Brian, have exactly 3 of the other boys between
them.
(b) A box contains sweets of 6 different flavours. There are at least 2 sweets of each flavour.
A girl selects 3 sweets from the box. Given that these 3 sweets are not all of the same flavour,
calculate the number of different ways she can select her 3 sweets.
10) (a) How many different four-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 if no digit may be repeated?
(b) In a group of 13 entertainers, 8 are singers and 5 are comedians. A concert is to be given
by 5 of these entertainers. In the concert there must be at least 1 comedian and there must be
more singers than comedians. Find the number of different ways that the 5 entertainers can be
selected.
11) An artist has 6 watercolour paintings and 4 oil paintings. She wishes to select 4 of these
10 paintings for an exhibition.
(i) Find the number of different selections she can make.
(ii) In how many of these selections will there be more watercolour paintings than oil
paintings?
12) A badminton team of 4 men and 4 women is to be selected from 9 men and 6 women.
(i) Find the total number of ways in which the team can be selected if there are no restrictions
on the selection.
Two of the men are twins.
(ii) Find the number of ways in which the team can be selected if exactly one of the twins is
in the team.
13) (a) A sports team of 3 attackers, 2 centres and 4 defenders is to be chosen from a squad of
5 attackers, 3 centres and 6 defenders. Calculate the number of different ways in which this
can be done.
(b) How many different 4-digit numbers greater than 3000 can be formed using the six digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 if no digit can be used more than once?
14) A committee of 6 members is to be selected from 5 men and 9 women. Find the number
of different committees that could be selected if
(i) there are no restrictions, (ii) there are exactly 3 men and 3 women on the committee,
(iii) there is at least 1 man on the committee.
15) A 4-digit number is to be formed from the digits 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9. Each digit may only
be used once. Find the number of different 4-digit numbers that can be formed if
(i) there are no restrictions, (ii) the 4-digit numbers are divisible by 5,
(iii) the 4-digit numbers are divisible by 5 and are greater than 7000.
16) A committee of 7 members is to be selected from 6 women and 9 men. Find the number
of different committees that may be selected if (i) there are no restrictions,
(ii) the committee must consist of 2 women and 5 men,
(iii) the committee must contain at least 1 woman.
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17) A 4-digit number is formed by using four of the six digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8; no digit may
be used more than once in any number. How many different 4-digit numbers can be formed if
(i) there are no restrictions, (ii) the number is even and more than 6000?
18) (a) Arrangements containing 5 different letters from the word AMPLITUDE are to be
made. Find (i) the number of 5-letter arrangements if there are no restrictions, (ii) the number
of 5-letter arrangements which start with the letter A and end with the letter E.
(b) Tickets for a concert are given out randomly to a class containing 20 students. No student
is given more than one ticket. There are 15 tickets.
(i) Find the number of ways in which this can be done.
There are 12 boys and 8 girls in the class. Find the number of different ways in which
(ii) 10 boys and 5 girls get tickets,
(iii) all the boys get tickets.
19) Six-digit numbers are to be formed using the digits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. Each digit may
only be used once in any number.
(i) Find how many different six-digit numbers can be formed.
Find how many of these six-digit numbers are
(ii) even, (iii) greater than 500 000, (iv) even and greater than 500 000.
20) Four boys and three girls are to be seated in a row. Calculate the number of different
ways that this can be done if (i) the boys and girls sit alternately,
(ii) the boys sit together and the girls sit together,
(iii) a boy sits at each end of the row.
21) A school council of 6 people is to be chosen from a group of 8 students and 6 teachers.
Calculate the number of different ways that the council can be selected if
(i) there are no restrictions,
(ii) there must be at least 1 teacher on the council and more students than teachers.
After the council is chosen, a chairperson and a secretary have to be selected from the 6
council members.
(iii) Calculate the number of different ways in which a chairperson and a secretary can be
selected.
22) (a) A shelf contains 8 different travel books, of which 5 are about Europe and 3 are about
Africa. (i) Find the number of different ways the books can be arranged if there are no
restrictions. (ii) Find the number of different ways the books can be arranged if the 5 books about
Europe are kept together.
(b) 3 DVDs and 2 videotapes are to be selected from a collection of 7 DVDs and 5 videotapes.
Calculate the number of different selections that could be made.
Answers:
(1) 600, 121, (2) 60, 200, (3) 720, 120, 48, 15, 10, (4) 210, 7, 175, (5) 495, 10, 6720, 840,
4200, (6) 322560, 40, (7) 56, 27, (8) 120, 36, 96, 60, (9) 720, 50, (10) 3024, 910, (11) 210,
95, (12) 1890, 1050, (13) 450, 240, (14) 3003, 840, 2919, (15) 360, 60, 36, (16) 6435, 1890,
6399, (17) 360, 72, (18) 15120, 210, 15504, 3696, 56, (19) 720, 240, 480, 168, (20) 144, 288,
1440, (21) 3003, 1386, 30, (22) 40320, 2880, 350
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LINEAR LAW
1) Variables t and N are such that when 1g N is plotted
against 1g t, a straight line graph passing
through the points (0.45, 1.2) and (1, 3.4) is obtained.
(i) Express the equation of the straight line graph in
the form 1g N = m 1g t + 1g c, where m and c are
constants to be found.
(ii) Hence express N in terms of t.
2) The table shows experimental values of two variables x and y.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 3.40 2.92 2.93 3.10 3.34
𝑎
It is known that x and y are related by the equation 𝑦 = + 𝑏𝑥, where a and b are constants.
𝑥
(i) Plot a graph of 𝑦 𝑥 against 𝑥 𝑥 and draw a straight line graph.
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and of b.
(iii) Estimate the value of y when x is 1.5.
𝑦
3) The variables x and y are related in such a way that when 𝑥
is plotted against x a straight line is obtained, as shown in the
graph. The line passes through the points (1, 3) and (3, –1).
(i) Express y in terms of x.
𝑦
(ii) Find the value of x and of y such that 𝑥 = −9
4) The table shows values of variables x and y.
𝑥 1 3 6 10 14
𝑦 2.5 4.5 0 -20 -56
(i) By plotting a suitable straight line graph, show that y and x are related by the equation
y = Ax + Bx2, where A and B are constants
(ii) Use your graph to find the value of A and of B.
5) The table shows experimental values of variables x and y.
𝑥 5 30 150 400
𝑦 8.9 21.9 48.9 80.6
(i) By plotting a suitable straight line graph, show that y and x are related by the equation
y = axb, where a and b are constants.
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and of b.
(iii) Estimate the value of y when x = 100.
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6) The variables x and y are related in such a way that when lg y is plotted against lg x a
straight line graph is obtained as shown in the diagram.
The line passes through the points (2, 4) and (8, 7).
(i) Express y in terms of x, giving your answer in the
form y = axb, where a and b are constants.
Another method of drawing a straight line graph for the
relationship y = axb, found in part (i), involves plotting lg
x on the horizontal axis and lg(y2) on the vertical axis.
For this straight line graph what is (ii) the gradient, (iii)
the intercept on the vertical axis?
7) The table shows experimental values of two variables x and y.
𝑥 1 2 3 4
𝑦 9.41 1.29 -0.69 - 1.77
𝑎
It is known that x and y are related by the equation𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥, where a and b are constants.
By plotting and drawing a suitable straight line graph, use the graph to estimate the value of a
and b. Hence estimate the value of y when x =3.7
8) The table shows experimental values of two variables x and y.
𝑥 2 4 6 8
𝑦 2.25 0.81 0.47 0.33
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(i) Plot a graph of 𝑥𝑦 against 𝑥 and draw a straight line graph
(ii) Use your graph to express y in terms of x.
(iii) Estimate the value of x and of y for which 𝑥𝑦 = 4.
Answers:
1)𝒍𝒈𝑵 = 𝟒𝒍𝒈𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟔, 𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝒕𝟒
2) gradient = 0.339 to 0.401, 2.9 to 3.1, 3.05
3) 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙, 𝒙 = 𝟕, 𝒚 = −𝟔𝟑
4) 𝑨 = 𝟑, 𝑩 = −𝟎. 𝟓
5) 𝒂 = 𝟑. 𝟕 𝒕𝒐 𝟒. 𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟕 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑
6) 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙, , 𝒎 = 𝟏, 𝒄 = 𝟔
7) 𝒂 = 𝟗. 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒃 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝒕𝒐 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟗, 𝒚 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 𝒕𝒐 − 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
𝟓 𝟐
8) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙, 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝟐. 𝟕, 𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟏. 𝟕
