CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE

Light
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Reflection
Reflection is the phenomenon where light bounces back into the same material
after hitting a surface.

Laws of Reflection: EMA

The First Law of Reflection: The incident

ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.

The Second Law of Reflection: The angle

of incidence is equal to the angle of

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reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray and the normal

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is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
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Properties of Image formed by a Plane Mirror:
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An image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.

AN

The Image is laterally inverted.

The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
H

The Size of the image is equal to that of the Object.

AS
PR

Spherical Mirrors: A spherical mirror is a mirror that has the shape of a

piece cut out of a spherical surface.

Convex Mirror: A convex mirror is a Concave Mirror: A concave mirror is

curved mirror with a reflective surface a mirror that curves inward,
that bulges outward, similar to the shape resembling the inner surface of a
of a sphere. hollow sphere.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Important Terms in Spherical Mirror

Pole: It’s the midpoint of the spherical mirror. EMA
Centre in curvature: The center of the imaginary sphere of which the mirror
is a part is called as center of the curvature.
Radius in curvature: The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the
radius of the circle or hollow sphere that the mirror is part of.
Principal Axis: A straight line passing through the pole and center of
curvature.
Principal Focus: That point on principal axis through which the reflected light
ray pass when incident light ray was travelling parallel to the principal axis.
Aperture: The diameter of the mirror's reflecting surface.

D
Image formation se question aana
pakka hai!
Ray Diagram Rules:
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KI - Prashant Bhaiya

1) A parallel ray will either pass

through or appear to converge at the
T

principal focus for a concave mirror

AN

and appear to diverge from the

principal focus for a convex mirror.
H

2) A ray directed at the principal

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focus of a concave mirror or passing

through the principal focus of a
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convex mirror will come out parallel

to the principal axis.

3) A ray passing through the

center of curvature of a concave
mirror or directed toward the
center of curvature of a convex
mirror will be reflected back along
its original path

4) Ray incident obliquely to the

principal axis towards the pole of the
concave mirror or a convex mirror is
Reflected Obliquely.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Image Formation by Convex Mirror

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Image Formation by Concave Mirror

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KI
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AN
H
AS
PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Uses of Spherical Mirror:

Concave mirrors (f = -ve): It excel in focusing and magnification, finding uses in
telescopes, headlights, and personal grooming. With their wide field of view.

Convex mirrors (f = +ve): It are crucial for safety in vehicles and security
systems.

Sign Convention:

1. Object on the left, light comes from the left.

2. Start measuring from the mirror's pole.
3. Left is negative, right is positive.
4. Above the principal axis is positive.
5. Below the principal axis is negative.

DD
RAA
Important: KI IR
● The object distance u, is always negative.
TT K
● The image distance v, is positive if the image is formed behind a concave mirror
and negative if the image is formed in front of the mirror.
ANN

● The image distance v, is always positive for a convex mirror.

HHA

● The focal length of a concave mirror is always negative and that of a convex
mirror is always positive.
AASS

● The height of an object is always positive.

● If the image is erect the height is taken as positive and if the image is
PPRR

inverted, the height is taken as negative.

Mirror Formula:

Sign Convention se nazar

hati toh durghatna ghati!
- Prashant Bhaiya

Magnification:
Magnification is defined as the
enlargement of the image formed by a
mirror, whether it is a concave mirror
or a convex mirror, relative to the size
of the object.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Refraction
The phenomenon of change in the direction of light when it passes from one
transparent medium to another is called refraction.

Laws of Refraction: EMA

The First Law of Refraction: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all
lie in the same plane.

The Second Law of Refraction:The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the

sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for
the given pair of media.

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This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.

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If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
KI
T

This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium
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with respect to the first.

H

Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab:

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PR

i = Incident Ray
r = Reflected Ray
e = Emergent Ray

Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence (∠i) =(∠e)

When a ray of light is incident perpendicularly on a plane glass slab, it passes
through undeviated. In this case, the angle of incidence (∠i) is 0°, and
therefore, the angle of refraction (∠r) is also 0°.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Refractive Index EMA

The refractive index measures how light changes direction when it moves from air
to another material. It shows how fast or slow light travels and bends in different
substances (medium), helping us understand its behavior.

Absolute Refractive Index JOSH METER?

The absolute refractive index is the refractive index of a substance

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compared to a vacuum (where the first medium is free space or a vacuum).

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The refractive index of water is 1.33, which means that light travels about
1.33 times slower in water compared to its speed in air.
KI
T
AN
H

Spherical Lens:
AS

A spherical lens is an optical device that uses two spherical transparent surfaces to
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converge or diverge light rays.

Convex Concave

1. Thick at middle 1. Thin at middle

2. Converging Lens 2. Diverging Lens

(1) Concave lens - A concave lens is thin in the middle and thicker at the edges,
and it makes light spread out.

(2) Convex lens - A convex lens has a thicker middle and thinner edges, and it
makes light converge.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Important Terms in Spherical Lens

EMA
Centre in curvature: The center of curvature for a spherical lens is the point
on the principal axis that is at the same distance from the lens as the radius
of curvature.
Principal Axis: An imaginary straight line passing through the two centers of
curvature of a lens is called its principal Axis.
Principal focus: The point where parallel rays meet (convex lens) or appear
to diverge from (concave lens). Lenses have two such points.
Aperture: The aperture of a spherical lens is its effective diameter,
representing the size of the circular outline.
Optical center (O): The optical center of a lens is where light passes

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through without bending.

RA
Focal length: Focal length is the distance between the principal focus and
the optical center.
KI
T
AN
H
AS
PR

Ray Diagram Rules:

1) Rays parallel to the

principal axis converge at
the principal focus
after refraction in a
convex lens, while they
appear to diverge from the principal focus in a concave lens.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2) A ray passing through or

directed to the focus will
emerge parallel to the principal
axis.

3) A ray directed towards the

optical center will emerge
without deviation.

Image formation by Convex Lens

D
RA
KI
T
AN
H
AS
PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Image formation by Concave Lens

Lens Formula and Magnification:

Lens Equation

D
RA
KI
Magnification: The magnification of a lens is the ratio of the height of an image to
the height of an object. It can also be expressed as the ratio of the image distance
T

to the object distance.

AN
H
AS
PR

Power of Lens:
The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light and is
defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (F) in meters. It is typically measured
in diopters (D) and is calculated using the formula:

f = focal length in metre

SI unit = Dioptre (D)

Power for Convex Lens : +ve

Power for Concave Lens : -ve
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. As the velocity of light increases, the refractive index of the medium
decreases. Light enters from air to water having a refractive index of 4/3.
Find the speed of light in water. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3X10⁸ m/s.
[CBSE 2012] (2 - Marks)

Solution:

D
RA
KI
T
AN

2. An object is placed at the focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to locate
the position of the image formed, if any. State its position and nature.
H

Solution:
AS

Image is formed at infinity, image will be

PR

real, inverted and enlarged.

3. What is meant by the power of a lens? Give its SI unit.

Solution:

Power of a lens is the ability of the lens to converge or diverge a ray of light
incident on it. It is the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens, i.e. P = 1/f.
The SI unit of power is D (dioptre), f is measured in metre.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

4. Differentiate between reflection and refraction of light.

Solution:

Reflection Refraction

It is the phenomenon of bouncing It is the phenomenon of bending

back of ray of light in the same a ray of light when it travels
medium after striking with a surface. from one another medium.

∠i = ∠r ∠i ≠ ∠r

Reflection can take place from any Refraction can take place from a
surface. transparent interface.

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RA
5. (a) Name the spherical mirror used as: [CBSE 2012] (2-Marks)
1. Shaving mirror,
2. Rearview mirror in vehicles,
KI
3. Reflector in search – fights.
(b) Write any three differences between a real and virtual image
T
AN

Solution:
H

(a) 1. Concave Mirror

2. Convex Mirror
AS

3. Concave parabolic
PR

(b)
Real Image Virtual Image

It can be taken on a screen. It cannot be taken on a screen.

It is always inverted. It is always erected.

When reflected or refracted rays When reflected or refracted rays

actually meet at a point, then real appear to meet at a point then
image is formed. virtual image is formed.

6.A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex
lens of 1 focal length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is
15cm. Find the position, nature, and size of the image forms.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solution:

D
RA
7. (a) A concave mirror produces a three-times enlarged image of an object
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placed 10 cm in front of it Calculate the focal length of the mirror.
(b) Show the formation of the image with the help of a ray diagram when the
T

object is placed 6 cm away from the pole of a convex mirror.

AN

Solution:
H
AS
PR

“Class 10th Phodenge”

 CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Human eye and the colourful
world
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The Human Eye

The human eye is a complex and highly specialized sensory organ responsible for the
sense of vision. It is one of the primary components of the visual system in humans and
plays a crucial role in perceiving the world around us.

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Different parts of the human eye :
RA
KI
Part Function/Definition
T
AN

The transparent, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the

Cornea
eye and helps to focus incoming light.
H
AS

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil,
Iris
regulating the amount of light entering.
PR

The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to pass
Pupil
through.

A transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses light onto

Lens
the retina by changing shape.

The inner layer at the back of the eye containing light-sensitive

Retina
cells (rods and cones); converts light into electrical signals.

Aqueous and Clear fluids filling the front and back chambers of the eye,
Vitreous Humors providing nourishment and maintaining the eye's shape.

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the
Optic Nerve
brain for processing.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Flow mantra

Power of accommodation :

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The power of accommodation is the eye's ability to adjust and “Defects Of Vision

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focus on objects at different distances by changing the shape dhyaan mei rakhna
of the lens, allowing us to see clearly at various ranges.
diagram ke saath”
KI
Defects of vision and their connections : - Prashant Bhaiya
Defects of vision, also known as refractive errors, occur when the eye is unable to
T

focus light correctly on the retina, leading to blurred or impaired vision. The most
AN

common types of vision defects are:

1. Myopia (Nearsightedness): Myopia, or
H

nearsightedness, is a vision condition where

AS

distant objects appear blurry due to the eye's

inability to focus properly on them.
PR

Causes of myopia: The eyeball is too long, or

the cornea is too curved, causing light rays to
focus in front of the retina instead of
directly on it.
Correction: Myopia is usually corrected with concave (diverging) lenses, which
spread out the light rays before they enter the eye, allowing them to focus on
the retina.

2. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness): It is also known

as farsightedness, is a vision condition where
distant objects are clearer than close-up objects
due to the eye's inability to focus on nearby
objects properly.
Causes of Hypermetropia: The eyeball is too short,
or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light
rays to focus behind the retina.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Correction: Hypermetropia is corrected with convex
(converging) lenses, which bend the light rays inward
before they enter the eye, allowing them to focus on
the retina.

3. Presbyopia: Presbyopia is an age-related vision condition

where it becomes difficult to focus on close-up objects,
usually requiring reading glasses for correction.
Causes of Presbyopia: The lens of the eye loses its flexibility
with age, making it harder to change its shape for focusing
on near objects (loss of power of accomodation).
Correction: Presbyopia is often corrected with
reading glasses, bifocal lenses, or progressive lenses.

D
RA
KI
Prism JOSH METER?
T
AN

A transparent refracting medium bounded by at least two lateral surfaces inclined to

each other at a certain angle.
H
AS

Dispersion of white light by a glass prism

PR

A glass prism disperses white light,

splitting it into its constituent colors,
and creating a rainbow-like spectrum
due to the varying refraction of
different wavelengths of light.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Why dispersion occur?

Dispersion of light occurs when white light passes through a prism because different
colors (wavelengths) of light are refracted, or bent, by different amounts.

Recombination of the spectrum of white light:

Recombination of white light involves merging the separated colors (spectrum) created
by a prism or similar device, resulting in the restoration of white light.

BGYO
Rainbow

VI

R
D
A rainbow is a natural optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight is dispersed,

RA
refracted, and reflected by water droplets in the atmosphere, creating a spectrum of
light in the form of a circular arc.
KI
Rainbow formation:
After rain, there are many tiny droplets of water
T

still in the air

AN

When sunlight falls on these droplets

These droplets act as tiny prisms
H

When sunrays fall on these droplets, the rays get

first refracted, then internally reflected and
AS

then refracted again

Due to this different colors of sunlight are bent
PR

at different angles and we are able to see a spectrum

in the form of a rainbow EMA
Atmospheric refraction:
When refraction occurs between two mediums, and one of these mediums is
Earth's atmosphere, this phenomenon is referred to as atmospheric refraction.
Consequences of Atmospheric Refraction:

Atmospheric
refraction
Twinkling of stars Planet do not Twinkle

Stars seem higher than they actually appear Advance sunrise and Delayed sunset
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Concept Explanation

Twinkling is caused by the bending of starlight as it passes through Earth's

Twinkling of
atmosphere, due to variations in the atmosphere's refractive index. This leads
Stars
to rapid fluctuations in a star's apparent position and brightness.

Light from stars undergoes refraction as it enters Earth's atmosphere,

Stars Seem
bending towards the normal with each layer. This atmospheric refraction
Higher than
causes the apparent position of a star to be slightly higher than its actual
They Appear
position, especially when viewed near the horizon.

Planets appear as small disks and reflect the Sun's light, providing a more
Planets Do
stable and constant source of illumination. This prevents the twinkling effect,
Not Twinkle
unlike distant stars, which are point sources of light.

D
Advance The Sun can be seen approximately two minutes before it officially rises and

RA
Sunrise and about two minutes after it technically sets. This is due to atmospheric
Delayed refraction, which bends the Sun's light, allowing it to be visible even when it is
KI
Sunset below the horizon.
“Bahut Jaroori Table”
T

- Prashant Bhaiya
Scattering of light:
AN

Scattering of light is the process by which light rays are redirected in

different directions as they pass through particles in the atmosphere or
H

another medium. This phenomenon occurs because light interacts with small
AS

particles or molecules, causing the light to spread out in various directions.

Scattering of light depends on the type of particles:
PR

Very fine particles scatter mainly in blue colour.

Large sized particle scatter light of longer wavelength
Shorter wavelength greater will be the scattering
Consequences of scattering of light: VIP (very important portio
n)

Scattering of light

Tyndall Effect Blue Sky

Colour of sun During sunrise
The scattering of light by and sunset Air molecules and tiny
tiny particles in Earth's
Light travels a longer path particles in the atmosphere
atmosphere, such as smoke,
through the atmosphere, scatter shorter-wavelength
water droplets, and dust,
scattering shorter blue light more effectively
making these particles
wavelengths like blue, and than longer-wavelength red
visible.
allowing the red and orange light, making the scattered
colors to dominate.. blue light reach our eyes.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

#TOP 7 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1) "A person cannot read a book at distances less than 50 cm. Name the defect of vision
he is suffering from. How can it be corrected? Draw ray diagrams to show the image
formation:
a. by defective eye
b. after using a corrective lens

Solution:
a. Either the hypermetropic eyeball is too short or
corea is too curved.
b. The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of
the lens enough to properly focus the image i.e., the
focal length of the eye lens is too long. This defect
is called hypermetropia.

D
2) (a) If a person wears a lens of power - 6D for distant vision and for correcting his
near vision he needs a lens of +2D. Determine the focal length of the lenses in both
cases. [CBSE 2016]
RA
(b) Give a reason for the following natural phenomenon:
KI
(i) Stars twinkle
(ii) Planets do not twinkle
T

(iii) Stars appear raised in the sky.

AN

Solution:
H
AS
PR

(b) (i) Due to continuous changes in the densities of the atmospheric layers the
apparent position of the star also changes; which makes the light coming from the
distant point-sized star brighter and dimmer. The light coming from the stars
therefore gives a shaking appearance, which gives the impression of the twinkling of a
star.
(ii) Since the planets are closer to us. Due to this they appear a combination of large
point-size source of light, and change in the path of light coming from the planets is
not significant. So planets do not appear twinkling.
(iii) Due to atmospheric refraction, a star appears to be slightly higher than its actual
position in the sky.

3) a) Explain why colour of the sky appears blue during the day with the help of a
diagram.
(b) Explain why the Sun looks reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solution: (a) Due to the scattering of blue colours by the dust particles present in
the atmosphere.

(b) During the Sunrise or Sunset, Sun is at the horizon, and sunlight travels a longer
distance in the atmosphere. Due to this, all colours get scattered except red which
reaches the eye of the observer to whom sun appears reddish in the morning or
evening.
4) Why do stars twinkle? Explain.
Light coming from stars when enters the Earth's atmosphere suffers
Solution:

D
refraction from the atmospheric layers. Since the densities of
atmospheric gases change frequently. Since the stars are point-sized and at a far

RA
distance sometimes stars appear brighter and sometimes dimmer which gives the
impression as the stars twinkling.
KI
5) (a) What is the least distance of distinct vision for the normal eye?
T

(b) Does the above distance increase or decrease for long sighted eye? Give a reason
AN

for your answer with a diagram.

Solution:
H

(a) For a normal human eye, the least distance of distinct vision
AS

is 25 cm.
(b) Least distance of distinct vision increases for long-sighted
PR

eyes. A hypermetropic eye can see up to an infinite distance,

which is more than 25 cm.

6) With the help of a diagram, Explain the formation of a rainbow in the sky.

Solution:
The water droplets in the atmosphere act like small
prisms. These droplets refract and disperse the
incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and
finally refract it again when it comes out of the
raindrop. Due to the distortion of sunlight and
internal reflection, different colours reach the
observer.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

7. A person with a defective eye-vision is unable to see objects nearer than 1.5 m. He
wants to read books at a distance of 30 cm. Find the nature, focal length, and power
of the lens he needs in his spectacles. (CBSE 2016)

Solution:

D
RA
KI
T
AN

“Class 10th Phodenge”

- Prashant Bhaiya
H
AS
PR
 CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Electricity
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Electric Charge
A physical phenomenon characterized by an excess or deficiency of electrons in a body.
It is a scalar quantity.
The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb (C).

Magnitude of Electric Charge

Proton Neutron Electron

+ 1.602 × 10^-19 coulombs 0 - 1.602 × 10^-19 coulombs

D
EMA

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Electric Current (I)
The quantity of electric charge 'Q' flowing through a specific cross-sectional area in
KI
unit time 't'.
It is a scalar quantity.
T

The SI unit of current is the Ampere (A).

AN

Q (coulombs)
I (ampere) =
H

t (seconds)
AS

The direction of electric current is considered opposite to the flow of electrons, and
in a circuit, conventional current flows from the battery's positive terminal to the
PR

negative terminal.
EMA
Electric Potential (V)
The amount of work done (1 W) when moving a unit positive charge (1C) from infinity
to a specific point.
It is a scalar Quantity.
SI unit is volt (V).
W (joules)
V (Volts) =
Q (coulombs)
JOSH METER?

Electric Potential Difference (ΔV)

It quantifies the energy expended per unit of electric charge. Electric potential,
delineated as the variance in electric potential energy between two locations within an
electric field, corresponds to the energy expended for each charging unit when
transporting it from one point to another in an electrostatic field.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

It is a scalar Quantity.
SI unit is joules per coulomb.

The measurement of the electric potential difference between two

points in a circuit is accomplished using a device known as a voltmeter.

Electric Circuit:
An electric circuit is a closed and unbroken loop that facilitates the flow of electric
current. It comprises diverse components, such as a current source (like a cell or
battery), a load (such as a bulb or any appliance), a switch (for opening or closing the
circuit), a fuse, and interconnecting wires, typically constructed from copper.

When the switch is closed, the circuit is termed a closed circuit (allowing the
current to flow).
Conversely, when the switch is open, the circuit is referred to as an open circuit
(preventing the flow of current).

D
RA
KI
T
AN

Circuit Diagram:
H

It is a visual depiction of a circuit

AS

wherein various electrical components

are represented by their symbols.
PR

EMA

Ohm’s Law:
According to this principle, the electric current coursing
through a conductor exhibits a direct proportionality to the
applied potential difference across its terminals, under the
condition that physical factors like temperature remain
constant.
V V
V = I.R I = R =
R I
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Resistance (Ω)

It is the characteristic of a conductor that hinders

or resists the movement of electric charge through
it. This property is known as resistance. Resistance
is a scalar quantity, and its unit in the International
System of Units (SI) is the ohm, denoted by the “Kaafi important Topic
symbol Ω. hai”
The resistance of a conductor depends on several - Prashant Bhaiya
factors, including:

Length (L): The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.
Cross-sectional Area (A): Wider pathways - larger cross-sectional area (A) in a
conductor make it easier for electric current to flow by reducing resistance.
Material Resistivity (ρ): Different materials have different inherent resistances.

D
Resistivity is a property of the material itself.

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Temperature (T): Generally, resistance increases with temperature. This is a more
complex relationship and depends on the material.
KI
T

Resistivity (ρ)
AN

Resistivity is a property of materials that describes their ability to impede the flow
of electric current. It is denoted by the symbol (ρ= rho) and is measured in
H

ohmmeters (Ω⋅m) in the International System of Units (SI). The formula for
AS

resistivity (ρ) is:

R = ρ L
PR

Resistivity (ρ) is a material property measuring its resistance to electrical current

flow. Conductors like metals have low resistivity, allowing easy current flow, while
insulators have high resistivity. Ohm's Law (I=V/R) relates current (I), voltage (V),
and resistance (R), where resistance depends on the material's resistivity (ρ) length
(L), and cross-sectional area (A).

Series Combination:
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Series combination formula: Total resistance is the sum

Req = R1 + R2 + R3
of individual resistances.

I (Electric Current) remain same

In Series Combination
V (Voltage) Divides

Adding Resistances: In a series circuit, you just add up all the resistances to find
the total resistance.
Total Resistance is Higher: The total resistance in a series is greater than any
single resistor.
One Stops, All Stop: If one component in a series circuit stops working,
everything in the circuit stops.
Not for Different Devices: Series circuits are not good for devices like bulbs

D
and heaters because they need different amounts of current.

Parallel Combination:
RA
KI
T
AN
H
AS

Parallel combination formula: Inverse of total 1 = 1 + 1 + 1

PR

resistance equals the sum of inverses of individual Req R1 R2 R3

resistances

I (Electric Current) divides

In Parallel Combination
V (Voltage) remain same

Add Inverses: In a parallel circuit, sum the inverses of individual resistances to

find the reciprocal of the total resistance.
Lower Total Resistance: The overall resistance in parallel is less than that
of any single resistor.
Diverse Currents: Different currents flow through components in parallel.
Continued Operation: If one component fails, others continue to operate in
a parallel circuit.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Heating effect of electric current:

In an electric circuit, the source must continuously provide
energy to maintain current flow. Some energy sustains the
current, while the rest dissipates as heat—known as the
heating effect of electric current.
EMA
Joule's Law of Heating:
This law indicates that the heat generated in a resistor is:

1. Directly proportional to the square of the current (I) flowing through

the resistance (R).
2. Directly proportional to the resistance (R) in the circuit.
3. Directly proportional to the time (t) for which the current flows.

2
H=I RT

D
RA
Practical applications of the heating effects of electric current include:

Producing Light (Electric Bulb): The bulb features a tungsten

KI
filament with high resistivity and melting point. The application of
voltage heats the filament, making it white-hot and emitting light.
T

Electric Fuse: A safety device in household circuits, it contains a

AN

lead and tin alloy with a specific melting point. If the current
surpasses the safe limit, the fuse wire heats, melts, and interrupts
H

the circuit, safeguarding other elements from potential hazards.

AS

Power: EMA
PR

Definition of Electrical Power (P): Electrical power (P) is defined as the rate at
which electric charge is consumed or transferred in a circuit per unit of time.
Scalar Quantity: Electrical power is a scalar quantity, meaning it only has
magnitude and no direction.
Unit of Electrical Power: The unit of electrical power is the watt (W). The
relationship between power (P), current (I), and resistance (R) is given by Ohm's
Law (P = I^2R).

2
V = I.R P = (IR)I = I R
P = V.I
V V V
2
I = P = V =
R R R
 PRASHANT KIRAD

2
V2
P = V.I = I R =
R

“Very important
formula"
- Prashant Bhaiya
“Bahut Jaroori
conversions hai”
Unit Conversions - Prashant Bhaiya
Kilowatt (kW) 1 kilowatt (1 kW) is equivalent to 1000 watts (1000 W).
Megawatt (MW) 1 megawatt (1 MW) is equivalent to (10^6) watts (1,000,000 W).
Gigawatt (GW) 1 gigawatt (1 GW) is equivalent to (10^9) watts (1,000,000,000 W).
Horsepower (HP) 1 horsepower (1 HP) is approximately equal to 746 watts (746 W).

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Commercial unit of electrical energy: KI
1{kilowatt-hour (kWh)} = 1000 watt-hour (Wh)

Since 1 watt-hour is equal to 3600 joules (J)

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3.6 * 10^6{J}
This simplifies to 1000 {Wh}
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1000 {Wh} = 1000 * 3600 J

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So, 1 kilowatt-hour is equivalent to (3.6 times 10^6) joules.

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Commercial unit of electrical energy:

Certainly! The number of units consumed by an electric appliance is calculated by
multiplying its power (in kilowatts) by the time it is in use (in hours). The formula is:

Energy (kWh) = Power (kW) * Time (hours)

For example, if you have a 1.5 kW appliance running for 3 hours:

{Energy (kWh)} = 1.5 {kW} * 3 hours = 4.5 {kWh}

So, the appliance consumes 4.5 kilowatt-hours of energy during that period.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) What is the function of a galvanometer in a circuit? [CBSE 2019]
Solution:

A galvanometer is used to detect and measure electric currents in a circuit. It

indicates the presence and direction of current flow.

2) State Ohm’s law. [Delhi 2016]

Solution:
If the physical conditions of a conductor remain the same, then the current through a

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conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference b/w the two ends of the

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conductor.
I ∝ V => V= IR
KI
3) The power of a lamp is 60 W. Find the energy in joules consumed by it in 1 s. [CBSE
2014]
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Solution:
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AS
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4) An electric kettle of 2 kW works for 2 h daily. Calculate the [CBSE 2014]

(a) energy consumed in SI and commercial units
(b) cost of running it in the month of June at the rate of `3.00 per unit.

Solution:

5) (a) Explain why a conductor offers resistance to the flow of current.

(b) Differentiate between conductor, resistor, and resistance.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solution:
a. When a current is passed through a conductor, the atoms or molecules of the
conductor produce a hindrance in the path of flow of electrons. This hindrance in the
path of the flow of charge is called the resistance of the conductor.

b. A substance that allows it to pass the charges through them easily is called a
conductor. Resistor: A conductor having some value of resistance is called a resistor.
Resistance: It is the property of any conductor by virtue of which it opposes the flow
of charge through it.
6) Two conducting wires of the same material, equal length, and equal diameter are
connected in series. How does the heat produce by the combination of resistance
change? [CBSE 2010]

Solution:

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RA
KI
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H
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7) Q7) (a) Define the term ‘volt’.

(b) State the relation between work, charge, and potential difference for an
electric circuit. Calculate the potential difference between the two terminals
of a battery, if 100 joules of work is required to transfer 20 coulombs of
charge from one terminal of the battery to the other.
a. Potential difference b/w two points in an electric field is said to be 1
volt if the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from one point
to another point is 1 J.
b.

“Class 10th Phodenge”

 CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Magnetic Effects of
Electric Current
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Hans Christian Oersted found that if you put a compass

next to a wire with an electric current flowing through it,
the needle in the compass would move. He thought this
happened because the electric current created a magnetic
field, which caused the compass needle to deflect.

Magnetic fields:
The region around a magnet where a magnetic force is felt is called the magnetic
field. It's a vector quantity, and its unit in the International System of Units (SI) is
the tesla.
EMA
Magnetic field Lines:
Imaginary lines that depict the magnetic field are
observed when iron fillings are placed near a

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magnet, forming a pattern that illustrates the

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arrangement of magnetic field lines.

● Magnetic field lines start at the North pole of a magnet

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and extend to the South pole outside the magnet. However
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within the magnet, the direction is from South to North.

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● They create unbroken, closed curves.

● The tangent indicates the direction of the magnetic field
at any point on the magnetic field lines. JOSH METER?
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● Magnetic field lines never intersect each other.

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● When magnetic field lines are closely spaced, the magnetic field is stronger.
Conversely, the magnetic field is weaker if the field lines are spaced farther apart.
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The magnetic field is produced by a current flowing through a straight conductor.

Magnetic field lines form concentric circles

with the center at the wire.
The strength of the magnetic field increases
with an increase in current.
The strength of the magnetic field decreases
as we move away from the wire.

Maxwell's Right-Hand thumb Rule:

Maxwell's Right-Hand Thumb Rule helps you find the
direction of the magnetic field around a wire with
current. Point your thumb in the direction of the current,
and the way your fingers curl shows the magnetic field's
direction.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Magnetic field due to a current circular Loop:

When current flows through a circular loop:
1. Inside the loop, the magnetic field runs along the axis.
2. Outside the loop, it forms concentric circles.
3. The field's strength depends on the current and loop size.
4. The direction inside is determined by the current using the
right-hand rule.

Magnetic field due to current in a solenoid: EMA

1. Magnetic field lines run through the core.
2. It resembles the magnetic field around a bar magnet.
3. Strength depends on current and the number of turns in the
solenoid.
4. The field's direction is determined by the right-hand rule.

Electromagnet:

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An electromagnet is a temporary magnet created by passing

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an electric current through a coil of wire. It exhibits
magnetic properties only when the current flows, making it
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useful in various applications like doorbells and electric locks.
The strength of the electromagnet can be adjusted by
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changing the current or the number of coils in the wire.

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Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field:

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When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field:

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1. It experiences a force perpendicular to both the current direction and the magnetic
field direction.
2. The force's strength increases with the amount of current and the strength of the
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magnetic field.
3. The direction of the force is determined by Fleming's Left-Hand Rule, where the
thumb represents motion, the forefinger indicates magnetic field, and the middle finger
denotes current direction.

Fleming's Left Hand rule:

Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is a way to figure out the direction of
three things: the magnetic field (fore finger), the current (middle
finger), and the force or motion (thumb).
Imagine holding your left hand with your thumb, fore finger, and
middle finger at right angles to each other. If you point your fore
finger in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger
in the direction of the current, then your thumb will point in the
direction of the force or motion. It helps to remember how these
three things are related in a magnetic field.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Galvanometer:
A device capable of sensing the presence of an electric
current in a circuit. The needle stays at the zero position
(center of the scale) when there is no current. Depending
on the current direction, the pointer can shift to either the
left or right of the zero mark on the scale.

Types of Current

DC (Direct Current) AC (Alternating Current)

It is the electric current which It is the electric current which reverses its

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flows in the same direction. direction after every fixed interval of time

Domestic Circuit: RA
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Electricity generated at power stations is conveyed
to our homes through two robust copper or aluminum wires.
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One of these wires is known as the live wire, distinguished

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by its red insulation cover, and it operates at a voltage of “”

220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. - Prashant Bhaiya
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The other is termed the neutral wire, identifiable by its

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black insulation cover, and it is at zero potential.

The live and neutral wires enter an electricity meter, commonly installed in homes,
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through a primary fuse.

They are linked to the line wires in the home through a primary switch.
Each distribution circuit is equipped with an individual fuse. In the event of a fault,
such as a short circuit in one circuit, its respective fuse blows, while the other
circuit remains unaffected.
All electric appliances, such as bulbs and fans, are connected in parallel across the
live wire and neutral wire.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The electric supply reaching our homes has two wires:

Live Wire (Phase Wire): Typically colored red or brown, it carries

the current from the power source to the electrical appliances.
Neutral Wire: Usually blue or black, it completes the circuit by
providing a return path for the current to flow back to the power
source.

Earth Wire:
The earth wire, often green or bare, is a safety wire in
electrical circuits. It provides a path for excess electrical Neutral Live
Earth
current to safely flow into the ground, preventing electric
shocks and ensuring safety in case of faults.

Fuse:

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A safety device made of a thin wire composed of a tin and

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lead alloy with a low melting point. Its purpose is to prevent
potential damage caused by overloading and short-circuiting.
KI
T
AN
H
AS
PR
 PRASHANT KIRAD

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) What are permanent magnets and electromagnets? Give two uses of each. [CBSE 2010]

Solution:
Permanent Magnet: It has a constant magnetic field around it. e.g. generator,
loudspeaker.
Electromagnet: When a soft iron is placed in a solenoid it gets magnetized till there is
current in the solenoid, e.g. electric bells, or cranes.
2) Differentiate overloading and short-circuiting. (CBSE 2010)

Solution:

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Overloading means to draw current more than the permitted maximum current in the

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circuit which may be due to connecting many appliances in one socket. In short,
circuiting, when live wire and neutral wire come in contact with each other then the
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resistance of the circuit becomes minimal consequently the current in the circuit
increases abruptly. It may be due to damage to the insulation of the wire.
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AN

3) What happens to the deflection of the compass needle placed at a point near the
current carrying a straight conductor: (CBSE 2011, 2014)
a. if the current is increased?
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b. if the direction of current in the conductor is changed (reversed)?

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c. if the compass is moved away from the conductor?

Solution:
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a. If the current increases deflection of the compass increases.

b. If the direction of current is reversed the deflection in the compass needle is also
reversed.
c. The deflection of the compass needle decreases when a compass is moved away from
the conductor.

4) (a) Which effect of the electric current is utilized in the working of an electrical
fuse?
(b) A fuse is connected in series or parallel in a household circuit?
(c) Draw a schematic labeled diagram of a domestic circuit that has a provision of a
main fuse, meter, one light bulb, and a switch socket.
Solution:

a. Heating effect of current

b. In series in the household circuit
 PRASHANT KIRAD
c.

5) State one main difference between A.C. and D.C. Why AC is preferred over D.C. for
long-range transmission of electric power ? Name one source for each of A.C. and D.C.
(CBSE 2012)

Solution:
The magnitude and direction of D.C. remain the same whereas A.C. changes its
magnitude and direction periodically. Low AC voltage can be increased to high voltage to
prevent loss of electric energy during its long-distance transmission. A.C. generator and
D.C. generator/or cell.

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6) (a) Mention the color code used for live, neutral, and earth wire.
(b) You want to connect a 2 kW electric oven to the electric circuit. In which power

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line would you connect it and why? What may happen if you connect it wrongly to the
other power line?
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Solution:
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(a) Live wire – Red, Neutral wire – Black & Earth wire – Green
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(b) 2 kW electric iron draws a large current. If it is connected to a socket of 5A then

the fuse will be blown. So it is connected to the power socket of 15 A
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7) (a) State the function of a fuse in an electric circuit. How is it connected in the
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domestic circuit?
(b) An electric fuse of rating 3A is connected in a circuit in which an electric iron of
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power 1.5 kilo watt is connected which operates at 220 V. What would happen?
Explain.

Solution:
(a) Fuse is a safety device to prevent damage to electrical devices from short circuits
or overloading. A fuse is connected in series with the circuit.

“Class 10th Phodenge”