Differential equation Assignment
Submitted to: Ma'am Maria Sarfaraz
Submitted by:
Group members:
I. Maryam Salman (0723BE)
II. Areeba Arif (0423BE)
III. Tehreem Shabbir (0323BE)
IV. Bisma Nisar (4923BE)
V. Anam Yousaf (2323BE)
VI. Marva Ehsan (3323BE)
Model name: mass spring Systen
Definition:
A mass-spring system is a mechanical system in which a mass (m) is
attached to a spring (k) that obeys Hooke’s Law. It describes how
objects move under the influence of a restoring force.
Restoring Force:
A restoring force is a force that tries to bring an object back to its
equilibrium position. When you stretch or compress a spring, it
applies a force in the opposite direction to return to its original
position.
Formula:
F=−kx
Where:
F = Restoring force
k = Spring constant (stiffness of the spring)
x = Displacement (how much the spring is stretched or compressed)
Negative sign means the force always acts in the opposite direction
of displacement.
Hooke’s Law:
Hooke’s Law states that the force required to stretch or compress a spring is directly
proportional to the displacement from its natural position.
Mathematical Form:
F=−kx
This means:
If you double the stretch, the force also doubles.
If you release the spring, the restoring force brings it back to its original
position.
Example:
Rubber bands stretch and return to shape.
Car suspensions use springs to absorb shocks.
How is it a Differential Equation Model?
1. Newton’s Second Law states:
F=ma
Since acceleration is the second derivative of displacement x, we write:
𝑑 2𝑥
m =F
𝑑𝑡 2
2. Using Hooke’s Law (Restoring force):
F=−kx
Substituting this in Newton’s equation:
𝑑 2𝑥
m =-kx
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2𝑥
m + kx=0
𝑑𝑡 2
This is a second-order linear differential equation that models simple harmonic motion.
General Form of the Differential Equation:
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
m +c +kx=F(t)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑑𝑡
Where:
m= Mass attached to the spring
k= Spring constant (stiffness of the spring)
c= Damping coefficient (resistance/friction)
x= Displacement of the mass
F(t) = External force applied (if any)
Different Cases of the Differential Equation:
1. Simple Undamped System (No Friction, No External Force)
𝑑2𝑥
m 𝑑𝑡 2 + kx=0
2. Damped System (With Friction, No External Force)
𝑑2 𝑥 𝒅𝒙
m +c +kx=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝒅𝒕
3. Forced System (With External Force)
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
m +c +kx=F(t)
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑑𝑡
Real-World Examples of the Mass-Spring System
1. Bungee Jumping –
o A person jumps from a height while attached to an elastic cord.
o The cord stretches as the person falls and then pulls them back up, showing the
restoring force.
2. Trampoline Jumping –
o A person jumps on a trampoline, which compresses and then springs back, pushing
them upward.
o The trampoline acts like a spring, following Hooke’s Law.
3. Seesaw Motion –
o Two people sit on opposite ends of a seesaw.
o As one side moves down, the other moves up, demonstrating rotational motion and
balance.
🚗 A car's suspension system is essential for comfort, safety, and vehicle stability. It absorbs
shocks, keeps the car stable, and improves handling.
Springs (Coil or Leaf Springs)
🔹 Function: Absorb shocks from bumps and rough roads.
🔹 How? When the car hits a bump, the springs compress and expand, preventing sudden
jolts.
🔹 Result: Keeps the car from bouncing too much and provides a smooth ride.
2️⃣ Shock Absorbers (Dampers)
🔹 Function: Control the movement of the springs and prevent excessive bouncing.
🔹 How? When the spring compresses and expands, the shock absorber slows down the
motion to stop the car from bouncing up and down.
🔹 Result: The car remains stable even after hitting a bump.
Part Function Effect
Springs Absorb shocks Prevents sudden jolts
Shock Absorbers Control bouncing Keeps the car stable
Control Arms Keep wheels aligned Improves handling
Anti-Roll Bar Prevents body roll Stabilizes car in turns
Engineers use software to test and improve car suspension systems before
building real models. These software programs simulate how the suspension
reacts to bumps, turns, and different road conditions. They also check for weak
points, vibrations, and durability to ensure a smooth and safe ride. Some
advanced systems even use AI to adjust the suspension in real time for better
comfort and performance
