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Major Theorems o

The document outlines major theorems of probability, including the Addition Theorem, Multiplication Theorem, and Bayes' Theorem, which are essential for calculating the likelihood of events. These theorems provide critical formulas for evaluating complex probabilities and are foundational in statistics and decision-making. They facilitate the analysis of random phenomena by simplifying the computation of probabilities for multiple events occurring together or separately.

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10 views2 pages

Major Theorems o

The document outlines major theorems of probability, including the Addition Theorem, Multiplication Theorem, and Bayes' Theorem, which are essential for calculating the likelihood of events. These theorems provide critical formulas for evaluating complex probabilities and are foundational in statistics and decision-making. They facilitate the analysis of random phenomena by simplifying the computation of probabilities for multiple events occurring together or separately.

Uploaded by

sriharshareddy.0208
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Major Theorems of Probability

Introduction:
Theorems in probability provide essential formulas and rules for computing
the likelihood of events. These theorems form the backbone of probability
theory, guiding us in evaluating complex probabilities through simple and
logical steps. The primary theorems include the Addition Theorem,
Multiplication Theorem, and Bayes' Theorem. These theorems allow a
systematic analysis of random phenomena, making it possible to calculate
the combined probability of multiple events occurring independently or
together.
Key Theorems of Probability:
The following are the major theorems in probability, which serve as
foundational principles for solving various probabilistic problems:
1. Addition Theorem of Probability:

o Statement: The probability of the occurrence of at least one of


two events A and B is given by:
P ( A ∪ B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
o Explanation: This theorem helps in calculating the combined
probability of two events. If events are mutually exclusive (i.e.,
they cannot happen together), the formula simplifies to
P ( A ∪ B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) .
o Application: It is used when we are interested in finding the
probability that one or the other event happens.
2. Multiplication Theorem of Probability:

o Statement: For any two events A and B, the probability of both


events happening together (intersection) is given by:
P ( A ∩B )=P ( A ) × P ( B ∣ A )
If A and B are independent, then:
P ( A ∩B )=P ( A ) × P ( B )
o Explanation: This theorem is crucial for computing the joint
probability of two events, especially when one event’s
occurrence may affect the other. When the events are
independent, their joint probability is the product of their
individual probabilities.
o Application: It applies to scenarios where two or more events
occur in sequence, such as the probability of drawing two
specific cards in succession without replacement.
3. Bayes' Theorem (Inverse Probability):
o Statement: Bayes' Theorem is a way to update the probability
of an event based on new evidence. It is expressed as:
P( B ∣ A) × P ( A)
P ( A ∣B )=
P (B )
o Explanation: This theorem is used to find the probability of
event A happening given that B has occurred. It helps in revising
probabilities when new data or conditions become available.
o Application: Widely applied in medical diagnostics, spam
filtering, and decision-making processes.
Summary:
The major theorems of probability, including the Addition Theorem,
Multiplication Theorem, and Bayes' Theorem, provide critical formulas
to calculate probabilities in various situations. They are fundamental for
determining the likelihood of one or more events occurring either together or
separately. These theorems simplify complex probabilistic problems, making
them essential tools in statistics and decision-making processes.

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