INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Dr. Kefa, M

ATC
INTRODUCTION TO IIoT

November 14, 2024

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Contents

I The IoT and IIoT Concept

I Definition of terms
I Application Areas
I Advantages & challenges
I IoT Architectural Layers

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Things

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Things

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

The Internet: TCP/IP

I Sensor(computer) Network
A Sensor network is said to be a collection of interconnected
hosts(sensors), via some shared media which can be wired or
wireless.
A sensor network enables its hosts to share and exchange data
and information over the media.
Network can be a Local Area Network spanned across an office
or Metro Area Network spanned across a city or Wide Area
Network which can be spanned across cities and provinces.
A sensor network can be as simple as two sensors connected to
the central device via a single copper cable or it can be grown
up to the complexity where every sensor is connected to every
other, called the Internet. A network then includes more and
more components to reach its ultimate goal of data exchange.

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

I Communication between hosts can happen only if they can
identify each other on the network.
Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
I Locally connected computers or network devices can identify
each other and share information via MAC address.
For remote hosts i.e. not in the same segment or logically not
connected, then some means of addressing is required to
identify the remote host uniquely.
A logical address is given to all hosts connected to Internet
and this logical address is called Internet Protocol Address
(IP).
I The OSI layers include layer 3: the Network layer, which is
responsible for carrying data from one host to another. It
provides means to allocate logical addresses to hosts, and
identify them uniquely using the same.
Network layer takes data units from Transport Layer and cuts
them in to smaller unit called Data Packet.
Network layer defines the data path, the packets should follow
to reach the destination. Routers work on this layer and
provides mechanism to route data to its destination.
I Transport and Network OSI layers cooperatively work to route
data between hosts, making up a TCP/IP Model.
Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
I IP provides a mechanism to uniquely identify hosts by an IP
addressing scheme. IP uses best effort delivery, i.e. it does not
guarantee that packets would be delivered to the destined
host, but it will do its best to reach the destination
I Every network has one IP address reserved for the Network
Number which represents the network and one IP address
reserved for the Broadcast Address, which represents all the
hosts in that network.

I A single IP address can contain information about the network

and its sub-network and ultimately the host. This scheme
enables the IP Address to be hierarchical where a network can
have many sub-networks which in turn can have many hosts.

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Definition
I IoT is a network of physical devices (Things) evolving
electronics, sensors, and software. A ‘thing’ in IoT means
everything and anything around us including machines,
buildings, humans, devices or animals, etc.
I With the help of embedded computing capabilities, IoT
network devices (things) can be uniquely identifiable from
anywhere with the help of information and communication
technology.
I Besides, advances in sensor and wireless communication
technology -IoT becomes pivotal in big data acquisition,
control, and analytics, such as accident prediction, smart
metering, pollution control etc.
I IoT is widely applied in, smart healthcare, smart homes, smart
cities (transportation, utility,traffic),& smart industries-
industrial production control processes.
Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
IoT Illustration

Figure: IoT layout

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Working Principle

I Electronics devices are embedded with technologies which

support wired communication through Ethernet cables,
wireless protocols, NFC and RFID.
I With these enabling components, devices can communicate
over the underlying protocols, for example, TCP/IP, NFC or
IEEE wireless protocols.
I This means, IoT devices can be linked through a wired
connection of the networked computers or over the wireless
connection by the help of embedded sensors.
I As a result, remote devices can be remotely controlled through
other devices in our vicinity. For example opening of the
security gate and switching ON or OFF the air conditioner.

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

IoT Architecture

I IoT layers can be defined based on the design criteria however

the main existent layers include the hardware, medium, and
the application interface.
I The hardware interface defines the physical devices such as
sensors, implants and other gadgets. It includes the tangible
devices physically fixed on the environment of interest such as
on-body organs for health monitoring, on the machine parts,
or on the physical environment of interest. It can be a sensor
or a related hardware.
I The Medium interface it defines the environment under which
devices can hook up and share data. Data sharing can be
through the wired physical link or wireless physical link.
I The application interface defines the application layer where
acquired IoT data can be visualized and manipulated e.g., by
the use of AI
Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
Architectural layout

Figure: IoT based WBAN

I Protocols: TCP/IP for IPV4 or IPV6 and the wireless

protocols based on IEEE 802.X
Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
Architectural layout

Figure: IIoT architecture

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

IoT Versatility
I The advances of internet technology and connectivity with
miniaturization of sensing devices envisages for its integration
into multiple devices such as clothes (textiles), toothbrush,
and food packaging.
I IoT can now be realized in the wearable devices such as smart
watches and wrist bands and in the future IoT may be
integrated to almost everything.

Figure: IoT for environmental monitoring

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)
Application Areas

I IoT may fully be applied in the following areas:

-Office & Hospital settings
-Remote sensing
-Industrial control systems
-Research: e.g., exploration etc
-Autonomous transportation
I IoT supported technologies include:-
–V2V communication
–V2H communication
–M2H communication
–M2M communication
–M2X communication

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Application Areas-II

(a) V2V communication

(b) V2X communication

(c) IoV communication

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

IoT Technology Challenges

I Data integration from multiple sources: challenging to

integrate sensors, social network feeds and mobile devices
I scalability
I Device management : especially devices not linked to a
network but somehow involved in data communication
I Proprietary devices manufacturing
I Flexibility

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

Securing Insecure IoT
I IoT security is of immense importance due to the advances in
technology.
I IoT data need to be secure and private for personal and
commercial purposes.
I Networking capability need to be incorporated with IoT
devices with proper encryption, firewall, and antivirus software.
I Therefore, strong security features need to be integrated in
the IoT architecture.

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Figure: Possible interference

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)

IoT Architectural layers

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Figure: IoT layers

Dr. Kefa, M INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT)