4TH QUARTER NOTES (MATHEMATICS 10)

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEAN –

MEDIAN - The midpoint of the data array.

To determine the value of median for ungrouped, we need to consider two rules:
1. If n is odd (like 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.), the median is the middle ranked.
2. If n is even (like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.), then the median is the average of two middle-
ranked values.
n+1
Median ( Rank Value )=
2

MODE - The mode is the value in a data set that appears most frequently.
Like the median and unlike the mean, extreme values in a data set do not affect the
mode. A data may contain any mode if none of the values are “most typical “. A data set that
has only one value that occurs the greatest frequency is said to be unimodal (if only 1 value
appears most frequently).
If the data has two values with the same greatest frequency, both values are
considered the mode, and the data set is bimodal. If a data set has more than two modes,
then the data set is said to be multimodal. There are some cases when a data set value has
the same number of frequency. When this occurs, the data set is said to be no mode.

Example:
A DCPNHS conduct a unit exam to one of his classes and found that the majority of the
items were too easy. The scores are 45, 39, 40, 48, 35, 37, 36, 37, 40, 44, 41, 49, 29, 28, 32,
36, 37, 41, 40, 36, 39, 30, 25, 43, and 50. Find the mean, median and mode.

Note: Arrange the data set in ascending order.

25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50
(n=25)

Mean:

x=
∑x
n

25+28+29+30+ 32+ 35+36+36+ 36+37+37 +37+39+39+ 40+ 40+40+ 41+41+ 43+44 +45+ 48+ 49+50
x=
25
957
x= =38.28
25

Median:
n+1 25+1 26
Median ( Rank Value )= = = =13 th
2 2 2
~
x=39
Mode:
^x =36 , 37 , 40 (Trimodal/Multimodal)

MEASURES OF POSITION OF UNGROUPED DATA

QUANTILE – is a general term in which the quartile, decile, and percentile were coined.
INTERQUARTILE RANGE – it is the difference between Q 3∧Q1 .

MEASURES OF POSITION: QUARTILE FOR UNGROUPED DATA

QUARTILES – is a measure of position that divides the distribution into four equal parts

MENDENHALL AND SINCICH METHOD – it is the method that use statistics for engineering
and sciences that define a different method of finding quartile values.

Steps:
1. Arrange the data set in ascending order
2. Identify the value of n .
3. Solve for the first quartile, second quartile and third quartile.

Formula:

k (n+1)
Qk =
4

1(n+1) 2(n+1) 3(n+1)

Q 1= Q 2= Q 3=
4 4 4

Reminders:
Position of Lower Quartile – Round to the nearest integer. If Lower Quartile falls
halfway between two integers, round up in order to have Q 1.
Position of Upper Quartile – Round to the nearest integer. If Upper Quartile falls
halfway between two integers, round down to have Q 3.

Example:
The owner of a coffee shop recorded the number of customers who came into his café
each hour in a day. The results were: 14, 10, 12, 9, 17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10, and 11. Find the
Q1 ,Q2 , Q3 .

Solution: 5, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 17

(n=11)

1 ( n+1 ) 1 ( 11+1 ) 1 (12 ) 12

Q 1= = = = =3 rd  Q1=9
4 4 4 4

2 ( n+1 ) 2 ( 11+1 ) 2 ( 12 ) 24
Q 2= = = = =6 th  Q2=10
4 4 4 4
 3 ( n+1 ) 3 (11+1 ) 3 ( 12 ) 36
Q 3= = = = =9 th  Q3=14
4 4 4 4

LINEAR INTERPOLATION – is an estimation of a value within two known values in a

sequence of values. Using interpolation method sometimes (but not always) produces the
same results.

Steps:
1. Arrange the data set in ascending order.
2. Identify the n .
3. Locate the position of the score in the distribution using the formula.
4. Interpolate the value obtain by the 3 rd step.
Steps of Interpolation:
a. Subtract the larger data from the smaller data.
b. Multiply the result by the decimal part obtain in the position.
c. Add the result in Step B to the 2nd or smaller number.
(If the result is decimal number, then interpolation is needed)

Example:
Find the Q 1, Q 2∧Q3 given the scores of 10 students in their mathematics. The given data
set is the following: 4, 9, 7, 14, 10, 8, 12, 15, 6, 11.

Solution: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

(n=10)

1 ( n+1 ) 1 ( 10+1 ) 1 ( 11 ) 11
Q 1= = = = =2.75th  Q1=6.75
4 4 4 4

4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

a. 7−6=1
b. 1 ( 0.75 )=0.75
c. 6+ 0.75=6.75

2 ( n+1 ) 2 ( 10+1 ) 2 ( 11) 22

Q 2= = = = =5.5 th  Q2=9.5
4 4 4 4

4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

a. 10−9=1
b. 1 ( 0.5 )=0.5
c. 9+ 0.5=9.5

3 ( n+1 ) 3 (10+ 1 ) 3 ( 11 ) 33
Q 3= = = = =8.25 th  Q3=12.5
4 4 4 4

4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15

a. 14−12=2
b. 2 ( 0.25 )=0.5
c. 12+0.5=12.5

MEASURES OF POSITION: DECILE FOR UNGROUPED DATA

DECILES – values that divided into 10 equal parts.

Steps:
1. Arrange the data set in ascending order.
2. Identify the value of n .
k (n+1)
3. Use the formula in solving Deciles for Ungrouped Data. D k =
10
4. Round off to the nearest integer.
Example:
Find the 3rd deciles of the following test score of a random sample of 10 students. The
given data set are the following: 35, 40, 42, 28, 15, 23, 33, 20, 18, and 28.

Solution: 15, 18, 20, 23, 28, 28, 33, 35, 40, 42
(n=10)

3 ( n+1 ) 3 ( 10+1 ) 3 ( 11 ) 33
D 3= = = = =3.3  round off to 3rd
10 10 10 10

D3=20

MEASURES OF POSITION: PERCENTILE FOR UNGROUPED DATA

PERCENTILE – are the ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred
equal parts, so that each part represents the data set.

Steps:
1. Arrange the data set in ascending order.
2. Identify the value of n .
3. Solve for the position using the formula: Percentile for Ungrouped Data.
k (n+1)
Pk =
100
4. Round off to the nearest integer.

Examples:
1. Let’s Interpret!
Given the Mathematics test, the 75th percentile is 15. What does it mean?
Answer:
It means that 75% of all the scores obtained is less than or equal to the score of
15.

2. The scores of Miss World candidates from seven judges were recorded as follows: 8.45,
9.20, 8.56, 9.13, 8.67, 8.85, and 9.17. Find P60 and P35 of the judges’ score
 Solution: 8.45, 8.56, 8.67, 8.85, 9.13, 9.17, 9.20
(n=7)

60 ( n+1 ) 60 (7 +1 ) 60 ( 8 ) 480
P60= = = = =4.8  round off to 5th  P60=9.13
100 100 100 100

35 ( n+1 ) 35 ( 7+ 1 ) 35 ( 8 ) 280
P35= = = = =2.8  round off to 3rd  P35=8.67
100 100 100 100

Introduction to Statistics: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION — is a table that shows classes or intervals of data entries with
a count of the number of entries in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number of
data entries in the class.

Terms related to Frequency Distribution

a. CLASS INTERVAL – refers to the numerical width of any class in a particular

distribution. Mathematically it is defined as the difference between the upper-class limit
and the lower-class limit.

b. CLASS BOUNDARIES – are endpoints used to separate the data into classes or groups.
The boundary with the lower value is called the Lower Boundary (LB) while the one
with a higher value is called the Upper Boundary.

c. TALLY – are mostly used to keep the record of a running count. These marks are
generally used for counting scores, points, number of people, etc.

d. The FREQUENCY (f ) of a particular value – is the number of times the value occurs in
the data.

e. A MIDPOINT – is defined as the average of the upper and lower-class limits.

f. A RELATIVE FREQUENCY – is the ratio (fraction or proportion) of the number of times

a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes.

g. The CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY – is calculated by adding each frequency from a

frequency distribution table to the sum of its predecessors. The last value will always
be equal to the total for all observations since all frequencies will already have been
added to the previous total.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

CLASS
CLASS MIDPOIN RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
BOUNDAR TALLY FREQUENCY
INTERVAL T FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
Y

Example:
The following sample data set lists the number of minutes 50 Internet subscribers spent
on the Internet during the most recent session. (Construct FD with 8 classes.)

50 40 41 17 11 7 22 4 28 21
19 23 37 51 54 42 86 41 78 56
 72 56 17 7 69 30 80 56 29 33
46 31 39 20 18 29 34 59 73 77
36 39 30 62 54 67 39 31 53 44

Solution:
R
a. Range R=HV −LV b. Number of CI c. Class Size (i) i=
¿ of CI
82
¿ 86−4 ¿ of CI =8 ¿
8
R=82 i=10.25 ≈ 11
CLASS CLASS TALLY FREQUENCY MIDPOINT RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
INTERVAL BOUNDARY (f) FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
81 – 91 80.5 – 91.5 / 1 86 1/50 50
70 – 80 69.5 – 80.5 ///// 5 75 5/50 49
59 – 69 58.5 – 69.5 //// 4 64 4/50 44
48 – 58 47.5 – 58.5 /////-/// 8 53 8/50 40
37 – 47 36.5 – 47.5 /////- /// 10 42 10/50 32
//
26 – 36 25.5 – 36.5 /////- /// 10 31 10/50 22
//
15 – 25 14.5 – 25.5 /////- /// 8 20 8/50 12
4 – 14 3.5 – 14. 5 //// 4 9 4/50 4

MEASURES OF POSITION OF GROUPED DATA

QUARTILES – are values that divide a set of data into four equal groups.

Steps:
a. Complete the Frequency Distribution Table
b. Identify the position of the Qk class.
k(N)
Qk =
4
c. Identify the given.
d. Solve by substituting the given to the formula.

[ ]
kN
−Cf b
4
Qk =LB+ i
fQ k

e. Interpret the data.

Example:
The following sample data set lists the number of minutes 50 Internet subscribers spent
on the Internet during the most recent session. Compute for the 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd quartile.
50 40 41 17 11 7 22 4 28 21

19 23 37 51 54 42 86 41 78 56

72 56 17 7 69 30 80 56 29 33

46 31 39 20 18 29 34 59 73 77

36 39 30 62 54 67 39 31 53 44
Steps in Solving Quartile for Grouped Data
A. Complete the Frequency Distribution table.
(LB)
CLASS CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY LOWER
INTERVAL FREQUENCY
BOUNDARY
 81 – 91 1 80.5 50

70 – 80 5 69.5 49

59 – 69 4 58.5 44

48 – 58 8 47.5 40 Q3
37 – 47 10 36.5 32 Q2
26 – 36 10 25.5 22 Q1
15 – 25 8 14. 5 12

4 – 14 4 3.5 4

B. Identify the Q k class.

kN
Qk =
4

1(50) 50 2(50) 100 3(50) 150

Q 1= = =12.5 th Q 2= = =25th Q 3= = =37.5 th
4 4 4 4 4 4

C. Identify the given.

Q1  LB=¿ 25.5 Q2  LB=¿ 36.5 Q3  LB=¿ 47.5
N=¿ 50 N=¿ 50 N=¿ 50
Cf b=¿ 12 Cf b=¿ 22 Cf b=¿ 32
f Q =¿
k
10 f Q =¿ k
10 f Q =¿k
8
i=¿ 11 i=¿ 11 i=¿ 11
k =¿ 1 k =¿ 2 k =¿ 3

D. Solve by substituting the given to the formula.

[ ]
kN
−Cf b
4
Qk =LB+ i
fQ k

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1(50) 2(50) 3 (50)
−12 −22 −32
4 4 4
Q1=25.5+ 11 Q2=36.5+ 11 Q3=47.5+ 11
10 10 8
¿ 25.5+
[ ]
12.5−12
10
11 ¿ 36.5+
[ 25−22
10
11
] ¿ 47.5+
[
37.5−32
8
11
]
¿ 25.5+
[ ]
0.5
10
11 ¿ 36.5+
[ ] 3
10
11 ¿ 47.5+
5.5
8 [ ]
11
¿ 25.5+ [ 0.05 ] 11 ¿ 36.5+ [ 0.3 ] 11 ¿ 47.5+ [ 0.69 ] 11
¿ 25.5+0.55 ¿ 36.5+3.3 ¿ 47.5+ 7.59
Q1=26.05 Q2=39.8 Q3=55.0 9

E. Interpret the data.

This means that 25% of the minutes is less than or equal to 26.05.
This means that 50% of the minutes is less than or equal to 40.13.
This means that 75% of the minutes is less than or equal to 55.09.

DECILES – are those values that divide the total frequency into 10 equal parts.
PERCENTILES – are the ninety – nine scores which divides the data into hundred
equal parts.
Steps:
 a. Complete the Frequency Distribution Table
b. Identify the position of the Dk ∧P kclass.
k(N) k(N)
Dk = and Pk =
10 100

c. Identify the given.

d. Solve by substituting the given to the formula.

[ ] [ ]
kN kN
−Cf b −Cf b
10 and 100
Dk = LB+ i Pk =LB+ i
fQ k
fQ k

where: LB=Lower Boundary of the D k ∧Pk class

N=Total frequency
Cf b ¿ cumulative frequency before the D k ∧Pk class
f D = frequency of the Dk ∧P k class
k

i = size of the class interval

k = nth decile where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, (10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)
e. Interpret the data.
Example:
Calculate the 2nd Decile and 60th Percentile of the Mathematics scores of 50
students.

A. Complete the Frequency Distribution table.

SCORES FREQUENCY LB < cf

46 – 50 4 45.5 50
41 – 45 8 40.5 46
36 – 40 11 35.5 38 P60
31 – 35 9 30.5 27
26 – 30 12 25.5 18 D2
21 – 25 6 20.5 6
N=50

B. Identify the D k ∧P k class.

kN kN
Dk = and Pk =
10 100

2(50) 100 60(50) 3000

D 2= = =10th P60= = =30 th
10 10 100 100

C. Identify the given.

D2  LB=¿ 25.5 P60  LB=¿ 35.5
N=¿ 50 N=¿ 50
Cf b=¿ 6 Cf b=¿ 27
f Q =¿ 12
k
f Q =¿ k
11
i=¿ 5 i=¿ 5
k =¿ 2 k =¿ 60

D. Solve by substituting the given to the formula.

 [ ] [ ]
kN kN
−Cf b −Cf b
10 and 100
Dk = LB+ i Pk =LB+ i
fQ k
fQ k

[ ] [ ]
2(50) 60(50)
−6 −27
10 100
D2=25.5+ 5 P60=35.5 5
12 11
¿ 25.5+
[ ]10−6
12
5 ¿ 35.5+
[ 30−27
11
5
]
¿ 25.5+
[ ] 4
12
5 ¿ 35.5+
[ ] 3
11
5
¿ 25.5+ [ 0.33 ] 5 ¿ 36.5+ [ 0.27 ] 5
¿ 25.5+1.65 ¿ 36.5+1.36
D2=27.15 P60=37.86

E. Interpret the data.

This means that 20% of the scores is less than or equal to 27.15.
This means that 60% of the scores is less than or equal to 37.86.

PERCENTILE RANK – is typically defined as the proportion of scores in a distribution

that a specific score is greater than or equal to.

Formula: P Pr=
N [
100 ( P−LB ) f P
i
+cf P ]
where:
P R = percentile rank, the answer will be a percentage
cf P = cumulative frequency of all the values below the critical value
P = raw score or value for which one wants to find a percentile rank
LB = lower boundary of the kth percentile class
N = total frequency
i = size of the class interval

Example:
How many percent of the scores are less than the cumulative frequency of 38?

A. Complete the Frequency Distribution Table

SCORES FREQUENCY LB < cf

46 – 50 4 45.5 50
41 – 45 8 40.5 46
36 – 40 11 35.5 38
31 – 35 9 30.5 27
26 – 30 12 25.5 18
21 – 25 6 20.5 6

N=50
B. Locate the class position.
(38 is within the class interval of 36 – 40).

C. Identify the given.

 P R=¿ unknown ( ? )
cf p=¿ 27
P=¿ 38
LB=¿ 35.5
f P =¿ 11
N=¿ 50
i=¿ 5

D. Solve by substituting the given to the formula.

P Pr=
N i [
100 ( P−LB ) f P
+cf P ]
38 Pr=
50 5 [
100 ( 38−35.5 ) 11
+27
]
¿
50 5 [
100 ( 2.5 ) 11
+ 27 ]
¿2
[ ( 27.5 )
5
+27
]
¿ 2 [ 5.5+ 27 ]

¿ 2 [ 32.5 ]
38 Pr=65 %

E. Interpret the data.

This means that 65% of the scores are less than the cumulative frequency of 38.