es Micro procacsraxs. oe —Apyl linens arr aeeitad ome [7 /' 25 DigitaL fo Analog CONVENT TOY DAT ae 43 ~ Feet foe | “ee fab + aoe bo digh bal Convertor Example fia micro procyessoy sy shen : | $204 —> First microprocessor SOBs FoRS Boxee ] Pentiam M Intel | Be Proc enap i tke Axith i ogicaL le Bs Taree) na ee Jowing :- fiom ( Data) (aaa Address ) ee. signal - ddreos, ——— —= if iC a ; sd | | fey mem or" ct = Bi no’ 1¥td —> BUS ,4 (pom Address busts wnidirert inne L Dake bus is bidwechonal Centro) bus ae mang nob be bidive diol aes St eoe6.. inane Size ot dota bus is 16 bibs witelegie gh 64 bits wit, 3026 is also Known 0 l6-bib microprocesigr Size of addres bus ts 20 bits. . , tel \\ TAL A nibble —» & bibs 2. eek biles A werd 3. 6 bibs Ldspende om rnicwa procter) i T Memory we. ic aoe of rayin Utes boasts aOMc(oc ea ee ea cnn net " H Sleck Frequency is_gentraked- wing ta shat anil 7, ~ © S04 mentoring Divioles memory inbw seeltgeeupe. This 1's dowe fey memory 2eulh y maragentt ch on Lin fou} 4p ed of procedsoy A mt WD lodé segment- Ay _@® Data Pome © Stack <2 ee lo _= sSgment™ © _ Genevad purpoie. resisters “=> Le biks® size E Ly J can oliy user os t bibs Used for Pera shee Fas heles its increasing strives memory twiexternal ! Speed ~ Rothery Han - s directs ain reat ter Four Fypes oF rae : O_ Ax ~Ace shal Ta ef Pra @ 6x = Bae en Be v L ; = Counter eH cL Highey Lower = Paton PH mn Bye Byte assehive : ; 1234 56754»\ Ab Hy UH LE i Two index ST - Sowrc¢ Ende DI ~ Dokuahim tndex > 16 bit [owt like scanPO. funeton in Cf hers. S16 bibs! uscd a poker, points memory locatims ond word | chile — tans inalmacbimas. Contents of address bie of feet address gare acdd-rtos Size st ome segement is 64K8 max - 3000 05 aoiiperes d Ds GS: LJ Size cf reqishey Isfi sc oAenboct-§ aciteamnlis souks rh Micro process @interts an extra Lexe in C6 ‘ coo] Sasi ooo} mono Oo | st CExample) = Addvens . in Lb $8 Piihe~ fee roa 2 number ec za Ioeatton a0) we neck ty stoved twit ree T= 0% in reasbiy -o w- 03 D3 - Oy DSR 3Sr ES Rs pTmee rare reaisen Saas : a oe ee eee © gp— Bane Pointer L@ sp —> stack? pened | - A Size of all pombe s ore lé-bits. | cse: zp } } . code Segemendt- reg) shee aloof goes Nite Ep Pe | g < | addres (20 ibd ‘ i Mev AL je3suy eee operand - operabiow roe on whidh operation it performed. code * = wang machine code (8 bI/ 1 bybe) we com Bele ee size a byte Sonn opcode. ae fee opewand ECGs size ‘Max size @ Enabling is ae ee roi) MOV AS A3H- 9 0 03 Mov BL, 524 ce two byker neq uived = AE in gtachon Ree Next iste jeune Starts at 00003 ©0600) Mov AL 234 9003 mover ,57H o000F App AL gL oon0G INT Pe touch Dinter « foiky THe mevnny tecabon 1 ate ae jtrc tion by be is to my read / fetchBh ees ea im 8086 (Instruction Reg ister) Size 1s. 6bytes oat Works son pees In Fetes owl- principle -C -(F reo) Two wits ‘ a “| Brv s+ Bus Interface Uni > (fale dota) Bee NEUE EwecwRbw wit : | 2 70 perform ope-whin ; mall t ' ol Instuction @Quewe tre part gf Bru Pipe lwing ¢ Ye eee Fete Emcee ues stage). | Ja => peli Sl To oa ; ok: Eo i 2 ten Fy fs execubed Sim Itaneowaly Ty ts feted - Exewke (3 stage )4. A_machine maimtane be vatyre Con ee | LO mala t Ord We Wank machine toi | buyn 6 once veached oa parts cola hemp evakuve | tars is called Subsouling | (Adding o function Iw main progam) S a | To rebyrn bacle tou main pro, Ta Poemnoey | OL main px: Mths TP pushed i tae stack ond once | Swhroutine execution stops forctum) | te TP is poped onk= beaker) to malin peg am. (|| Tieevvupe j Two types of inkervup B ‘ i (onsen ee inkevrup te 2256 interrupts (0 to 155) ® Hardware inner i= Two pins NM and ENTR al al In software there ore #5 Aedicoted intern pts Me Oley NT, 0.3 k ak % : o when main PO9-vam ts runny and we enable intew- i se Poegrcum wilt Gc a) Ts RC Trterrwpt service we) ond Men goes to I RET (Gees) FN 92s to mal poesia : Main p0q-ran i o | v D FZ Tse v : . erable tab erath I —+ 7 4 Ip s Thea i Push ai STACK for2 we | a | More 2 tyres of. ee ks O Veckoved i= Tf ty, Bela t oddvens a. od : gwen then ib js known os ve chrred_ inher Now-vectored i- Address (¢ nok: given SE thse tent. __ _ _~ oY Mot 2 types of inbery OO Moarteable *- Enable or disable eas wing a bit - I@_New-mue ables Can nok Enable er disable tig bite TNTR ig markable - ( NMI ys hon-mosleable - M16 wit ALU is avallable in 8086: T+ is wed fer mal bipro cating Master-Slave. relation - _ of. circle \- 8086 main peorenae 8°97 Co- processor am sian corey ero, overFloOl PAGE No (es, — Arechetencc Aw chiteckives oF 80 Crnemery meine) j aes on ia ly A (Bus ThtevPace ee | wa ; =) i J BrCl chy, j 5 = [eres cse a ESE Bi STs 2 DSR = q1 A Reefs BOO Arie ctuve je dlidenl Iie & pact 7 | Bus trterface unit —— |@ ExewHon wut Bee dividing The Worle between Hose two units speed ti a | BIV performs the follwing fuss chimes MM ee enol a ad dt — |b Lt reads gan or fetchex instuctom byte from oe t = | ID Read “tre dake Lema init 4 oskp ut Aevie ss } ln [Bo OOo a pole duvices ard memory Execution Unack = Po lowing Punches OTe tel 1 repeat ae pe eee on late Loe / @Q r+ Reon pie ingtnu chon by bee ond pertgrm sees eee zl [ace] x [re [x [cr] AUX: Nor F covery i Comal Flaga 9 ne Carry flag'- If vest generar cory af ber ae d : CF=4 | ow ehe Fed e-4 ES Hy . 2a ‘ AcF=0 | ROnOn a ‘i 0 0)0 > oe eer | MECUMON GS ar She SO) Forty flags= Tt Hee number 66 owe 4S iw the result is oll, Toe =I ee Gif odd PE=O Avxillomn Corry I= IF cory js generoted trom lower nibble ov heud! Praw feered fom D3 tp De bit Uae notary AGS | | Lain aor! tate Ooo | Bit lo ) Hess Tt oft operosb inn SOOM A 2 oro 24 ov che 2F 0 mre eae ee 0 flog at che 7 4 a Cony | - ud | OAS ia H Oo 1 rn SP aires mina (Fao aeons | Were ee =O Es St. ae2 oa ¢ vat: ¢ Itlt sat | C000 wo uy 2009 00g Find the Rete rei| Li, followin, optrokion ee 16-bit” value ot flag ~edister. ae Jind : eel at — WAN fooy san 9010 1010 dics OD oo01d, 0011 Dis Died Me Diy Dio Dy 'Ds D, Des Ds Dy Dy “Pr Dy Do Lo 2 0 VAD o 0 tt © 0°. 50 vai Oo = eS es Oo Ve I Lag cregisher = 001 Haan Sy OTo speed Yup the operation of program exe cake. hea BL time from pacman 1© Tr Bru canbe fete imsbructionn by bes | the Ev jis di cod tes ae Te BIv feteher 2 mony on 6 byten F an instructs, oy she sli th Foye “wile ug i cle dole reqwire vse OF sy shen laws =H) Oweur je _conbnwowsly Ds Neo Pie wey fem Shove se new age. p || Seqment-s PortiHon of memory * bus ts fied bt in Veabl f, Tra TMP sinstle Pte auene must be flushed okey dina reloaded IMB => 64 kB 2/16 segmodte 0 This IME memory Can be shecemed in {6 Segments @ ‘cs Ds = aT wel fay dean Porpeses ~ ‘ND —! i a P= an i 40 Vo“ ADDIS (Niwas sa A \ a > or okt om if will be dato - wrdors tod if Ap rites wil = + Therefoyve Ve war pi will ge mAD pwRET cle PAGE No. Made DATE ALE:- Address Latch enable ¢ Sy Se Tino catiove 9 2 ox Alternate doko . aan j Cee A sl Stack = i rz Ss Code a | { 1: Dodo a | 253 Erk exw flag bit Als R dow : BHE /s7 a Bus high enoble - ae Dis Op erably 118 bik akan: fimov ax ;fo400) 4 T bit in wdc Mov Ar [0401] ° ; 8 bik in dake Mov pr’ Coyoo) | No acce eea [7 , + Hod Pro saamnina io dole —— The way in whic pros penne speci She Seca ix Be iactnaction fs knonom 2 aden —mst $= Emmediate addrerst mode ; | Emmediately pues foe In Enstrucho~ eee Mov PH Res cd Hy Register odd ressing moos Tn instnaction Ee ter 1s specified and in —_ rtaie bee Pre Aoke js presint _ Tru cline Regi shew | eae a ee | bE. = t tq. Mov AL, BL Mov Ax BY Fo oddyeasing m Pnstruchion “the memory, CEM availa) Jotation is gies directly In Memory he Enstruction 1 Memon | ee lo tation 7 ay -— i Co4vooy) a\\\ie 1 \\\o\\\\ fet | Rejishew indlivect> addressing moos memory lo | we give na coe ond in vege bec co 5 Specified. hyo! wf we ACC | doko Beq Mov Bx, O4o014 7d Mov Av, [ex] Index ed — We specify index J venistey in whrcl ; J | thwa! hide we acces He data eq. Mov st, ono0o memory Loe alten Moy AL, Cst] Relea Relative Addrewing mod Eble Mine Adds, (EA) and the’ o ‘ cif Fenster ond displaomanl- jn_inabuction from. TRA sber we gee rom om Joctbon , hence qu a Pred we “access nso tic ae Die placomat} 4 cA Remon, a Dares Els Ta erie Location, CGD BS soon en eeeN ONoUN d ps Tnstbuctiow i [ Base aul a os tebe Me [a eect eve I) 4 | vege he wey is be Oc od ye oe i ae oo i |_| 4 T ! ae 3 eq. Mov Ab £ Bx + sz) Jv i ®|| Relative bare indexed ee mode f : Bose pelea disp) a tment Reaish ; aa a eq shee Reais hey = vy ay Kea Memory TD Dake { Voc akon = [Memory Teuton -——— eg Mov parC BX+sT +04] TS MOV destnation, source Mov Ar 254 PALE 26H mye cx. FFFE We Ox = CHR) poe C le) AL= FE an 9 BX = FFFE jE SR a = Jeen RRM portman | cis “% oy mov AX, 23 56H Pee ios Bis AL 2 Mov 8H, AY Tiov Dx, Bx IL BIENTE 03, = aes AX = 23564 BL = S¢H ES eo | DG eS) Sic) |e | * ay|| oxo =34H Mov si #0400 4 ice tcrimeen esate Mov _AXx § cst) J eto cass| Mov cx, 057] | near Mov pe ,Csr+8) : INT 03 | | oho & = 29H J a eye ST = tre 040 OH An > WS6H 56184 CX = 8% DH 12 34H ye ae d=trashey 2-4, S| Write on anembly Lanquage prog rans to fe = Woe a eaetoory omd 04 01H tb PSS oH by) : | O5014 : 1 a [ Mov st ,0400H i | mov Dr, oscelll . i | mov au, Csr | if || Mov fpr), av — | Mov ar ,tsr+2] i | Mov [pret] par = i | Naess $ Axvithemetic — Operations : j O| App @:- app Own, a ADDIE eee al SS desrinatign Some. { | Ade 3 addittime with isan j ADD Ax , Bx Aa mae SUB Al Be AL = AL BU Sub tract wif borvow AL=AL-BL-e¢ 2 carry Flag Chere, bovrew Flag) Tn abit multplicabtan | AL acts os accumulator Myvi BL AB= A xB Boss > "avn. Gln by Higher loweyigi PAGE Wo ee t | Ee + wate aun el lo of two . [Nocakiow 0400 ond Ae multivliiation, Strre fhe! raw 7 | to_memony Location || ov ST, ow00 yy 7 | mov px, osoon Moo. es 4. } 7 | mov Ax, Csr) Wan le ime = ~— | mov Bx, Csr+.] ee. } - | el des peers ans j —| mov [px], ax } Mov ([port2] j py = | INT 03 _@ | bev a Payee Fey EE aie ( Pividend. = AX, distor Bt) | ] a \ Bucket = AL oi Remacnder = AH : biF . Pay Oe ae 9 Gvotion = A Remainder = PX 4#OOH SS write Cle before prodvan eaeeerrs SOO 1}f @ pis aa destination —> incvem ent— i INC AL => AL =FEH : | 4 j AL = FRH : Lb Ae LON } z ©} ree DEC :- diatnahw~ ~ clecrement= La) t DECH=> AL = FFH | | 3 f | Pia Fee : * | ae @|| Sump instretiow = O INZ © eae | i CRIs if zero ONS) tavele (loop, Start; stop, again up, down ) J G next ingtyurbow d 1 oN EE) Q400 = 01 o\J OV St ,o¥00H | Onl Au C5) ee 15 (| perNe sx O% 03 = oy Mov si, Csr) o40% = o¢ \O | App AL, seCHP dustinobion , source 0) eae ee SF 55, HS dot ralim > Source 2 ! \ desHnahon < source dutinahow = source Bl va | Ze | ° ° Z| Pa | o eS ay) Werke On eptbly Pog rahe to find Larges numbaccr from e | G6 byte » whic is Sea locaton 0 400H —||_ Mov cL» 05H O4oo = 04 a | Mov Sz, 0400H O4o} = oF ur: SS Ov AL Gry was INC sx O4or = or 0403 = 03 mov et ,Cst) CMP AL,BL BEAL THE down MO TU, BU down DEC CL uO = oy OLS = og INZ Up INT 03 Eno: replace TNC with Te erably pompacas_t0 Liroh out —poloer of ou the no: to meme locabimn 0500 ond poney to 0501) Mov sz, oso0y4 OH ‘ Mov Av, Csx_] D4 ENC 5h Mov cu, Csr) BO Jit DaeCIa™ Atey CE4 PAA - Decimal adjut after odsution ne ee if lower nibble 74 ~ ow AREA i . Cerredion factor = 06H : if Wigley nibble 24 a oye : correction fact = 60H as Mov AL 54H Av=s4H | ~ eq. gd ~ Mov gL 35H Bre Soh | ADD AL, BL Al =AL+ BU — DAA Pee oy) TOIT Oey I = INT 03 el — I Find aes oral ber afters cxecwhenr & tach = i 4 ns tru | 4 C1 @\ 004 a + oolratol _ loeO°%liio 00000110 Joolotso = OM doy © 10) ology > ponte lollies 2000 eT ToaNnAAAT ——___ ea CIMINO ornrs O8F0o pats ae sf Saar) 0-0. ——__ a | _o OOO————e Ayswtr will be Jo. [OIE AlN ea ‘ Aly] oO \ ‘ | 1 a . Not [owoort) NoT AL ie a= OO | IONON | } | OOM Tomer ae AL =CAH ination , source OF H = 35H yooo itil o\0;] om)AND AL ,FoYW Av +394 HII) SORORORG O01) O10} 001) _ ° SEorS ca) oO AL= 304 1 L = : Joe be Hy ati Source = A. 2 pu oF oS oO bE Can iy 1 Ti) {| PAN TLRS Mov BL 6S HW aA a Sai O23, 2 PUNE ©1604 ©°\0 opoo Ooo O1eoyPee = Rito. [2 i ae Sea ae e100 A) ao oo. po O1oy PCA PenCHTC nN mt) a ie pial Bees hh Ci lacithe alin left - sHL— shift Nogitat lef = TSB a EFL? aaa A ee SAL destination, com SHL destino | count - SAL AL,olH AL = 02H Mois o fio 100dOnE Tia . : ; fe SHR duatination count Uesicad vight shift bE) a Ms & LS SHR AL, O1H AL = 000 1110) \6+b444) = 29 a oooltlo ICY 1 be -9 | Oo Poll) fe) cy vie | Division by 2 SA cued number (floor value ) (Qn Olona) foJe ry CC TTT fii VN © © 1 wale. = Division by 2 of signe numbev ( ei alee) bnabon count et Seen ik (lo bt iS AL=I0H CL,=O4} OLR a 9°01 e900 ACane pe ic 020010 0000 meen 0 © 0 0 oO , C¥=0%;900 9000 — Cy=)"eomomomono © 0}Row drsbnatton | cout Rotate left without ene y RL Asabinahow , cout L throw fa larry - } } zt i =e 7 : we we two Instucbes ja ih ‘o’ CLE > Clear eavry (Clears ony initial Carry a) | Ste = set-corry (seks cerry seen |) t RCR deshnation , count ae rosea oval] t ay| —| eH —— 25H (es ito ck At abter exccalinn AE pape (SLC? 12 ove i oD eo elt De ot¥loa 9 =| eBjoo! Sat 5a — Sting _insthucbion d @ | Mov sp Byte v Sting move ¢ DI ea Mov dest” source * MOV sw wad L. ~ Sel @ | divectionat flag ; g F ; h BD CLD > cleay ohivectional Lag (PF=0) Auko increment i) STD set direclimal flag CDF =1) Abo checremont ~ og £ @ | counter Cx r ® REP ( Repeat) WFO) TiN de fel not pew tt Lwill vepeok S for shring instrchous ae voit Lens of string COX) io bales gd RLV ee AH Mov CX o0vA H ST._ ivi TSourcen memmun leAae wl Boe tees mahign memory locate ov ST, O40 4 Mov dL, osvoyCi) Dale ST = O400H Pues } > 040) ABes aL Eee o4%o2r SE ee OS 09 a % EE = = ee SYD dF Sa [eee ee See Sls 0yo, | ——f DL= os04 ORO O50¢ REP fny. sting _thsthuchew Salolmme z| blelel | \ \\\\\\\N WAP 40 tram fer 15 bytes st dabx From memary location O5S00H fo O€00H wing string in structinn - = Mov cx OOOFH Mov St ,0&500u Dr ,OG0OH REP Movse ~— Compare strang byte nol Comm poyre String wool pam Es: DTWAP to compare 10 by bes et data stored _o_rmemory location SUOOH and os0oH. Lf sting is equal Content of Bx = texferrond if not eael BX= OO0COy > MN Gx ,FFFEH , Mov CX OO0AH MOv ST, OY} OOH Mov DT, 0500 H QED We cmP sB sz end. mew ex ,d000} erdt pHT O83[Isto sw — store seb 2 |_ | $tos nce neva — tH | 5 | coven a= ees fess: oloo # : os00 <— AL i : 1 O1000 7 | it asS00 1 ’ | O01 S00 ~ 01g 00. =.35H.7'! AESIDL+A » DES AX, Z | OQ. slovse 1 Lona setoina wy : LODsW — Lod string ce ies t LOSS Soute jus Sa 5 | AL & Ds:st Aap RS yy Soe ek Lopss = (AL te Au Sta aS mem i nx 05 aa ! ee :foocessor Control | Tmtnieh! on ecm =) Set ecare Fla a or aa service Sudo vouttns aie Enterrqugl” eev cevnd ce rota “Apher executt a + rs 1 eel Cir clear et fanor 0 C= Complement rr Plan, CFS OF D > Sek divectionnl I _DR=4 aa String « ey D> Clear dive ctionat DE= viele — =m hs Sporabes iw oike (ncremed oh si] Sse into ft ea Tr is wed fey enol interrupt on INrR Ting When EF flog iweb tb iad MY execuhon , pol tre whtten addres on stk , poh te ea neqisPey on He Steele and creel indecrugt ‘ een ree EPO aac It is uso to ‘disohlemagabale taborcapl-e 6) aur — The halt inihraction vill tipo He R08E tb shop _ = th bach TH fee will exten’ in HLT ctoted tot is ae Sea ha 7 sci G0) An inborn et A ignok on. NM fr deal modi the onl a to 4 et Hu processor Soy 6S) 4 Cialisteaes ae (1) Whine Jabexeupl Sp rok Gi A rode sigyrel On resets pin Lock > Wh Lock prefix is execute eo Tear pe thay Con proceestor Jour _contvot | SY (Fen bus | Lock pay a effed tov Stele inedcoructon aa imSer prrcvewks a _Co= poe ear fre_chaing bay OF Ace cating| XO memory location trod= ROR6 wots fo access. - Loa “mov aL lst) ; loy NOP — No operon } —O Yi wed to avoid oa | eee | © Lt woy be vsed fo create Hise del vei, @ when NoP executes proccestor doesn’ + pettormn. nny ep eakion Hilt 4 clocle pulses oud ees Powcer(4P) will be ee ae ; | Be 7. [ wary peta Bas Woutetion fe exeeubel , the sore | entero into @ ideal state in whidk ib will wae t perborm ae operation O Tris wed to syne Te ae Let? 8086 ond | $087 Crlaero pro ceesser) i