ris Ne Co vo Hes UNIT- TT, Freescaters 681) Inter’ Gost i lop’ vs ‘ag’: Pie rex Cach a these milo Contyo llengs has a Unig ue cue S Gud vegestey Cet, therefore , they ane patible with cach othey A, mot ‘un on the not an, A v Om Wrteh fer ons others. BOSH Mine Controle, -> o> ™ 19er éniel Corporation entrectuttcd au Shit Witrotonthellen Catleel the Bost Thig micna Controllers Ram : UK bg tes J on chip Rom femal port , aud four ports ; Ceach g-bits wide) att on a Single clip: At the time dt Was abo yeferuc! he As @ “ cystem on a chip? The Gost ts an & bit processor’ myeanin that the CPU Can Work on only @bitt -4 cata at a hme } Data Langey than @ bis has tohe broken énte @-bit piecty +e he processecd by the CPU, the Gost has a total “ -foun L/o ports Each & bit wide. —> “The BOSH ss the origimal member of the Bost erm’ by . intel wef ems doit ay mes- sr—~, dala bus ee TT L | : vere! | al [oe] PSUS Gs) | “proce | | | | | a Fs = __Fpadvess bus el lier 1111 Ge Com troll Genenal - purpose mi tree b voces ov <4 fem En Ae ap to ae lon. chip) | Rom | for i re — ete Addowrs/p ater |lem Inside the Bos} mi vw Con bee eae Block Diaghamae o € GoSrt & Another Member 4 Nhe Bory famik The, 6052 ha all the Standard Peatiotu A bos! ay weer ay an extra he byte Pa ¢ And ae Extra ten g Th others Words the Bose has : 4 26 byte SO} RAm Aud & mens. if also : has @x bytes “J On chap bre 91am Rom cmsteach 4 GK bates 7 | eee fe atwu aot] | bas) | Bow Coats Cats) — uk | 8k OK Ram —Crytes) | — 2% 26 ne Timer : S | : me To fins = 32 42 Ai | | Serual port ——t ! | i | f | Tnterrupt —VH 6 . | 6 | . Sounces } Comparison a} Bost family members As Can be Seen the Bog) 26 a@ Subset of the Bos2 thene fore . ap brogtams Writ fer the gor) will wun On the $052 , but the veveue 13 Not thine — Anethen memben the Bost fermily Li the GOR! Clips this chip as often vefered to cua Rom - ler Qos! Since st has ok bys “f On-chip Rom. 13 Use thu cheb You must add External Rom eo it. Puy Bxctemnad Rom must Contam the pryam yhat dhe orl will fetch ancl ereculer Contregt hat “to the S05) tn Which the on- chip RomPregtram +e be fetched ane a Umited to only YK by ks of woo the Rom Containing tre Program attached + the Gor Can he ar Lanse as 6uUK bts - Containe the Executed but Vasu ous Bos! Miowionk ro lew —> — soot w available a di ffercat re boo ey ky pes JSUth a Uv- EPROM | flash, avd nu-RAam atl 4 which have cli ffercut _— Atmel Flash Gest fant Number. bs Called ATEICS! — Datlas Sens Conductor Cally DSeICUXO — u-Ram version the Boo! made b Dallas SemicenduCty i Calteel DS soo0- / St Gc Gta fas only Yk bytes a che Uu- & PRom@ Assem bing Ond yaaning An Bost: Previam 2» Assembler Prog am Ing f he «Ist a ob files yn te tabs OH my file + hey Bo Pst we use a, editcy +o Hybe cm a A widely wed edi toy iy the MS-DOS EDIT Proram OY Notthad in window, which Comes with ot mi Groseft OS The Sowice File thas the St deb ending. on whi prvam extension “asm” ich assembler fou ane wsing 9 The “atm” Soune fige Containing the Protram code Creatid im sept fed to a, BSI assembler « The = Gstemblen Converts the Instructions Cate machine Code The BAsem blen WILD breduce On object file Gud a List fle. The extension fey +the obrect file is “obj” while the extension fr the aoe file yu tstn orhad Assemblow mequne a third sep Called Lin Ring | The Aan program taku one or mane object Filey anal Products Ge absolute object Fhe wath the Curension “Obs” This abs fle « wed by 2057 “rasnerms that Neve G monitov bregnam . Neat the “aes” Ole wy fed inte a Dreylan Catied Om Cobject te hex Comventen) whih ineatsy a file wits Qntension “hex that u yveady f burn inre hom — — List file which 4 optonal, 4 very utep te the preyrammen becouse ah Lists all the opcodss and addnuss O24 UW ar Urvrens that the Attemblen chatsUNIT -(@ TT @ Anchitectune of Digttal Signal) Processors ‘a. The biggest Aclvaningen a DsPp algorithms 44 Thrans focung Trformatton to ane fiom Memony. “This Includes clala such as Samples frem—the Input Signal And the Filter Coefficients As well as Program cnstuuchons - “The binary Codes thet ge inte the program Sequencen fur Example, Suppose we necel +o multiply AW Nambeut thot Reside Somewhent cn Memely 70 do tha , we must fetch Aliee binas Valus fiom Memery , the No +o be Muuiplied , plus tus Program Cnstouction deserebing what re oe d Fg-1 Shows how thu Seemin Simple task ts done fu a thacdrhonal mio processor.” Ths Called @ Memor cata and Ensfowet on Von Neumann Architect C Simghe meme) ( Fig-4) Uen Neumann aQuchitectou, afk thee brilliant Ameu dan Mathematician John Von Neumann AS Shown an Fig) @ Von neumann Architectunt Conteing a Lingle Memory andva Single bus Mw rans fein necate into and out f he Central processing Unit CC PUY pod No. Requines at Least thsee cloc ke ycles ¢ ach af the Three Numbers Oven the bus tom the Memohy Jo-the CPU" “The von Neumann design 4s quite Sakis fac tony ,when You ane Content to Monti alt a the Regained Hasks tn sesial in fact most Com pucterrs He chor ane af the Von Neumann desjan We only Need athen Paoc essing Maple too ¢ One to “Asta nseferr e Anchitectue when vere fast i Required And we ant coding +d Pay the Price “J Intneased Combleyi Fg 2 Shows the Harvard Architectwu . This 3 named fey the work done at Hanyard Oud versity cw the 1Quhos Hanyand Architecture (crest memo) fig 2 pudin the Leader shep “f Howard Alken (14w- 1473) Aiken casisted om Separate memories f7 data and Program Custructons wth Sepanatis buses fy each: Since the buses operate énde fen dan tty » Pofteam Cuetruchons And cata can be fetched at Ine Same time 1 impor Viet the Sheed oven the The Simplest way to examine the ad vantages au disadvantages y Rise anclitecthou ba Con-hasting at with 4's predecesoy: cise .C Complex Instruction Set computtns) rout blajeng “hoo No tm Memory —> On the Right a che a ytcam “Vt presenting she Stovage Scheme for A gener ¢ Computer . The main mémodu Us clivided unt Loc ations numbered from Cro) 1! (Column) | Ao row) 6s Ctetumn) Y- he execution unt u ryesponsible for Carrying out uv : au Computations. Howeve fe Registers the execution Unit Car onl B Oper at on clata that has been / fs vu deaded oo f cea Executon Sie Regsteu (6A) °C, D. Eon.) in vit Say We Wort te find the | Nort! one « Stores, . yoy decakion sted an location S82 Lets product 44 wo faem another Brusoud : Cuucl then Store the breduct back wm the Location 2s = Ttheak 1S approach Ss “The by mos Geol cise anch tectou 4 +0 Complete a tas to as few fines of avsemblgas possible: this iy achieved by building Precetyor hordwaw that is Capable 4 Onckenstandin i Cucl execictim a Sees a Operake one for thes Panticulay 4ask, A CISC Processcy would Come pre}. pre bancd with Speu fie ing tra CH on Cwe'tt Cate it & mur") when executed this castruction Loads the two values ente Sebanate vegesters, mubtiblies the operands cy the Execuhon Unit, Amd then stones the Product cn the Apprepsu ati regésten. Thus ,the entine task nwt plea twe numbers Con be Compheltd with one ons Bucton MULT ath soe MULT J4 what tu Know as a Combe x cus Bruction 4b Obenadtis inecty On the Combuten’s banks Gud dees not equine the pre x picts Cou memo Ammen +o ang Loading Ov Stonire functions: ub cles Reme Resembles Q Command) Level hong usage. for the value fm a highen custance ,if we Bt Lt 6a" 46 present 212 aud ‘4’ represent the value of STL then Habs! Chmmandkusidenticad +o the C Statement ‘qguig-xy! om 4 the Prim advan 4 thy System ws that the Combi Lost hag +2 Ao y Litte work so Transl gq high- fev Lan stotement into Asser bly Becoure the Length af tre Oodle iy ye Latively Shorts Sy: Litt! Ram wy veined +o stve Emstructons ~The Emphasis a put on build a Complex Engt rac Hons Ainectty inte the handoang .The RISC Ebpro ach ir Rise Processeys on Paci, Com be emeatid siti. « ple Custractions that Ohe Clock cycle: Thus the MULT MinGommand! destrited ahore Coutd’ be, vided cate thw Sepandk Command * Lead" vshich moves clata from the Memo Hen ae Ghee = Aan! lh Gag ac Product af +00 oberands Located iBILhen’ the Reai ster Ond *. STORE" lich mover cata from G Register +e the memo bank» Ly catten ordin to benfovm tre enact Sesvies oy Steps deatu bed im the Clse approach , Ga brogrammen would need +o Cds foun Lines af on Lead A, 2:3 tea gltt Boake PRoD A, & STORE 27450 *t At fist this may Seem Like a much Lew efficient woe ct ep tess: the Obenaton. Rewure there av ware Urner Coda mone RAM ws vecdad to Store the assembly Level! instruchons: the ™ R +e Compiler must “olse ben fer mone wor ie Convent a high - Level Lomsuass Statement im Coda of this form: 7 Howeven the RISC strategy algo nas ~ borhan advan tages be Couse each emstre hie area wines only one ClecR cyde te ex ecude,the entre program wilh execute, in Approximately, whe Same amount time as the multecycle “ MULT” Command: Thee RISC “reduced custucti Reyuine Less Prans is tors o Handwane shace than the Complex tastructons, Keaving mone Room ov Genenad pur bose Resistors. Re coux’ au op the Castruchon Enecuke cn GQ UWiferm — Gmount op time Cire one Clot) pipelining 44 hossible . Sepanakin the "Load" Oud “ store” Cnstructons actu, veducesd the amount a werk that Hhe Lompiftr” must perform. Afr a Cise-styte 4 murT” Command 4s executed —the Processoy Qutomaks enases the Registers If one “4 te operands needs be +o be Used! Re Auether Computation, the Processor must ve- load the dats from the eg ban R dn toa Register + i 3 BSS ine operand wot J YE main imthe Register ontik Another value is Joated im sts place —the ber formance Cqpation 9 The following ea rakion is Cerna used for exfpresing a Computen's pen formance Cub i ity time = time Cycles — y Tashuttin Program oye instruct on Prgiam re) The CISC Approach Attemhls fe minimite the Mumber 4 Custruchons pen pregham, Comdes Sacrificing the number of Cycles ben ons thuchen « Risc coe the opposite . ved Ging, the. oye bon casBhuchon at the cost a4 the Num ben of Cugtiuchon per progam Qisc Advantage > Ts day ithe intel xBG arguable the only Clip cohich vetoing CISC Arclitecturg «this 1s baw au dux toe Advancement tn other areas Com butin technol ogy + The price tat Ram hos decreased Bumakicoally. in 147%, 1m& af DRAM Cost Gubouk Bpsooo By (444, the Same amount ema Cost only £6 Cwhen adjusted for ingidhon) « - Combifgen technology has also be Wome mone Sobhistised So that tte Rise use RAM Ancl emphasis on Sofroane - has bevome édeaS .Apith metic l : ‘ : ener ogc énsbructons > o Mesa Number ane defined data sogethur, the accumulate det CA) must be cngosved THe Ferm the’ AbD. Cmstrgch ee i f= At Sounle ADD A 7 Source > ; 4 affected Bue show hew ane FG negeston affects by the Fallow'ng emsbrucho tps fs hex ree ey og a9? Mov A, + oFSH App A te ORM sf 7 es pees olel oBM oe lobes her ;ooH poo°° coe prin the adh How , rey ste AC dat nation) Contains 0° baal tye See as foliews cya i Sinne thes ig Curry out from Po (ou even ro) pro pews the Ne 4 ts fs Tene Ace) since thwu at Comey fromAvDc And addition of Ne-bik Num hens Abode — add wrth Cary 2 Onde 4 Progam fea es ~The numbers aru 2CETH cud eReny phace tre sum aD Ry cud Re i Re shows have the owen by ke Sof CtkR.c 3 Make Cyao As,H#OETH 5 fea the Law byh Now R= Ean to 16-bit numbers- Mov Avp A, #BDn |} ada dhe low byte no W A= 14H and Cyc me Reale 5 Save the Jow byt of tu Sum ew Re Grad -the igh byte 5 Add with the Can BB4+Rc+1= 78 CAV in Hex) J Save Hy bagh byte gp Hy Sun tep Cbivary Coded decimal) . ys Calle &CD binary ree presentation oy org # Mov A, #ieH AbdDcA, =+F 28H rou Ra, A | ~ Red Unbacked ger ba ee dower bi : : red Bcd the ae 7 ra las Ww @cd Num ber dunes 4 Qu O° fey éxamble ed D000 1004 amd C000 O10! ant Vapack GCD, for 9 dh £Unpacked @CD reyuines 1 byte a memory — oy aw &-biKk regtskes do Contin st d e, has wo RCD Im Packed BCD ,a Singh umbens tr AF, one cn te Lowen U bids , awd one fey example “ 0104 lool fn te Upper U bits 4s backed eco fer SqH facked BcD uw twice as effi 5 i " ficient on Stor data. a cs Mov A, 4th ADp A, ar 284 oott nie Cre) eves Radi these Hoo mumbew which Sy mot BCD | A BCD number Can ony hove Cor ote, Tn other ee A ait frem oooo to lool Woods och ng Awo @CD Number must RCD yegult Ww Result above showd have heen 14 +2%= US (oro olor) Te Correct Wy Problem the Pre gta mmc mur aad Celts) + iar few digit get ob HUSH. aur Same problem Coutd hove happened im Whe upper diget C for example in saute gr he DIM) De instretn Tha DA (decimal adjust addi ton) mov Aya UH eM eet eae may B, aATH 3 BERS ok tanuineet ter C bimang ) addih on App A,$& Az=6ChDA. .B 2 adjust fer Rcd additu , (A= Fa ) Apter the Progam dr executed , register A wilt ondain fou (44 +26 =F2) “the DA cnsfuch works ony on A.Tm other words ,olile the Soue Can be An operand of Any addsussing Mode . the destination must be tn t 3 vepisten A tu ordan Foy DA +o work Au Assume that S @cd data items ane Stored em RAM Locatons stantng at “oH As chown below. write a reg jo Fined Aha Sum af att tee numbers: The yesutt must be one be = 4) ur att) ur -(bS) uy =) 4u4u=Q@r Sef Mov Ro, 4+eUcH iD hoinks Mov Rye 5 1 fread Couster ce 2 s Azo mov &a, 3 clean Ry Amaiw: ADD A,@Ro 5 add the byG fk DA A boimter +o A : Z adjust for ely JNC NExX* i ig 2eyco don't Accumulate Carry acl) RS 5 Keep tnack of Came,WExt : o encnement — pointes 3 Yepeat Ont’ Rw» Tere: C be . Subtract om + Unsigned Nis best 23 SUBB AL Sounce Ine Ro DInNz R, > AGAIN 5 A= A - Qburce- oy Shed ths Steps émvodued tm the Fi lowing circ mov A, 3FH Sis sMaRe Cy=0 5 brad 3FH into A (Ae 2F a) » foad aan cate Ry CRy= 234) eR ARy 5 Subiack AB; :Place mov Rg> Has * Result m A As2f Oot Ut as Raz 33 ool? ool! Parr i pf oa ae 1 ooel 110d 7c Ws Comp the Coy [low le fay would be Set eA S : ‘ 0 .Ond © pare cys 0 > ae=0 7, fo Aghutmins wrost Lek at + ced ea :Qus_ Arolyre ths following br gftom CLA xc, mov Ad fe cH Lead A with valu ucu (A= ycw) Cups Ade oen 5 SubRract CE from A JNC NEXT Sif Cyso sump te NEXT Fase Bittn, & oe cyel fren tke 7s Comb Lemont Ince & 5 Andel éneneman 4 a's Com} Leman wexrs mov R.A 3 Save A in B J 4c Oleo 1P70 oloo 110° —6E o lego tlie a's om roat ool! 723 pew ahaetdiae Cyc dh meu 1s Ve un o's Comp he ment Ser Analyze ths oy pregta» orien, 0% S soo Trey Ae ae Gun Cues A, te T6H 5, Mov Ra, A ; = Mov , ATH i Cus, A, He IrH y mov &, A 20 Pa uy GrH- 46H =ceH with CY! 5 Sawe th yes elf 3 Ae QRH vege hues 2 lH ? aiaa ee ae ee @ Pfter te SUBR A = 62 H- Q6H HOCH dnd tor Cosy flog a set Wigh end catin dhou Sa bowe Since CYsr ,ohem SUG68 sw @xecetid the Setomd age PGR tHe re lM LThoufwe we hare b&b 7 62RU- trqeHe l4ccH Unsigned mastbts Cation nd ABViS#% movi pee Ane Place 16 bit Rese cn BOnd A _ ..rrLCLl Load 25n 401240 mov &, 4hést 5 Load oon fn hog Rg 5 ash * CSN H- £Gq9WRU mut AG 5 B= OE Omel A= 45h Divisre Div AB uc a hy B Be mou BR, Har , Load 96 inte A | mov B, 4# lo ial eee 4 Now A= 04 Cauctient) a“ ad nros C Remaimdir)Bur write ob To mabe’ Pi Qu Trput bet ) +e get a byt hex dusty in, HY coe FEH From Py And Lonven Ge tO dctimel. Save te digits 1m 3 (Re cnd bs wher ths Least Signifi Cat Ag+ isin Re cof ae vn 9,44 of Fn gray Py, A 8, Mabe Fyfe, mpl port mov Ay Pi sCread date oe) 30 “RUF Lo . a reg (1° oO DY a d duui du by lo mov hq & Save lower digit wou & thle ; Div FB 3 civ. ds by 1? once Mort a. wey tz, © Sawe Ha Nrenk digit Mov Re A 5, Sawe ti Bost 215Regictas —> Tn tu cpu i YESH ane Used +te Ste into t: Temboran, ly Sosy regestens On ebit Heyes tery. Da— mse De — LSse “The mest wid ely Use) rege ste of thre BOS! ane A Caccumulator), B,Ro, Ri, Re RyRy, Rs, Re, 8 ,DeTR ( date beimten) , anc) PC C Program Counter) + ALL oy the above Registers Qn %- bits except DETR And the Program Counter Ths Accumulator , register A 4 used for at? Onithmete Gud brace emst rection. Mov cnstructon-—> cwphies data from one location Mov cnstruchon A© duothen fo Cation —> Mev destmation , Sounce 5 Ex» mov A, Ro ib Whi the Contents ap Register ho + Registra a Eps mov A, SoH; Lead Value SSH Smo = TeR SN Aa Mov fo, A 3 Cty Contenk af y (cnto Ko ) Now (A= Rossen) Mov : Ri A 5 loby Contents af A ento Ri 5 Now (A=Ro =Ri= ssa) nev (Ae) : yp by contents a A cute Ro SNewW (A=Ro2 8. = Riz SOW Mov Ky FE ISH load value ASH cnt Ra 3 Now (Rae asn) mov 5 Ke . oF contents R; te A 5 Now ( AsRy =954) 4 signifies thot it ya val’ - = wer hs ee OFGH that a O 3 used bebwern Hu +e and FO im dacake that F jy a hex Number ond net a iptin . Zn othe toeros | Mey Rg Fan wilt Come Om emmnoh + = mer A,@E the yesutt will be Az OS” net 4 A= ooocolel! dn binary - 3 A value +e be foaded cnto 4 we piste must be pre ceded wi at means te FH ex— Mev AS tn a Pound sign lead frm am (4) othenwiSt emo ry be Cai an wank 4e mae Bare O valut held cn memory, Lo Cakion ITH wohich Could howe Mov A, 4eITH Lo walus, atLoad ts valug FHcmt th Accumulator ADD Tustnucton —> Ee ts ADD cmstruchon has He Fllowing for mak ADD A, Source 5 ADD the Source 5 openansl +e the accumul ato 3 cpu te Cnstyruchen tells he byte +o vegisten A ston A Such a 25H On 3 Th ADD aA the Sounce and Pur the resulr on Reg 27 add fu. 0 Numbeu suy,each Car be moved to Regist of Shan! veceincela| tegetn itden “rane = Ge PRT! es jead acu cote wey Qo, 4e24H 3 Load 34H eno Ra App A, R2 , add 74 cacceumul ator J Ae a +82) Exe cuting the Preqtam above mresults cn Ae SOHC Ron +34 Hn) =S4H and Riz 34H doe net wri ter Netce that Hy Content ti Rr used Chomge The progam above Com be cn mony ways, depending on th Register Prrother iow wu gt be mev Rs ,teUsH mov By. 4Fa4uh 5 bead 25H inte Ro 5 oad aun cnte RFwn me! As eo 5 dead © Inn A, Aud (Aso, Clean A) App A, Rs , » add +o A Content Ro yohens Aa A+ Re Abd DP oA, Ra J Add HA content a Ry who As AtRy | Anethen Vanaton J Abert pregnam Mev A, =teasn Lead one chenarl/ ote A CAs acH) 5AAd the Second / operand 34UHn +A Immediate obenand. { ADD A, 4 aun —- ADD Ra, FF len 46 Tavalid Since Register A Caccumutater) must be cnvolved in amg, Arithmehe eheration 7 poo Ru, A 4 also Cnualid Re ter veason thet A mast be the datimation op ang Anithmecic operation — Gusction write the CasPructions fo meve Valet 2UH Lnto Register A ad valus 2FH Cute Register Q, then add them togstnen « Qug Write the iwdbuctens + add +s ® Valuud 16H Gad cd. Pace the Resute . An Repistern Ro wen reAddnessi : @ neler we (POS4 —» The cPyu Con accem chata jn Vari ous eg The dota Co utd be te a reyisten or in Mm emo! voy “be provided on an Cnmedialt Value. Thepe Varrous woy> of accessing Chota ane Called! addsre Ssin: modus: The a5 provides a feted 4 five ahis Fimet addness ing yo US they are | (D emmedi ate GQ) register ® inect © vegas tem éndunect em dex CQ sumediate ond Register addres medu4 ——> Tn thin acldrussl moda , the Source operanad dy Constant . Tn fumediate aidobressing mods, 0% the name cua insrachen iy assembled the Comes Cum ec ate) emp Lies vohen operand afte the opiode: Neohce that the cmmediat ata Rak be preceded by ter Pounsl sign te CK —- gl ~ ole,sii ‘ 5 Lead g5H cnte A mov Ry . He 62 Lead the ce cimel value 6r Ante Ry ee ee UE H 3 Lead eH into & Move DPTR , th usiiy . A misvy Py Ww ACH DeTR= 4Usi2H Derk Clesk£) De Daa) igh byte Lew byte C @ bik) C apt) Mov DPTR, Fe ASSP H ja Hee Same UG . MoV DPL, paeSCH Mov Dew, t25H 2) Register addressing mae = Regisin aoldsressing. moly CnvoDver tre use 4 veqist fo heh Hr hota to be vm ant pulatéal > EX. mov A, Ro : Lo by the contents Ro cute A + 3 Coby the Wntents of 8 cnto Rae Mov Re, p