Q). Explain the fundion of HLDA,, ADs- AD, RD, We. 1 -X2, TRAP, FO/M ; ALE, So, Si signals, : 7 Angi- HUA :- Tt a signal fox HOLD AceNowLeD -GEMENT. A HLA indicates that the CPU has weckived the HOLD wequest and it wifl velinguish 4he bus tr the next Clock cycle. Ado- AD, t= Pin I2 1019 of BOBS ae ADe-AD) { which ssepresents the roultipLexed oddyes3— data bua Multtiplexing ts done to yelue +he numbers o pins o S0gS- PO CE EEE ~ kD tS This signals indicates, that she seleded Jo oy memory device ‘a to be vead and 13 veady fox acepting dada availble on. the: bus. WR = This slanal fndicates that the data on the data bus ix to be curitten int a selected memory or Io Location - M-¥e Thae X, and x2 pins ave also called es len coystod input ping. goes mnicre processor 1 con geneodo “clock signals pel: To genewate indesnal disck’ signals. 208s Micw presses —-yapLive odemad inputs om ‘Xt and Ye pins.TRAP ~ 90ap ts 4 non + maskoble inderrauph « Nan mbskakde indemupds ote those wihich canny be disabled ox ignored by GBP uu pwe J+ corolads, a both Devel a, wel coe higgering and i used in crthicok poubek allure Comublons TOM = Ia totus slenad which detesmineg utheathes the addvors i» for Tnput- Oude Ov ae ad When it ie 4 (high) the oddexs On the oddvew bus 13 Jor inpud-outpar devices. When i+ 1% low) the Oddwese bus i» 46 the PACER ' |ALE ¢ (Adve, Enable latch] 1 the conhel signed which ja nothing but a positive 4 pulse genesated ‘when a new opzsatio |% Btermted mii CrOpyec esoy , So ulhen pulse goes high means’ ater, 74 mates acdwe5 bus enable and when Ate-o meons Sow pulse maker dota bw enable. SoS $- Those ase output stdtus signals used fo give ,nJosrnatfon of opesation Performed by PAI CaDpIOC eaAOr , : i The So and 'S, \ Lines specify 4 different conditions i» 2085: machine cycles. _me goo ses Sed eae eeOOeeenaeananbananannnOr. Explain and Us the nuthber of bytes) m/c, Thal, flag stectus & addvessing mode a PEM, ABH, LDA ABCDH, SHLD i229", MOVA, M and PUSH PS, PUSH 4 xcha, XTAL Insbuctions - : At - Inshudies Bytes Mc Tatate Flag Stahus Adtrersing Mode. MAT M,aBh 2 @ TT Noany Pilg Immedfate = oA ' Lpa ABCDH S 4 1BT No Flag Diet SHLD 1239-4 3 S 16T Nod Divect mov AM { oer ga Ne ra Trdtset push FSW ee) Bil (RT Nofleg pust A \ gaunt a: Nets Picit xcnh | | Gt No lag eT ot of. ime ATHL \ ee tsDraw and tpi each ftps 9 flag. vegipte NE of B08S micropwcessoy- ND be es by 2 Dy Do LTd Try Te In goes microprocessor, te jim veqistes consists of CB ond” oh) Sey ther are Useful 1 Sign Flog = Alter any opevation 11 MES (7) bb. “4 it Indicates “the rumbey 13 negative and eu a becomes set. ah the meg is 01, EF Indlecttes” the numbex is pasltne and the sign fieg becomes yeset. ay AG ia ). Zevo Flag - Altes arithmetical ar Sogiead ” 4 teas & Uy the vault is othe: zen flag becomes sett, othemuine it beromes xeazto. 3, Auvili fon = 3} odes ony onithmetical oy mg Logical a Ow geneals ” cind posgeh it on to (%) this fox becomes set tesuide U becomes weset o. . = Povity Eloy s- ates onithmetical oy Logical ” : ‘ “ ve n the weak has even Past an: yen numbey of £ bU, the ee becomes gat 1, othemiine it become raet oO. 5. Gay lag Sa piece when ae operators. and vexult ia thon mn bus, then this beceomen aed othenuise become yaet “a.Qe. Gypain the Jxn a Addvets Bur, Pata Bus and (onto Gus peed in GOES MICIPIDCEMds- Arm= Adve Buy - The Mawes Bus is wed by the CPU -4o Send the addyexs, @} the memory Cocation o# the input/output post phat is. to be accessed ot the jrssteunt Data Bus — A dota Bus is Used to crm, the data cund insteuctions Jorn the CPU vo) dovices ond vice versa. to memo, and periphe (erchad_ Gus @nte2 Bus corm conta signals Jrom the prewar 7 other components Qs- How mai Addvexe Lines are required by SFB memowye chiex Find out the Qast location : divat ~ Location a] this memory chips (3.0000 n- in g0&S miCsoPreCewBor der 6+ B Ata wet Join. num bet y pater, Une So's GH for § total number Of Addvosa Lines = Potr So if vst fear ee oee fl then Last Location wit be Ais Aw Ais A Ay Aw Aa pe Ar Ae Ae Me An Ae rs Pe im e CO 0° ie oo 2 oo © 000 90 | iO ¢ © yo Fit Hot . ko (tat Secation, unis Pe \eFE HM. aQ6. Bupfain' the Function pegram Counter and Gack pointes wegister Used In goes mice PrOLOBO - At. Prog eam Gountes = This 16- bid regbiter ae deals witth sequencing ‘the execution | inshuchon: This xepstor 1A a memo pointes. The microprocessor 322 thia weqintey to sequence, the exertion of the instruction. fon a the pxgram counter i 1D point 1 the memos next byte '2 ty be “4etched. Gack Pointer — The ctack’pointor ix 002d a 16-bit walstey , used os a memo pointes» J points to q memory Location im ew memory ,, called etack- The bepitining a the mach nIs .setned oading ye © wise adlduess my the, stock pointes) ©! Stack pointes vegiates Wid hold the addeesd of the fep Location G4 the stack - And the program cuntex [5 ~wepiatey alunays q addyesx pom which the € € € e © ‘ & & © Sa 4 e it will fold the addyess © the ener : bss ‘ { « ‘ t Location hom where the next fnstuction excecution cil have to be etched.: @ What ae th + aE ort baat nk ef FOES enlonpete Are YU is an gebuk micaprceror - TH can accept, pHcess or pavide g-bu data xirnudtaneously TH operates. on a single +sv cy power Suppl Connected Nec mt md YH has 16 Lu adlvess, Utne, , hence + con acca’ (2) 6a FB a memey zy provides Q-bit 1/0 addwene fo acces 2 )2s4 Vo pork tt ho @ bit acouinnuulodsy. 420g peqistoy , Sin 8 bit geneva puapare yegistey ane! too (6 (Ett ropes ide & havdeuase fndemaspts 6 TRAP, est 7-S, OY RTO¥ Inston Bp Rot oS, PSTES and INTR- ce consist? Of yartous Jonal blocks os Dated below — 1 Ragis ters “oe peptnnmettc ond 209% unis and machine cycle entodey- 3 Tratwution decoder gq Addyos tuijfer:Me Whet do you bow about . Yold-back / image memory? Eyplhin with suitable geen examp*es bye | An | jee Se — Ay ee = = ce MT 2s6x8 | fw Memon, | agi Po The intetfaciry logic shous jhe abe deoden fe Oudpur Line e (oy) is used te select BOSS 5 , Mazes Une Aj) 4 Ag ore Connected ax input the decodes , ond the Lines Ais and Ay ave used os ache tow enable Lines. & Ato, Aa, Ag ave rot onmected » thus, they Ove ¥ h 4 Sel as dort cone Lined. ade Gok Low The oviput fine o4 of the dec ; wnen the addvess lunar have the dollsitg addres Ac Aw An Ay Au doAa Bg Ay--- -- * OS | 6 ® KRDO Gos > Cc eraivie : ace a (pie prohee » ee The addyexg founge given by assuming ace the dnt cine Dine, ot Aayfc O 4 specified as, en tmamary , the remaiia:-addresg Reo, ang cre Mown 42 gither addbark/ (MAG e Mornowy . ‘Ss ePe Pes eeaedveeeeeoeooaeeoeedtanbnunuunti..9. Explain the Addvewing Modes used in tots mite pocessor Gnd dit out at Least two examples @| each addyesing modes bos | a = ek 4 Mode > mow H, oq bates ‘Ad a Trnmediate Add* Mow: —» MYEADI,t a Direct Adde mode <> ‘ETA seuoh Lpa 76° oh Indkrect Add® Mode > Timp ht Jrmesies Peg pir ,eMC,* Mode Qio. Diyjeventiate among Machine langdiage, bssernnly fanguage & Nigh Level language . pe m bol @ Machine langupe = The machine p contains ond 4 tmachine Language j£0 - Age the frsPructons, & j 7 Ho ‘vo & axe written In the Jon a} binowy, numbers rg & (03 £ computes con divecty Understand the machine Longuge- Aspernbd, Language — Asem boy 4 ea erarmple a uge- In assembly Dang uage 4 peedained words coded nnemons ch - We we Assernbdex 1° tyanstote rene into machine fonguge- g monic — ~*Seebegyzo j ei Nigh Sovel Language Map — tangpage ' Hight anguane “uthich Con be under stend the wera, ». The high ee Vou simidor "to human Parquge and hea & @| grammer rules that axe used to male’, inshuction, move easily . We Use compiles dv interpreter to Convert high- owed fanquoge. to Low-Lovell Ronqunt,2+ & FORTRON , C,c4+4, JAVA 7 Fugthon etc. . Bil What do you Pros about nibble, byte , Lid and Word in computes language ¢ a ee The bi aligits Lard 0 axe called Be AERA GI Tease tgs + t unit of ate OB ig the | amalfen+ Nibble: a PP S| 4 Bibs (hol byte) ty called a nike a Va byte. seo im) Byte A a of 8 bits © | called a byte A byte is the smallest unit af date thot con be manipulated hy a compudey oF any given time. Word — A word 12 the UNI. 1 fosmet oy re ‘iN which infoemation 4 be ‘Stored, Ee ov Ped Within “a gfven iaQh. Differentiate among Memory Read, Memory Wnte, Yo vend and To write- Ans — Meron Read = Memoy Read operation - iY the destwed wosd To odd yess Une, and ctnioes the xeod control Dine. Memory Write Rernagy write operation t+ the P addyess af” the, desired widrd “fo the adaves lines, hansjeyi' He cata bids fo be gioved in memory to the data input Lines - To feadQz- Tustrate the memory addres range of chig with 264 bytes af memory, shown ih 4ig ; T v L, Sm a) =T/0 —- — ® G) Ip Fy gq all chive wilt be emble w Ue gets 0 (Dower aignad - 80 Ag to Ag with be © hen Ais Ae Ay Aa Ai) Ato Ag Ag A4 ~- ~ Ay Bt he © 0®000 00 o-- eoo OOCOO 6 go |:.- Wy Aoxting Location wi) be = CED do00y henie Loar Rocotion wild be — oOfe H _seeeeeseeeseeseeeeaeaseeeeeeanaaseeenzeeetby Ja ca b. Ate 1s not Connected with at gate . So yor 0 ouput. Ais must have 4. So Mc Aye Aly Air Aly Ale Aa As Ay. Lon © ppl Oo Dee 2 o* Ao ° + 106000000! So storting location will be = g000h L fist [pcation willl be = SFFFH Qe. While executing a prepan / when micop2lesor machine co8e completes the jekhirg at menor ae ABODH , wuhedt 1g the content o pogsam Counter ¢ fre =Gis. J] the memory Size is 2048 ¥@, 102044, 25691 he Many “chips are vrequised 1 makeup g ke a ener ‘4 mr 9 Joutxe — Se a meripry = &xl°xe bits Size @ each memory chip = lowxd = 2! No a Taare Chips wauived= Ex 2!Oxg Ue xe = feu wr ' : t ! Sree a Memos. gn2lxg Lite Size BH each memon chip= 264rlm=22x) No @] memony chipa~ 8xD°XS _ co pas Seg 2x) ZOVEFS — Size of memory &4219xg bits Size ob each memory thie = 298g No Memory chiS = gx 2Ixg we 8