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Science
10
Quarter 1 – Module
1
Volcano and its Relation
to Plate Tectonics

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 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

1 Distribution of Volcanoes
A. Overview
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. Identify the distribution of volcanoes in the Philippines and around the
world; and,
2. Explain its distribution to Plate Tectonic Theory.
Pre- Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer among the given options on each
item. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into
large slowly moving pieces?
A. Big Bang Theory
B. Gravitational Theory
C. Plate Tectonics Theory
D. Theory of Relativity
2. Where are most volcanoes located?
A. Where epicentres are found
B. Where magma reaches the surface
C. Where plates slide by one another
D. Where fault-block mountains form
3. The ring of fire is a ring of volcanoes and earthquakes. In which of the
following this geologic processes/events commonly occur?
A. Hot spots
B. Plate boundaries
C. The mid-ocean ridge
D. Transform boundaries
4. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following?
A. extinction of dinosaurs
B. layers of the atmosphere
C. symbiotic relationship of plants and animals
D. movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes
5. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
A. They have nothing to do with one another.
B. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
C. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
D. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed
anywhere else.
True or False: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano.

2
 2. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines.
3. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines
4. Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the most destructive volcanic eruption recorded in the
Philippines.
5. Among the major islands in the Philippines, Luzon has the greatest number of
volcanoes.

Prior - Knowledge
We learned that the crust is composed of tectonic plates that move either
away, past, or towards each other. Since most volcanoes are formed along the
plate boundaries, it is expected that many active volcanoes are formed along with
them (National Geographic, 2014).
We are very familiar with the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire
where the Philippines is situated along with, comprises the tectonic boundaries of
Pacific Plate, Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates,
and the Nazca Plate.

B. Presentation

Concept Development
When the tectonic plates move apart (diverge), magma will ooze out from the
cracks and fissures of the crust that are moving apart forming vents. These will then
lead to formation of new land masses, volcanoes and volcanic activities. On the other
hand, when the plates move towards each other (converge), upon collision, the plate
that sinks (subducts) will melt in the mantle. And where there is melting of the plates,
formation of volcanoes occurs.
In the Philippines, volcanoes and volcanic activities are classified and
monitored by the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
PHIVOLCS classified the volcanoes in the Philippines according to its eruptive
history. There are three classifications of volcanoes in the Philippines according to
PHIVOLCS.
1. Active Volcanoes – Erupted within historic times (within the last 600
years). Accounts of these eruptions were documented by man. Erupted
within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of materials from young
volcanic deposits.
2. Potentially Active Volcanoes – Morphologically young-looking but with no
historical or analytical records of eruption.
3. Inactive Volcanoes – No recorded eruptions. Physical form has been
intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies
Delos Reyes et. al. (2018) listed twenty-four active volcanoes in the
Philippines. The rest are considered potentially active and/or inactive.
When plates converge, one of the plates sinks to the mantle. As a result,
trenches are formed. Parallel to the trench is an array of volcanoes formed from the
melted plate (magma) that escaped from the mantle. The figure below shows the
formation of volcanoes along the converging plates.

3
 Figure 3.1 Formation of Volcanoes Along the Converging Plates

In divergent boundaries, when the plates move apart, magma rises,

solidifies, and forms new land masses.

Figure 3.2. Diverging Plates

In the Philippines, there are twenty-four active volcanoes as listed by Delos

Reyes et. al. (2018). The list is shown below.

4
 Name of Volcano Latitude Longitude Province
Item No.
1 Babuyan Claro 19.52408 121.95005 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon in
2 Banahaw 14.06038 121.48803
Luzon
3 Biliran (Anas) 11.63268 124.47162 Leyte in Visayas
4 Bud Dajo 6.01295 121.05772 Sulu in Mindanao
5 Bulusan 12.76853 124.05445 Sorsogon, Bicol Region in Luzon
6 Cabalian10.27986 125.21598 Southern Leyte in Visayas
7 Cagua 18.22116 122.1163 Cagayan in Luzon
8 Camiguin de Babuyanes 18.83037 121.86280 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
9 Didicas 19.07533 122.20147 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
10 Hibok-hibok 9.20427 124.67115 Camiguin in Mindanao
11 Iraya 20.46669 122.01078 Batan Island, Batanes in Luzon
12 Iriga 13.45606 123.45479 Camarines Sur in Luzon
13 Isarog 13.65685 123.38087 Camarines Sur in Luzon
14 Kanlaon 10.41129 123.13243 Negros Oriental
15 Leonard Kniaseff 7.39359 126.06418 Davao del Norte
16 Makaturing 7.64371 124.31718 Lanao del Sur
17 Matutum 6.36111 125.07603 Cotabato in Mindanao
18 Mayon 13.25519 123.68615 Albay, Bicol Region in Luzon
19 Musuan (Calayo) 7.87680 125.06985 Bukidnon in Mindanao
South Cotabato/General Santos/ North
20 Parker 6.10274 124.88879 Cotabato/Sarangani Provinces in
Mindanao
Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and
21 Pinatubo 15.14162 120.35084
Zambales in Luzon
22 Ragang 7.69066 124.50639 Lanao del Sur and Cotabato in Mindanao
23 Smith 19.53915 121.91367 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
Batangas in Luzon
24 Taal 14.01024 120.99812

Activities
Activity 1.1. Tracing Volcanoes
In the figure below, trace where most volcanoes are located. Also identify
which plate tectonic boundaries display most of volcanic formations.

Source: www.researchgate.com

5
 Activity 1.2. Volcanoes in the Philippines
Identify the active and potentially active volcanoes located in Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Assessment

1. Identify the active volcanoes across the Philippine archipelago. Which

among the three major island groups in the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas,
Mindanao) has the greatest number of active volcanoes? Potentially active
volcanoes?
2. In the global scale, is there a relationship between the formation of
volcanoes and the tectonic plates? Briefly describe their relationship.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

C. Application
Performance Task
On the world map, mark at least ten locations where notable volcanoes are found
across the globe. Use your own printed world map. Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

6
 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_Blank_Map_World.

D. Generalization
When the tectonic plates move apart , it is diverge , that will lead to formation
of new land masses, with volcanic activities.When the plates move towards each
other, it is converge, then the plate that sinks or subduct will melt in the mantle with
volcanoes occurs.

E. Post- Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer among the given options on each
item. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
A. They have nothing to do with one another.
B. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
C. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
D. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed
anywhere else.
2. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following?
A. Extinction of dinosaurs
B. Layers of the atmosphere
C. Symbiotic relationship of plants and animals
D. Movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes
3. Where are most volcanoes located?
A. Where epicentres are found
B. Where magma reaches the surface
C. Where plates slide by one another
D. Where fault-block mountains form

7
 4. The ring of fire is a ring of volcanoes and earthquakes. In which of the
following this geologic processes/events commonly occur?
A. Hot spots
B. Plate boundaries
C. The mid-ocean ridge
D. Transform boundaries
5. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into
large slowly moving pieces?
A. Big Bang Theory
B. Gravitational Theory
C. Plate Tectonic Theory
D. Theory of Relativity
True or False: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Among the major islands in the Philippines, Luzon has the greatest number of
volcanoes.
2. Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the one of the most destructive volcanic eruptions
recorded in the Philippines
3. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines.
4. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines.
5. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano.

Lesson
EARTH AND SPACE

2 Earthquake and Types of Waves

A. Overview
As you have learned from your previous grade, earthquakes are natural
geological phenomena caused by the sudden and rapid movement of large volume of
rock. The violent shaking and destruction caused by earthquakes are the result of the
rupture and slippage along fractures of Earth’s crust called faults.
What happens when an earthquake starts? The sudden release of energy from an
earthquake sends out several different shaking movements, or seismic waves. In some
cases, an earthquake can have foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen
in the same place where the larger earthquake occurs. On the other hand, mainshocks
are always followed by aftershocks. These are smaller earthquakes that occur
afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the
mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, or even years after the
mainshock!
Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define earthquake; and
2. Define body waves and surface waves.

8
Pre-Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the choices given. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer.
1. What is an earthquake?
1. It is the shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust.
2. It is a man-made calamity.
3. It can be measured through a thermometer.
4. Systematic waves are created due to the sudden release of Earth crust’s
energy.
A. Both 1 and 2 B. Both 1 and 4 C. 2 only D. Both 2 and 3
2. Which of the seismic waves travels the fastest?
A. Instant Wave B. Primary Wave C. Secondary Wave D. Surface Wave
3. Which earthquake waves travel through the outer core?
A. P-waves
B. P-waves and S-waves
C. P-waves and surface waves
D. S-waves
4. It moves in an elliptical motion, producing both vertical and horizontal motions.
A. P wave B. S wave C. Love Wave D. Rayleigh Wave
5. Seismic waves start at the .
A. epicenter B. focus C. seismic distance D. seismic gap
Prior Knowledge
In the past lesson, you learned about the different active volcanoes which may
cause earthquakes in various regions. You have also learned that an earthquake is a
sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movements of the earth’s crust
or volcanic eruption, sometimes leading to great destruction.
Have you ever wondered what makes the Philippines susceptible to earthquakes?
This is because the Philippines is within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Hence, it is
expected to have more cases of earthquakes and these may happen anytime in a year.

Figure 1.1. Pacific Ring of Fire, Map Courtesy USGS

Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plate-tectonics-ring-fire/

B. Presentation
Concept Development
By definition, earthquake is the shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust caused
by a sudden release of energy. It occurs when rocks along a certain fault line suddenly
move.
9
 The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology (from
the Greek word “seismos” which means “to shake”). In turn, scientists who study about
earthquakes are called seismologists. During an earthquake, a sudden release of
stored energy in the Earth’s crust create seismic waves. Sometimes they cause
tsunamis and fire which may lead to loss of life and huge damage to property.
How would the sorroundings be affected during an earthquake? As an earthquake
occurs, energy moves out in all directions from the focus. The energy that is released is
carried by a vibration called seismic waves.
There are four (4) main types of earthquake waves: P-waves and S-waves (which are
body waves), and Rayleigh and Love waves (which are surface waves).
Body Waves Surface Waves
P-Wave or Primary Wave Love Wave
S-Wave or Secondary Rayleigh Wave
Wave

Types of Body Waves

P-Waves or Primary Waves
P-Waves or primary waves travel faster than other
seismic waves. It is considered as the first signal from an
earthquake to be felt. This may be transmitted through gases,
liquids and solids.

S-Waves or Secondary waves

S-Waves or secondary waves are a type of elastic Figure 1.2. P and S Wave
Source:
wave and are one of the two main types of elastic body https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html

waves. It is also called as shear waves.

The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave tells
you how many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you how
far your seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake.
Types of Surface Waves
Love Wave
Love Wave is named after Augustus Edward
Hough Love. It has a horizontal motion that is
transverse to the direction the wave is travelling and is
considered to be the fastest surface wave and
moves the ground from side to side.
Figure 1.3. Love and Rayleigh Wave
Source: https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html

Rayleigh Wave
Rayleigh Waves move in an elliptical motion, producing both vertical and horizontal
motions. This moves the ground up and down and side to side in the same direction that
the wave is moving. It is named after Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt).

10
  Activity
Activity 1
(Let’s Infer)

AP Photos/Williamor Magbanua. Published at The Science Behind Tsunamis by Ahmed Ismail and Zain Hajee published at A burning house in Malvar, Batangas
https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/2nd-strong-quake-days-jolts-southern- https://ysjournal.com/the-science-behind-tsunamis/ Image Credit: Angel Cuala/BatangasToday.com published at
philippines-66652474 https://www.batangastoday.com/malvar-batangas-fire-during-brownout-burns-7-
houses-photos/15507/

Fig. 1.1 Damaged Building Fig. 1.2 Tsunami Fig.1.3 Fire

Based on the pictures given above, what can you infer about all of them as a whole?
Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Assessment
Fill in the boxes below to complete the chart of an earthquake and the different
types of waves. Explain your answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper. (15
points).

Earthquake

Seismic Waves

C. Application
As a concerned citizen and an informed individual, what can you do to help your
neighbor during a calamity, such as an earthquake. Give at least five (5) steps/actions
that you can do to save them. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper (3 points
each).
1.___________ 2. ___________ 3. ____________ 4. ___________ 5. __________
D. Generalization

11
 In this topic, the you learned about the meaning of earthquake, body waves and
surface waves. you also inferred that earthquakes may result to damaged buildings,
tsunami and fire.

E. Post Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the choices given. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer.
1. What is an earthquake?
1.It is the shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust.
2.It is a man-made calamity.
3.It can be measured through a thermometer.
4.Systematic waves are created due to the sudden release of Earth crust’s energy.
A. Both 1 and 2 B. Both 1 and 4 C. 2 only D. Both 2 and 3
2. Which of the seismic waves travels the fastest?
A. Instant Wave B. Primary Wave C. Secondary Wave D. Surface Wave
3. Which earthquake waves travel through the outer core?
A. P-waves C. P-waves and surface waves
B. P-waves and S-waves D. S-waves

Lesson
EARTH AND SPACE

3 Locating the Epicenter

A. Overview
Seismologists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by using triangulation.
This is a way of determining something’s location using the locations of other things.
When seismic data is collected from at least three (3) different locations, it can be used
to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. Hence, scientists need at least three (3)
seismic stations to clearly identify the location.
 Objectives

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. locate the epicenter and hypocenter of an earthquake; and
2. determine some examples of the magnitude of an earthquake.

 Pre-Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the choices given. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer.
1. By tracing the starting point, we can locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Which
waves should we trace first?
A. First P wave and the first S wave
B. Second P wave and the second S wave
C. Third P wave and the third S wave
D. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave
2. What is the exact location of the epicenter on the surface of the Earth?
12
 A. It is beneath where the earthquake starts.
B. It is directly above where the earthquake starts.
C. It is right beside where the earthquake starts.
D. It is located at the center where the earthquake starts.
3. What are the effects of a magnitude 10 earthquake?
A. slight damages to specially designed structures
B. destroys some well-built wooden structures
C. felt by only a few
D. not felt by many
4. Where does the epicenter occur in the diagram below?

A.1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. ________ is an area where an earthquake occurs.
A. crust B. epicenter C. fault D. focus
 Prior Knowledge
In the past lesson, you have learned about earthquakes, surface waves and body
waves. To review, earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by
the movements of the earth’s crust or volcanic eruption leading to destruction.
Seismologists, the scientists who study earthquakes, have proven that seismic
waves are caused by the sudden breaking apart located within the earth or the
slipping of tectonic plates. The study of earthquakes and the waves they created is
called seismology (from the Greek word “seismos” which means “to shake”). During an
earthquake, there is a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth’s crust thus,
seismic waves are formed. Sometimes, they cause tsunamis and fire which may lead to
loss of life and huge damage to property.

B. Presentation
Concept Development
Arrange the letters to form a word. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Iriantnolguat - ____________________
2. cfsuo - ____________________
3. eneirpcte - ____________________
4. utfla - ____________________
5. aeaqerhktu - ____________________
Location of an Epicenter
The epicenter is usually the location where the waves from an earthquake are
highly intense. As a result, it is also the area where most damage can possibly occur.
However, it is not always the case. If an earthquake is particularly large, it may run
across a large section of a plate boundary. In this case, the epicenter might only be one
of the many hotspot areas and the damage could be greater elsewhere.

13
 Photo source at
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/export/sites/sedsi
te/knowledge/.galleries/img_FAQ/
EpizentrumHypozentrum_EN.png_206306929
9.png

Fig. 2.1. An earthquake showing the hypocenter and epicentre

How to locate the earthquake epicenter?

In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to determine the time
interval between the arrival of the P and S waves (the S-P interval) on the seismo-grams
from at least three different stations.

Locating the epicenters will determine which fault lines are active. Generally, the
less active fault line stores great amount of potential energy that could cause a major
earthquake once released. Hence, areas near fault lines that remain inactive for a long
period of time are due to experience a major earthquake.
The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave tells
you how many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you how far
your seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake. Measure the distance
between the first P wave and the first S wave to locate the epicenter.

What causes an earthquake?

An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic plates are

always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. For example, the
photo below shows an earthquake that took place in the Philippines. The area where an
earthquake occurs is called a fault, or where the surface slipped. In addition, the
location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter,
and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
The magnitude of an earthquake is based on the measurement of the maximum
motion recorded by a seismograph. The most commonly used are the Local Magnitude
(ML) or known as the Richter magnitude, the surface wave magnitude (Ms), body -
wave magnitude (Mb), and moment magnitude (Mw).

Fig. 2.2 An earthquake aftermath in

Davao City, Philippines
(October 31, 2019)

MindaNews file photo by GG BUENO published at

Activity https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/11/powerful-quakes-to-affect-economic-
performance-of-region-12-davao-region/

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

14
 1. What do you think is the cause of an earthquake?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between a hypocenter and an epicenter?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. How can we locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

 Assessment
Complete the table below by citing the differences between an epicenter
and a hypocenter based on their characteristics. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
Characteristic Epicenter Hypocenter
Position on Earth
Associated waves
Dimensionality

C. Application
Cite a real scenario that occurs during an Earthquake Drill. (15 points)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

D. Generalization
In this topic, the you learned about the meaning of earthquake, body waves and
surface waves. You are also able to locate the epicenter of an earthquake which will
determine which fault lines are active.
E. Post Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the choices given. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer.
1. By tracing the starting point, we can locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Which
waves should we trace first?
A. First P wave and the first S wave
B. Second P wave and the second S wave
C. Third P wave and the third S wave
D. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave
2. What is the exact location of the epicenter on the surface of the Earth?
A. It is beneath where the earthquake starts.
B. It is directly above where the earthquake starts.
C. It is right beside where the earthquake starts.
D. It is located at the center where the earthquake starts.
3. What are the effects of a magnitude 10 earthquake?
A. slight damages to specially designed structures
B. destroys some well-built wooden structures
C. felt by only a few
D. not felt by many
4. Where does the epicenter occur in the diagram below?

15
 A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

5. ________ is an area where an earthquake occurs.

A. crust B. epicenter C. fault D. focus

Lesson a.
EARTH AND SPACE

4 Volcanoes and Mountains

Overview
* Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. define mountains; and
2. differentiate volcanoes and mountains.

Pre - Assessment
Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write T if the statement
is true and F it is false in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Mountains have sharp or slightly rounded ridges and peaks.
2. The mountain summit refers to the top of a mountain.
3. A dome mountain is the most common type of mountain on Earth.
4. Fold mountains are formed from the rising magma that pushed the overlying rock
layers upward.
5. Orogeny is created through the process of fold mountains.
6. Some of the oldest rocks found on Earth are from ancient mountains.
7. The highest mountains on Earth also have the greatest density.
8. Most mountains are formed by the movement of tectonic plates.
9. A slope is the highest point of a mountain.
10. A mountain’s height can reach up to 10,000 feet tall through a geological formation.
Prior Knowledge
In the past lesson, you have learned about an earthquake’s epicenter which is the
point on the earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter (focus), or the point on the
crust where a seismic rupture begins. It is also the point on the Earth's surface directly
above a hypocenter, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion
originates. If you were to leave the location of an epicenter, what would be the reason
behind that decision?

b. Presentation
 Concept Development
Volcanoes and mountains differ in several ways. A volcano is a type of a
mountain, but it has magma, crater, and lava. A mountain does not have these three
things. Mountains are peaceful areas whereas volcanoes are very much dangerous and
are not a good place to be at. Volcanoes can be a part of a mountain range.
16
  Activities
Activity 1
Explain: Can mountains become volcanoes? Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.
Mountain Formations
Have you ever wondered how a mountain is formed? A mountain is formed due to
various geological processes like the movement and opposition of tectonic plates while a
volcano is formed around a vent that allows magma to reach the surface of the earth. It
all has to do with plate tectonic activities.
Also, mountain belts form along tectonic active coastlines and above subduction
zones. Much of the sedimentary rocks are marine in origin.
In addition, a mountain is a landform that stretches above the surface of the Earth
that can be steep like a peak or probably not so steep. Volcanoes can be similar to
mountains but volcanoes have a certain pressure inside a magma chamber that creates
an orifice through which lava and hot gases erupt into the atmosphere.

Activity 2
What do volcanoes and mountains have in common? Explain your answer.

Most of the world’s major mountain belts are located along tectonic plate
boundaries. Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries
which erupt and form mountains.
Activity 3
Are all mountains formed by volcanoes? Yes or No? Explain. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
 Assessment

Activity 4
Enumerate the similarities and differences between volcanoes and mountains.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

c. Application
 Performance Task

Give some of your insights or ideas by making an illustration about volcanic

eruption. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
d. Generalization

A mountain is a landform that stretches above the surface of the Earth that can be
steep like a peak or probably not so steep. Volcanoes can be similar to mountains but
volcanoes have a certain pressure inside a magma chamber that creates an orifice
through which lava and hot gases erupt into the atmosphere. A volcano is formed around
a vent that allows magma to reach the surface of the Earth. It all has to do with plate
tectonic activities. Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate
boundaries which erupt and form mountains.
e. Post - Assessment
Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write T if the
statement is true & F is false in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Some of the oldest rocks found on Earth are from ancient mountains.

17
2. The highest mountains found on Earth also have the greatest density.
3. Most mountains are formed by the movement of tectonic plates.
4. The slope is the highest point of a mountain.
5. A mountain can reach up to 10,000 feet tall through a geological formation.
6. Mountains have sharp or slightly rounded ridges and peaks.
7. The mountain summit refers to the top of a mountain.
8. A dome mountain is the most common type of mountain on Earth.
9. Fold mountains are formed from rising magma that pushed the overlying rock
layers upward.
10. Orogeny is created through the process of fold mountains.

Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

5 Mountain Ranges
a. Overview

 Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to

1. describe the mountain ranges in the Philippines.

2. identify some mountain ranges found on Earth, and
3. explain how mountain ranges are formed.

 Pre - Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the correct answer. Write the letter only in a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which among the following scientists studied that mountains are formed from the
smashing of the earth’s tectonic plates?
A. Geologists C. Physiologists
B. Meteorologists D. Environmentalist

2. Which among the following Old French terms does the word mountain come from?
A. Motagne B. Montaine C. Montaigne D. None of the choices

3. Mountain ranges are formed from what process?

A. Biological B. Geological C. Logical D. Psychological

4. What is the longest mountain on Earth?

A. Mt. Andes C. Mt. Pulag
B. Mt. Malindang D. None of the choices

5. Mountains are formed when the earth’s tectonic plates ______ together.
A. Bomb B. Blunder C. Splendid D. Wreck

6. Mountains and hills ranged in line and are connected ______.

A. Below the ground C. Low the ground
B. In high ground D. Under the ground

7. Mountains are formed by a variety of geological processes, but mostly of them

resulted from _________
18
 A. Boundaries B. Plate boundaries C. Plates D. Plate tectonics

8. Are hills and mountains the same?

A. No B. Maybe C. Yes D. None of the choices

9. Mt. Pulag is considered as one of the______ mountain ranges in the Philippines.

A. Largest B. Longest C. Lowest D. Lowfall

10. Mountains are formed from the earth’s tectonic plates smashing together ____ in the
ground.
A. Above B. Below C. High D. Tall

 Prior- Knowledge

Previously, you have learned that most mountains are formed from the Earth’s
tectonic plates smashing together. Below the ground, the Earth’s crust is made up of
multiple tectonic plates which have been moving around since the very beginning. The
result of the crumpling of tectonic plates is the pushing of huge slabs of rocks into the air.
b . Presentation
 Concept Development
A mountain range or a hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged
in a line and is connected by high ground. It is formed by a variety of
geological processes, but most of the significant changes on the Earth are
the results of plate tectonic activities.

 Activities
Activity 1
Instruction: Observe the pictures below in figure 1 &2, and answer the following
questions. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the physical features of a mountain?
________________________
Geologists have proven that mountains are formed from the Earth’s tectonic
plates smashing together. The word mountain actually came from an Old French word,
Montaigne, which was based from the Latin word mons, meaning mont-‘mountain’.

It is common to see mountains all around us every day. At this point, write a
reflection on the impact of mountains to your lives. Write your answer in a separate sheet
of paper.

Activity 2
Naming Mountains
Instruction: List down five (5) mountains that are found in the Philippines. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.

 Assessment

19
 Fig.1 Mountain ranges in the Philippines Fig.2. Longest mountain ranges on Earth
Source: Mountainphotography.com Source: Flickr.com

Activity 3

Instruction: Based from the photos found above, answer the following
questions/statements below: Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Describe the mountain ranges in the Philippines.

2. Describe the longest mountain on Earth.

3. Explain how mountain ranges are formed.

c. Application

 Performance Task

Instruction: Please answer the following question. Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Draw and give the name one of the mountain in the Philippines in a separate sheet
of paper.

Rubrics

Expectation Score
Drawing tasks similar to what was 4
observed with correct label
Drawing includes many details ( shapes, 2
color , & size)

20
 Drawing has a title that helps explain the 1
content
Drawing includes written portion that 2
explains what the drawing is intended to
show

Drawing is legible and large enough to 1

see the details
TOTAL 10 POINTS

d. Generalization

A mountain range or a hill range is a series of mountains or hills

arranged in a line and is connected by high ground. It is formed by a variety
of geological processes, but most of the significant changes on the Earth
are the results of plate tectonic activities.

e. Post - Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Instruction: Select the best answer from the choices below. Write the CAPITAL
LETTER only of your answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Mountains and hills ranged in line and are connected _________.

A. Below the ground C. Low the ground
B. In high ground D. Under the ground

2. A mountain is formed by a variety of geological processes, but most of them resulted

from ______.
A. Boundaries B. Plate boundaries C. Plates D. Plate tectonics

3. Are hills and mountains the same?

A. No B. Maybe C. Yes D. None of the choices

4. Mt. Pulag is considered as one of the ______ mountain ranges in the Philippines.
A. Largest B. Longest C. Lowest D. Lowfall

5. Mountains are formed from the earth’s tectonic plates smashing together
________the ground.
A. Above B. Below C. High above D. Tall

6. Mountain ranges are formed from ______ processes.

A. Logical B. Biological C. Geological D. Psychological

7. What is the longest mountain on earth?

A. Mt. Andes C. Mt. Pulag

21
 B. Mt. Malindang D. None of the choices

8. Mountains are formed when the earth’s tectonic plates ______ together.
A. Bomb B. Blunder C. Splendid D. Wreck

9. Which among the following Old French terms does the word mountain come from?
A. Motagne B. Montaine C. Montaigne D. None of the choices

10. Which among the following scientists studied that mountains are formed from the
smashing of the earth’s tectonic plates?
A. Geologists C. Physiologists
B. Meteorologists D. Environmentalists

10
Science
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Plate Boundaries

22
 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE
Convergent Plate Boundaries
1
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

A. OVERVIEW

 Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. identify the movement of the three types of convergent plate boundaries; and,
2. determine what is formed in the three convergent plate boundary movement.

 Pre-Assessment

MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words from column A to column B. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only
of your answer.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
__ 1. one plate moves under the other that A. Oceanic-Continental
combines with mantle and water which
create magma.
__ 2. a process of subduction occur here which B. Ocean-Ocean
formed large volcanoes.
__ 3. Collision of two plates occur leading to C. Continental-Continental
formation of mountains
 Prior Knowledge

23
 In the previous lesson, you learned about Convergent plate boundary with two
tectonic plates colliding towards each other. One plate eventually slides beneath the
other, this process is called subduction. It has three types such as Oceanic-
Continental, Oceanic-Oceanic, Continent-Continent and Oceanic-Continental

B. PRESENTATION
Convergent boundary is an area on the Earth where two or more lithospheric plates
collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other creating a process called
subduction. The subduction zone is known to be a plane wherein many earthquakes
happen.
 Concept Development
In Figure 2.1 below, the convergent plate boundary shows the movement of
plates, its effect and topography.

Fig. 2.1. Motion of Convergent plate boundary

The three types of convergent plate boundaries are: Oceanic-Continental one

plate is oceanic, there are large volcanoes found in lines that outline the subduction
zone. Earthquakes also happen in these zones. For example The Aleutian islands that
border Southern Alaska are in island arc.
In addition, Ocean-ocean, one of the plates (oceanic crust and Lithospheric
mantle) is pushed, or subducted, under the other that mixes with the overlying mantle,
and the addition of water to the hot mantle lowers the crust’s melting point that leads to
the formation of magma.
Continental continental convergent plate are when two plates collide, they
have a density lower than the mantle which prevent subduction (submersion of
plates under each other) so they create mountains, such as World Famous Himalaya
Mountain Range.

Three Types of Convergent Boundaries

Ocean- Continental

Ocean- Ocean
24
 Continent- Continent

 Activity
Matching Type. Instruction: Match box A with box B. Write the letter of your
answer on your answer sheet.

Box A

A. Oceanic Continental B. Oceanic Oceanic C. Continental Continental

Box B
1. earthquake is 2. magma is produced 3. mountains is
produced _________ __________ produced _______

 Assessment
Discuss the effects of the three types of convergent plate boundaries.

C. APPLICATION
Create a slogan on the importance of people’s awareness and readiness about
natural disaster such as earthquake.

D. GENERALIZATION
The three types of convergent plate boundaries:
1. oceanic continental convergence – oceanic crust converges with continental crust.
2. oceanic – oceanic convergence – the cooler, denser oceanic lithosphere
sinksbeneath the warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere.
3. continental-continental- a variation on fundamental process of subduction when
subduction zone is devastated.

E. POST ASSESSMENT
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words from column A to column B. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only
of your answer.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
__ 1. one plate moves under the other that A. Oceanic-Continental
combines with mantle and water which
create magma.
__ 2. a process of subduction occur here which B. Ocean-Ocean
formed large volcanoes.
__ 3. Collision of two plates occur leading to C. Continental-Continental
25
 formation of mountains
Lesson EARTH AND SPACE
Convergent Plate Boundaries
2
A. OVERVIEW
 Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to determine the causes of motion of
the three types of convergent plate boundaries.
 Pre-Assessment
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words from column A to column B. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only
of your answer.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Creation of Mountains A. Oceanic Continental
2. Occurrence of Volcanoes B. Ocean-Ocean
3. Formation of Magma C. Continental-Continental

 Prior Knowledge

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the three types of convergent
plate boundaries, namely: Oceanic-Continental one plate is oceanic, there are large
volcanoes found in lines that outline the subduction zone.
Ocean-ocean, one of the plates (oceanic crust and Lithospheric mantle) is
pushed, or subducted, under the other that mixes with the overlying mantle, and the
addition of water to the hot mantle lowers the crust’s melting point.
Continental- continental convergent plate are when two plates collide, they
have a density lower than the mantle which prevent subduction (submersion of
plates under each other).

B. PRESENTATION
What causes the motion of the three types of convergent plate boundaries?
Matching Type. Match box A, with box B. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided below. Box A

A. Oceanic Continental

1. convection currents 2. cooler plates

Box Bsinks 3. large slabs of
in the molten rocks. beneath the warmer plate. lithosphere smashing
___________________ _____________________ together. _____________

26
  Concept Development

Convergent boundary is an area of the earth where two or more lithospheric

plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other creating a process called
subduction. The subduction zone is known to be a plate wherein many earthquakes
happen.

 Activity

In this activity, you will describe the movement of plate in convergent tectonic
boundaries.
Compare and contrast the three types of convergent plate boundaries. Write your
answer under the photos shown below.

A. Oceanic Continental B. Oceanic Oceanic C. Continental Continental

 Assessment
Discuss what happened with three types of convergent plate boundaries.

C. APPLICATION
How the plate tectonics theory does affects people’s lives? Explain.

D. GENERALIZATION
Three types of convergent plate boundaries, namely:
1. Oceanic-Continental one plate is oceanic, there are large volcanoes found in
lines that outline the subduction zone. Earthquakes also happen in these zones. For
example The Aleutian islands that border Southern Alaska are in island arc.
2. Ocean --ocean, one of the plates (oceanic crust and Lithospheric mantle) is
pushed, or subducted, under the other that mixes with the overlying mantle, and the
addition of water to the hot mantle lowers the crust’s melting point that leads to the
formation of magma.

3. Continental-continental convergent plate are when two plates collide, they

have a density lower than the mantle which prevent subduction (submersion of
plates under each other) so they create mountains, such as World Famous Himalaya
Mountain Range.

E. POST ASSESSMENT
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words from column A to column B. Write
the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Creation of Mountains A. Oceanic Continental
2. Occurrence of Volcanoes B. Ocean-Ocean
27
 3. Formation of Magma C. Continental-Continental

Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

Convergent Plate Boundaries
3
a. Overview
In this particular lesson, you will learn about divergent plate boundary ,
and the three types of plate boundaries.

 Objectives : At the end of this lesson, you are expected to :

1. Determine the three types of plate boundaries.

2. Describe divergent boundary.

 Pre – Assessment

Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write T if the
statement is true, & F if false in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Divergent plate boundary happens when two plates are moving away from each other.

2. Earthquakes and volcanoes do not occur in a divergent plate boundary.

3. As the two plates separate, hot magma is able to rise to fill the gap creating new crust.

4. When magma continues to build up, new mountain ranges are not formed under the
sea creating a mid-ocean ridge.

5. Ocean ridge and volcanic island are also formed in the divergent plate boundary.

6. The three types of plate boundaries are convergent, divergent, and transform.

7. Two plates collide is present in convergent boundary .

8. Plates that are sliding past each other is characterized by a transform fault boundary.

9. The motion of divergent plate boundary is spreading.

10. Volcanic activity is present in divergent boundary.

 Prior – Knowledge

28
 In the previous lesson, you have learned about the convergent plate boundaries the
locations where lithospheric plates are moving towards one another. The plate collisions
that occur in these areas can produce mountains , volcanoes, trenches, & earthquake.

Fig. 1 Convergent boundary

b. Presentation
 Concept Development

Divergent boundaries, where plates separate and move in opposite directions,

allowing new lithosphere to form from upwelling magma. This either occurs at mid-
ocean ridges (the so-called seafloor spreading) or at rifted continental margins.

Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises
from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust

https://bit.ly/2ZUV

Fig.2. Divergent plate boundary

 Activity

Activity 1: Am I Right ?

29
 Instruction : Refer your answer on the figure 2 shown above. Write yes if the
statement is correct , and write no if the statement is wrong. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The motion of divergent plate boundary is spreading.

2. Volcanic activity is present in divergent boundary.
3. Oceanic lithosphere is formed in divergent plate boundary.

The occurrence of most seismic activity is due to the movement in the narrow
zones along plate boundaries. It occurs at the three type of plate boundaries – divergent,
convergent, and transform.

As the plates move past each other, pressure builds up. When the plates finally
give and slip-up due to the increased pressure, rapid release of energy as seismic
waves, causing the Earth to vibrate called earthquake.

Some of the plates have ocean water above them. Other plates include
continents, and some plates include both continents and ocean. The movements of the
plates help shape the geological features of our planet. The three main types of plate
movements include: The Earth’s lithosphere, which comprises the crust and upper
mantle, is made up of a series of pieces, or tectonic plates that move slowly over time.

c. Application
 Performance task
1. Draw some geologic features/ events that may occur at divergent plate
boundaries? Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. Check your
work following the rubrics below.

Rubrics :
Expectation Score
Drawing tasks similar to what was observed with 4
correct label
Drawing includes many details ( shapes, color, & 2
size)
Drawing has a title that helps explain the content 1
Drawing includes written portion that explains 2
what the drawing is intended to show
Drawing is legible and large enough to see the 1
details
TOTAL 10 POINTS

d. Generalization
A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away each
other. Along these boundaries , earthquakes are common & magma ( molten rock) rises
from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust.

e. Post - Assessment

30
 Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write T if it is true
and F if it is false. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. The motion of divergent plate boundary is spreading

2. Volcanic activity is present in divergent boundary.

3. Divergent plate boundary when two plates are moving away from each other.

4. Earthquakes and volcanoes does not occur in a divergent plate boundary

Lesson EARTH AND SPACE a.

4 Types and Movement of

Divergent Plate Boundary
Overview
In this particular lesson, you will learn about the two types of divergent
plate boundaries, and their movements.

Objectives : At the end of this lesson , you are expected to :

1. Identify the two types of divergent plate boundaries.

2. Determine the movement of the two types of divergent plate
Boundaries

 Pre- Assessment
Multiple Choice : Select the correct answer. Write only the letter that corresponds to
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What type of boundary when the magma rise from deep within the Earth and erupts to
form new crust on the lithosphere?
A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Fault D. Transform

2. What type of boundary where molten rocks rises from the mantle that creates new
oceanic crust?
A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Fault D. Transform

3. What happened when two oceanic plates move away from one another in the
divergent boundary?
A. Magma B. Molten rocks C. Seafloor spreading D. Tectonic

4. Seafloor spreading is formed when two oceanic plates move away from one another it
is an example of ?
A. Continental B. Mid-ocean ridge C. Ocean D. Tectonic

5. Which of the following is the effect of divergent boundary between oceanic plates?
A. Continental B. Earthquake C. Ocean D. Plate

 Prior – Knowledge

31
 In the previous lesson, you have learned about two plates are moving away from
each other, we call this a divergent plate boundary. Along these boundaries, magma
rises from deep within the Earth and erupts to form new crust on the lithosphere. Most
divergent plate boundaries are underwater and form submarine mountain ranges called
oceanic spreading ridges.

A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each
other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises
from the Earth's mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust
b. Presentation
Concept Development

Source : shortcut.at/DLMW6
Fig.1. types of divergent plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries occur where two oceanic plates move away from one another,
this is where seafloor spreading takes place the most common example is the mid-ocean
ridge
 Activity

Activity 1. Filling Up !

Direction : Fill in the needed data in the table below: Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

Types of divergent plate Geologic features present Relative motion of the

boundary plate

A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each
other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises
from the Earth's mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust.

Divergent boundaries occur where two oceanic plates move away from one
another, this is where seafloor spreading takes place the most common example is the
mid-ocean ridge.

32
 Shorturl.at.cuwEN Shorturl.at/hmuHY
Fig.1.1. Oceanic- oceanic fig.1.2. Continental - continental

. Divergent plate boundaries are in continental and oceanic lithosphere. Results that are
found at a divergent boundary between oceanic plates are a submarine mountain range
like Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge, volcanic activity in the form of fissure eruptions, shallow
earthquake activity and widening ocean basin. When continental plates converge, the
breaking of the crust into several segments leads to the formation of down faulted
valleys called rift valleys.

 Assessment
1. Why is earthquake drill in school important ? Explain. ( 10 pts. )
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

c. Application
 Performance Task
1. Create a slogan on the importance of people’s awareness & readiness about natural
disaster such as earthquake. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Rubrics :
Criteria Score
Concept/ Message 5
Originality 4
Impact 1
Total 10 points

d. Generalization

Divergent plate boundaries are in continental and oceanic lithosphere. It is

categorized by where they occur as continental rift zones, and mid-ocean ridges.

e. Post – Assessment

Multiple Choice : Select the correct answer. Write only the letter that corresponds to
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the effect of divergent boundary between continental

plates?
A. Earthquake B. Mid-ocean ridge C. Ocean D. Plate

33
2. Which effect when a mass of molten rock from a depth, including dissolved
gases and crystals are formed?
A . Earthquake B. Magma C. Mid-ocean ridge D. Ocean

3. Which of the following is a continuous mass of land with long width and height on
the ocean floor ?
A. Earthquake B. Magma C. Mid-ocean ridge D. Ocean

4. Which of the following is the result of the rapid release of energy due to
vibration of Earth ?
A. Earthquake B. Magma C .Mid-ocean ridge D. Ocean

5. Which of the following region where the crustal plates are moving apart ?
A. Divergent B. Fault C. Transform D. Tectonics

Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

5 Transform Plate Boundaries

A. Overview
In this particular lesson, you will learn about the three types of Transform plate
boundaries and what causes motion in transform plate boundaries.

Objectives
At the end of this module, learners will be able to:
1. compare and contrast the three types of transform plate
boundaries.
2. find out what causes the motion in transform plate boundaries.
Pre-Assessment
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words in column A with column B.
Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. A type of transform plate A. Ridge Trench Boundaries

boundary when convection B. Ridge-Ridge Boundaries
currents rise in the mantle
C. Trench-Trench Boundaries
beneath the oceanic crust and
create magma. D. Fridge-Trench Boundaries
2. A type of transform plate
boundary when two or more
plates converge and form
depression or steep
3. A type of transform plate
boundary when underwater
mountain range criss-crosses
34
 the oceans and formed by
rising magma.

Prior Knowledge

In the past lesson, you have learned about the three types of transform plate
boundaries, namely:

1. Ridge – Ridge Boundary - also known as gravitational sliding or sliding

plate force is a proposed driving force for plate motion in plate tectonics that
occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down
the hot, raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges.
2. Ridge- Trench Boundary – a type of fault in which two tectonic plates slide
past one another. A transform fault may occur in the portion of a fracture zone
that exists between different offset spreading center or that connects
spreading center to deep -sea trenches in subduction zones.
3. Trench – Trench Boundary – deep trenches are often formed when tectonic
plates are being subducted and earthquakes are common. As the sinking
plate moves deeper into the mantle, fluids are released from the rock causing
the overlying mantle to partially melt.
A. Presentation

Transform fault or transform boundary is a fault along a plate boundary where the
motion is predominantly horizontal, two plates are sliding past each other, this forms
a transform plate boundary.Natural or human-made structures that cross a transform
boundary are offset – split into pieces and carried in opposite directions. Rocks that
line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating linear fault valley
or undersea canyon.

Concept Development
Transform boundaries are areas where the Earth’s plates move past each other,
rubbing along the edges. As the plates slide across from each other, they neither
create land nor destroy it. Because of this, the are sometimes referred to as
conservative boundaries. The main driving force of plate tectonics is gravity. If a
plate with oceanic lithosphere dives beneath the other plate and sinks into the
mantle. This process is called subduction.
Activities
Activity 2.1. Identify what is formed at the following three types of Transform
plate boundaries.

Fig. 1. Ridge – Trench ______________

35
 Fig. 2. Trench -Trench ________________

Fig. 3. Ridge -Ridge _______________

Activity 2.2.
Transform plate boundaries are locations where two plates slide past one
another. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as
transform fault.Most transform faults are found in the ocean basin and connect offsets
in the mid-ocean ridges
Instructions. Analyse the photo below plate and identify what is formed in each
type of transform plate boundary.

Ridge-Trench Transform Plate Boundaries Trench-Trench Transform Plate Ridge-Ridge Transform Plate Boundaries
Boundaries

Fig. 1. The Three Types of Transform Plate Boundaries

36
 1.______________ 2. _______________ 3. ________________

Assessment

In this activity, students are instructed to draw the movement of plates and
identify what is form after the plates has moved in the following three types of
transform plate boundaries.
1. Ridge- Ridge –
2. Ridge-Trench –
3. Trench – Trench -

B. Application

How do transform boundary movements affect the structure of the earth?

C. Generalization

In this topic, the students have learned the types of transform plate boundaries
and the causes of its motion.

D. Post Assessment

MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words in column A with column B.
Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. A type of transform plate A. Ridge Trench Boundaries

boundary when convection B. Ridge-Ridge Boundaries
currents rise in the mantle beneath
the oceanic crust and create C. Trench-Trench Boundaries
magma. D. Fridge-Trench Boundaries
2. A type of transform plate boundary
when two or more plates converge
and form depression or steep
3. A type of transform plate
boundary when underwater
mountain range criss-crosses the
oceans and formed by rising
magma.

37
 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

6 Transform Plate Boundaries

A. Overview

In this particular lesson, you will learn about the motion of three types of
Transform plate boundaries and identify precautionary measures.

Objectives

At the end of this module, learners will be able to:

1. determine the causes of motion of the three types of Transform plate
boundaries.
2. identify precautionary measures on Transform plate boundary movement.

Pre-Assessment
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words in column A with column B.
Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Plates move due to convection A. Ridge Trench Boundaries

currents rise in the mantle B. Ridge-Ridge Boundaries
beneath the oceanic crust
2. Plates move due to converging C. Trench-Trench Boundaries
of the denser and the lighter D. Fridge-Trench Boundaries
plate.
3. Plates move due to rising
magma in a zone where two
plates are moving apart.

Prior Knowledge

In the previous lesson, the students learned about Transform plate boundaries
are locations where two plates slide past one another. The fracture zone that forms a

38
 transform plate boundary is known as transform fault. Most transform faults are found
in the ocean basin and connect offsets in the mid-ocean ridges.

B. Presentation
Describe what causes the motion in the three types of transform plate
boundaries. Write your answer on the space provided below
Activity 1. Matching Type. Instruction: Match box A, with box B. Write the letter of
your answer on the space provided below.
Box A

Ridge-Trench Transform Plate Boundaries Trench -Trench Transform Plate Boundaries Ridge-Ridge Transform Plate Boundaries

Fig. 1. Motion of Transform plate boundary

Box B

1. mid-ocean ridge is form 2. island arc is form 3. trench is form

__________________ __________________ _________________

Concept Development

In Transform plate boundary, two plates are sliding past each other forming a
transform plate boundary. Natural or human-made structures that cross a transform
boundary are offset – split into pieces and carried opposite directions. Rocks that
line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a linear fault
valley or undersea canyon.
Describe the direction of the movement of plates in Transform plate boundaries.
Activities
Activity 1.
For the learner, compare and contrast the motion of the three types of
transform plate boundaries, and write your answer under the photos shown below.

39
 Box B
1. mid-ocean ridge is form 2. island arc is form and 3. trench is form
and horizontal motion sliding horizontally. and move horizontally
__________________ ___________________ _______________

Assessment

In Transform plate boundary, plates rub against each other, huge stresses can
cause portions of the rock to break, resulting in earthquakes. Places where these
breaks occur are called faults. A well-known example of transform plate boundary is
the San Andreas Fault in California.

Activity 2

In this activity, students will elaborate the importance of knowing the different
effects of the three types of transform plate boundaries.

C. Application

How does knowing the Plate Tectonics Theory affect people’s lives? Explain

D. Generalization

In this topic, the students have learned about the motion of three types of
Transform plate boundaries and identify precautionary measures.

E. Post Assessment
MATCHING TYPE: Match the word or group of words in column A with column B.
Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
40
 COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. It is formed by plate tectonics A. Ridge Trench Boundaries

uplifting the ocean floor. B. Ridge-Ridge Boundaries
Described as an underwater
mountain range. C. Trench-Trench Boundaries
2. An island arc, formed when two D. Fridge-Trench Boundaries
tectonic plates slides beneath
another.
3. It is created by
subduction,older plate.

10
Science
Quarter 1 - Module 3

Causes of Plate Movements

41
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

42
 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

1 Causes of Plate Movements

a. Overview
Get ready to learn about plate movements and some examples about them.
 Objectives : At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define plate movements; and
2. Give examples of plate movements.
 Pre- Assessment
Multiple Choice
Instruction: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the LETTER
only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why are plate tectonics important?

A. Plates separates create mountain.
B. Plates joined together to make rift.
C. Plate boundaries is not related to geologic activities.
D. Plate boundaries are significant in geologic activities.
2. How does the structure of the Earth affect plate tectonics?
A. Oceanic and continental plates separate and create valley.
B. Oceanic and continental plates boundaries are stable.
C. Oceanic and continental plates interact at boundaries
D. Oceanic and continental plates join together and build mountains
3. Why is it dangerous to live near plate boundaries?
A. Volcanic activity is dangerous to the lives of the people.
B. Plates shaking of the ground can be felt which can kill people.
C. Plates shaking of the ground can cause destructive landslide.
D. All of the above
4. What do tectonic plates look like?
A. like big rocks
B. Like a whole eggshell
C. Like a broken rock
D. Big slabs of rocks or a cracked eggshell
5. Which of the following refers to tectonic plates movement?
A. Titanic shift
B. Tectonic shift
C. Tiktok shift
D. TicTactoe shift

 Prior - Knowledge
In the past lesson, you have learned the three types of tectonic boundaries:
convergent, where plates move into one another; divergent, where plates move
apart; and transform, where plates move sideways in relation to each other. Due
to these movements, plates move at a rate of one to two inches (three to five
centimeters) per year.

b. Presentation

 Content Development

43
 Plate Movements
Plates at our planet's surface move because of the intense heat in the Earth's core
that causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move. It moves in a pattern called a
convection cell that forms when warm material rises, cools, and eventually sinks down.
As the cooled material sinks down, it is warmed and then it rises again.

Causes of Plate Movements

The force that causes most of the plate movements is called thermal convection,
where heat from the Earth's interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler
sinking magma to flow, moving the plates of the crust along with them. In ridge push
and slab pull, gravity is acting on the plate to cause the movement.

 Activities
Activity 1

Instruction: The jumbled words below are some of the causes of plate movements.
Rearrange them to find the correct words and afterwards, draw the
words that you have formed.

1. Chenstre _______________

2. acrslandis _______________

3. ceano- dim _______________

4. geidr _______________

5. Tinsaounm_______________

What is a plate movement?

Plate movements is a scientific theory describing the large - scale motion of

seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the
Earth’s lithosphere. This movement processes began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5
billion years ago.

Fig.1.1 Earthquake
hotspots in the
Philippines

44
Activity 2
Instruction : Connect the dots to trace the faults where the plate movement occurs,
and describe what is being formed after.

Examples of Plate Movements

Due to the extreme temperatures inside the earth, hot magma rises from the mantle
at mid-ocean ridges, thus pushing the plates apart. As a result, earthquakes occur along
the fractures that appear as the plates move away from each other. Some examples for
this movement include the East African Rift. Meanwhile, mid-ocean ridges where two
ocean plates moved apart can be seen in some regions near the Azores and Iceland.

Fig.1 .2 San Andres fault Fig.1.3 Iceland fissure

c. Application

 Performance Task

Instruction: For this written exercise, you will write your answers on your
notebook. Answer the question below and explain your ideas.

Question: What is the importance in knowing about the plate movements

before constructing a house? (15 points)

45
d. Generalization

Plate movements is a scientific theory describing the large- scale

motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of
the Earth’s lithosphere.

e. Post - Assessment

Multiple Choice

Instruction: Choose the best answer from the choices given. Write the CAPITAL
LETTER only of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following refers to three main types of plate boundaries ?

A. Transform, divergent, convergent
B. Transform, convergent, trivergent
C. Transform, divergent, crosvergent
D. Transform, divergent, transvergent

2. What is the rate of the movement of the plates during earthquakes?

A. Earth’s tectonic plates move at five meters every year.
B. Earth’s tectonic plates move swiftly at about few centimetres every year.
C. Earth’s tectonic plates move very slowly at about few centimetres every year.
D. Earth’s tectonic plates move steadily at about one thousand meters per annum.

3. Where are the plate boundaries located?

A. At the center of the lithosphere plates
B. At the bottom of the lithosphere plates
C. At the very edge of the lithosphere plates
D. It is located anywhere below / center of the lithospheric plates.

4. What are the two main factors of tectonic plates movement ?

A. Gravitational force at the spreading valleys and comfort zones.
B. Gravitational force at the spreading poles and convergent zones.
C. Gravitational force at the spreading ridges and subduction zones.
D. Gravitational force at the spreading valleys and divergent zones.

5. Which of the following refers to the scientific theory describing the large scale motion
of the seven large plates .
A. Boundary B. Fault C. Plate Movement D. Tectonic

46
 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE
Causes of Thermal Convection, Ridge Push
2 and Slab Pull of Plate Movements
a. Overview
In this particular lesson , you will learn about the causes of thermal convection,
ridge , rideg push , and slab pull of plate movements.

 Objectives : At the end of this lesson , you will be able to :

1. Define thermal convection, ridge push, and slab pull; and
2. Describe the causes of thermal convection, ridge push, and slab
pull of plate movements.
 Pre – Assessment
Instruction: Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write
T if it is true, and F if false . Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your answer.in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Thermal convection is a continuous process. Once the hot less dense particles cool
down, they sink, and the other less dense particles rise.

2. The convection currents rotate very slowly as they move and drag the plates along.

3. Because of convection, tectonic plates are able to move slowly along the tectonic
boundaries.

4. The downward movement of thermal convection occurs along a divergent boundary

where the sinking force pulls the tectonic plate downward.

5. Forces lift and split the lithosphere at convergent plate movements in thermal
convection.

 Prior - Knowledge
As a review, plate movements are considered as a scientific theory describing the
large - scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of
smaller plates of the Earth’s lithosphere which has began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5
billion years ago.

Fig.2.1 Forces that cause plate movements

b. Presentation
47
  Content Development

The inside of the Earth is filled with unimaginable force and energy. Several
forces within it are key factors for plate movements.

Of the many forces that it holds, thermal convection causes most of the
movements of the plates. This force is produced by the heat from the Earth's interior
causing currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow, moving the
plates of the crust along with them.

Another force causing further movements is ridge push (also known as

gravitational sliding) or sliding plate force. This is a proposed driving force for plate
motion in plate tectonics that occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the result of the rigid
lithosphere sliding down the hot, raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges.

Lastly, slab pull is a driving factor, too. It is that part of the motion of a tectonic
plate caused by its subduction.
 Activities

Activity 1

Instruction: For this activity, you will differentiate the following terms of plate
movements. Use a symbol (example: an arrow) to show your answer in the table below.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Forces that causes plate movements Direction of plate movements

Thermal convection
Ridge push
Slab pull

Activity 2
Instruction : For this activity, you will describe the effects of the different forces
that cause plate movements, such as thermal convection, ridge pull
and slab pull. Refer to Figure 2.1 above for your answers. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Forces that cause the plate Effects of the forces that cause the
movements plate movements
Thermal convection
Ridge push
Slab pull

Read on to review the three forces that cause plate movements.

1. Thermal convection – is when heat from the Earth’s interior causes the magma
to flow, with hot magma rises while cooler magma sinks which initiate the
crustal plates movement.

48
 2. Ridge push – is the sliding plate force which drives the plate motion in plate
tectonics. It occurs at mid-ocean ridges as the result of the rigid lithosphere
sliding down the hot raised asthenosphere below mid-ocean ridges.

3. Slab pull – is part of the motion of a tectonic plate caused by its subduction.
Plate motion is partly driven by the weight of cold, dense plates sinking into
the mantle at oceanic trenches. This force and slab suction account for
almost all of the force driving plate tectonics.

Activity 3
Matching Type : Study the diagrams below and then match Box A to Box B.
Write the letter only as your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

BOX A
A B C

BOX B
1. Ridge push 2. Slab pull 3. Thermal convection

 Assessment

Activity 4

Complete this graphic organizer about the causes of plate movements by filling in
the empty circles with what you have learned in this lesson. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

49
c. Application

 Performance Task
Activity 5
Situation: Suppose you are a developer or an owner of a subdivision area and
during one of your inspections, you found out that a fault is present in the location. What
will you do? Explain. (15 points). Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

d. Generalization

The causes of the plate movement is the thermal convection where force and heat
from the Earth’s interior causes currents of hot rising magma , also in ridge push and
slab pull , the gravity is acting on the plate to cause the movement.

e. Post - Assessment

Instruction: Determine whether each of the statement below is true or false. Write
T if true, & F if false. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only of your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. As an oceanic crust moves away from a divergent boundary, it becomes denser than
the newer oceanic crust.

2. In a ridge push, the weight of the uplifted ridge pushes the oceanic crust toward the
trench at the subduction zone.

3. Ridge push is also known as gravitational sliding plate.

4. Seafloor spreading is not the natural process responsible for ridge push.

5. Slab pull is also known as sliding plate force...

6. Thermal convection is a continuous process. Once the hot less dense particles cool
down, they sink, and the other less dense particles rise.

7. The convection currents rotate very slowly as they move and drag the plates along.

8 Because of convection, tectonic plates are able to move slowly along the tectonic
boundaries.

9. The downward movement of the thermal convection occurs along a divergent

boundary where the sinking force pulls the tectonic plate downward.

10. Forces lift and split the lithosphere at convergent plate movements in thermal
convection.

50
 Science
10
Quarter 1 - Module 4

Evidence for Plate Tectonic

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

51
 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

1 Indications of Plate Movement

A. Overview
There are many indications of plate movements that is proposed by different
scientists and one of this is the known theory by Alfred Wegener, the Continental
Drift Theory that explains what are the possible outcomes if their are movements
of plates happen.
Continental Drift Theory is the plate movement of the earth’s continent that
drifted at different directions. This theory explains how giant masses was divided
into smaller continent and continued to break apart.
 Objectives:
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Describe the indications of plate movement;
2. Identify what causes plate tectonic movement; and
3. Determine the possible outcome of the Continental Drift Theory.
 Pre-Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Instructions: Choose and write the CAPITAL LETTER

only of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A theory which states that “the movement of the earth’s continents is relative
to each other, thus appearing to ‘drift’ across the ocean bed.”
A. Big Bang Theory C. Nebular Theory
B. Continental Drift Theory D. Plate Tectonic Theory
2. What was the defying evidence of the Continental Drift Theory?
A. The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle C. The Nebular Puzzle
B. The Plate Tectonic Jigsaw Puzzle D. The Big Bang Puzzle
3. Where is the geologic location of the ocean where the evidences of seafloor
spreading was found?
A. continental slope C. mid-ocean ridges
B. continental rise D. trenches

52
 4. What is the answer for the following equation?
Continental Drift + Sea Floor Spreading =___________
A. Big Bang C. Nebular Plate
B. Continental Drift Theory D. Tectonic
5. What is the correct chronological order of the Continental Drift Theory?
A. Pangaea→ Laurasia→ Gondwana→ Modern World
B. Pangaea→ Gondwana → Laurasia → Modern World
C. Laurasia → Pangaea → Gondwana→ Modern World
D. Pangaea→ Laurasia→ Modern World → Gondwana
 Prior Knowledge
In the past lesson, you learned that Alfred Wegener (1880-1930), in 1912,
noticed that the continents were supposedly compressed into a single procontinent,
called “Pangea”. Pangea is also called as “all lands” and these lands, over time,
drifted.

C. Presentation
 Concept Development
COMPARISON OF CONTINENTS BY ALFRED WEGENER

Fig. 1. Indications of Plate Movements

53
 In the 1912 theory of Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, he stated that
about 200 million years ago, the continents were once a large mass of land. He
called this land mass as “Pangea”, which means “all earth” in Greek. This same
theory explained how Pangea evolved into how the continents look at the current
time. At the beginning, Pangea started to break into smaller supercontinents
called Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic Period. These smaller
supercontinents further broke into other continents and these continents separated
and drifted apart (refer to figure 1 above).

 Activity
Activity 1: THE PANGEA

In this activity, you will learn more about Pangea. Outline below what Pangea
was all about and explain as well what eventually happened to this once massive
land mass. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

PANGE
A

 Assessment
In the previous activity, you described the distribution of the continents using
the theory of Alfred Wegener. Now for this activity, discuss what will be the effects of
the continents’ distribution based once again on this same theory. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

54
C. Application
How does knowing about Wegener’s Theory affect peoples’ life? Explain.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

D. Generalization
In this topic, the students have learned the Wegener’s theory and its impact to
the plate movements.

E. Post Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Instructions: Choose and write the CAPITAL LETTER
only of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A theory which states that “the movement of the earth’s continents is relative to
each other, thus appearing to ‘drift’ across the ocean bed.”
A. Big Bang Theory C. Nebular Theory
B. Continental Drift Theory D. Plate Tectonic Theory

2. What was the defying evidence of the Continental Drift Theory?

A. The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle C. The Nebular Puzzle
B. The Plate Tectonic Jigsaw Puzzle D. The Big Bang Puzzle
3. Where is the geologic location of the ocean where the evidences of seafloor
spreading was found?
A. continental slope C. mid-ocean ridges
B. continental rise D. trenches
4. What is the answer for the following equation?
Continental Drift + Sea Floor Spreading =___________
A. Big Bang C. Nebular Plate
B. Continental Drift Theory D. Tectonic
5. What is the correct chronological order of the Continental Drift Theory?
A. Pangaea→ Laurasia→ Gondwana→ Modern World
B. Pangaea→ Gondwana → Laurasia → Modern World
C. Laurasia → Pangaea → Gondwana→ Modern World
D. Pangaea→ Laurasia→ Modern World → Gondwana

55
 EARTH AND SPACE

2 Evidence of Plate Movements

A. Overview
If there is plate movements, there is an evidence. In this lesson you
will learn the different evidences of plate movements and how those giant
land masses collide to its other and cause shaking of the ground or what we
called earthquake.
The evidence of plate movements vary depending on how strong and
long the movements of plates and also where it happen. Collision of the plates
causes tsunami, earthquake and formation of volcano, hence we called it as
Consequence of Plate Movements.
 Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe a plate movement;
2. Identify what causes the movements of plates; and
3. Determine the consequences of a plate movement
 Pre-Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Instructions: Select and write the CAPITAL
LETTER only of the best answer from the choices given.
1. How did the continents split?
A. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the moon.
B. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the sun.
C. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the star.
D. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the Earth.
2. The following are the three pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate
tectonics, EXCEPT
A. The shapes of continents fit together similar to a puzzle.
B. The coastlines show where the continents separated.
C. The convergent zone is evident to be similar with the divergent zone.
D. The identical rocks that formed over hundreds of million years ago have
been located in different continents.
3. Identify the physical evidence that supports the Tectonic Plates and Continental
Drift Theory.

56
 A. The unsimilar patterns of rocks on both sides of the Atlantic and Antarctic
Oceans.
B. The fossil remains of terrestrial animals that would have been unable to
swim across another area.
C. All of the above.
D. None of the above.
4. What is the best piece of evidence for plate tectonics?
A. Old continents show distant landmarks
B. Fossils tell us when and where plants and animals once existed
C. Fishes, rocks, and other forms of animals found in the terrestrial areas
D. None of the above
5. How did Pangea split?
A. The movement was caused by radiation that rolled over in the lower zone
of
the mantle.
B.The scientist believed that Pangea was only a hearsay.
C.The scientist believed that Pangea existed lately.
D.The movement was caused by convection currents that rolled over in the
upper zone of the mantle.
 Prior Knowledge
In the past lesson, you learned about Alfred Wegener’s theory talking
about a single land mass in the past and how this giant land mass slowly divided into
the continents that are divided as they are on the earth today.

B. Presentation
 Concept Development
How Fast Do Plates Move?
According to some scientists, a plate moves between 1 to 5 centimeters per
year.
Consequences of Plate Movement
When the plates move, they will eventually collide. These collisions cause
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. In the case of earthquakes, they usually
happen when two plates slide past each other. Meanwhile, volcanoes form when
one plate sinks under the other plate allowing lava/magma to seep through and build
up to form a volcano.

57
 Fig. 1. Consequences of Plate Movements

 Activities
Activity 1. COMPARE ME!
In this activity, you will describe the comparison of continents as the consequences
of plate movement. Refer your anwer on Figure 1. Consequences of Plate
movements, shown on the previous page. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

Activity 2: PLATE DISTRIBUTION

Instruction: Compare and contrast the plate distribution from the 1880s to how it
looked in 1912. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Assessment

Inside the box, discuss what happens when a plate moves.

C. Application
Are there any benefits that humans can get from plate tectonics? Explain your
answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

58
D. Generalization
In this topic, the students have learned the plate movement, the causes of plate
movement and the consequences when the plate moves.

E. Post Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Instructions: Select and write the CAPITAL LETTER
only of the best answer from the choices given.
1. How did the continents split?
A. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the moon.
B. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the sun.
C. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the star.
D. Wegener suggested that maybe it is due to the rotation of the Earth.
2. The following are the three pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate
tectonics, EXCEPT
A. The shapes of continents fit together similar to a puzzle.
B. The coastlines show where the continents separated.
C. The convergent zone is evident to be similar with the divergent zone.
D. The identical rocks that formed over hundreds of million years ago have
been located in different continents.
3. Identify the physical evidence that supports the Tectonic Plates and Continental
Drift Theory.
A. The unsimilar patterns of rocks on both sides of the Atlantic and Antarctic
Oceans.
B. The fossil remains of terrestrial animals that would have been unable to swim
across another area.
C. All of the above.
D. None of the above.
4. What is the best piece of evidence for plate tectonics?
A. Old continents show distant landmarks
B. Fossils tell us when and where plants and animals once existed
C. Fishes, rocks, and other forms of animals found in the terrestrial areas
D. None of the above
5. How did Pangea split?
A. The movement was caused by radiation that rolled over in the lower zone of
the mantle.
B. The scientist believed that Pangea was only a hearsay.
C. The scientist believed that Pangea existed lately.
D. The movement was caused by convection currents that rolled over in the
upper zone of the mantle.

59
60