Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Report on

Primary System and Computer

Prepared by

Saman Kamaran

Zedan Awni

Bawr Zrar

Supervised by

Dr . Hamadamin

2024-2025
 Introduction

In the modern world, primary systems and computers form the backbone of numerous

technological advancements, transforming how we work, communicate, and access

information. The term "primary system" can refer to the essential components that

manage and process data within a computer or technological framework, while

"computers" are devices designed to perform a wide array of tasks through processing,

storage, and output of data. This report will explore the basic concepts, components, and

roles of primary systems and computers.

Primary Systems in Computing

In the context of computing, primary systems refer to the central components or

infrastructure that play a vital role in managing and executing key functions within a

computer system or network. These systems provide the foundation for computing

operations and are responsible for processing, storage, and communication of data.

Key Primary Systems in Computing:

1. Operating System (OS):

o The operating system is the primary software that manages hardware

resources and provides a platform for running applications. It handles tasks

such as memory management, file system organization, process

management, and hardware interfacing.

o Popular operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.

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2. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

o The CPU is the hardware "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing

instructions and performing calculations. It interprets program instructions

and handles basic operations such as arithmetic and logic tasks.

o Modern CPUs are often composed of multiple cores, which allow them to

handle multiple tasks simultaneously.

3. Memory System:

o The memory system in computing includes both primary memory (e.g.,

RAM) and secondary storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs). Primary memory

provides temporary storage for data actively being used by the CPU, while

secondary storage holds data long-term.

o Primary memory is fast and volatile, while secondary storage is typically

slower but non-volatile.

4. Input/Output (I/O) System:

o The I/O system manages communication between the computer and

external devices, such as keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and network

connections. It facilitates the transfer of data into and out of the computer

system.

o The I/O system ensures that the computer can receive user input and send

output to various devices.

5. Network System:

o The network system in computing includes the infrastructure that allows

computers to communicate with each other, typically via local area networks

(LANs), wide area networks (WANs), or the internet. It encompasses

protocols, hardware, and software used to establish and manage

connections.

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 o Common components of network systems include routers, switches, and

network interfaces.

6. File System:

o The file system is a method and data structure used by an operating system

to manage and organize files on storage devices. It enables efficient access

to stored data and manages attributes like file names, permissions, and

locations.

o Examples include NTFS (Windows), HFS+ (macOS), and ext4 (Linux).

7. Database System:

o A database system is used for storing, retrieving, and managing data

efficiently. It typically includes a Database Management System (DBMS) that

provides an interface for users and applications to interact with structured

data.

o Examples include MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB.

Importance of Primary Systems in Computing:

• Coordination and Efficiency: Primary systems ensure that various components of a

computer system work together efficiently and cohesively. They provide essential

functions such as process scheduling, resource allocation, and hardware

management.

• User Interaction: Through the operating system and I/O systems, users can

interact with the computer and execute programs.

• Data Management: Primary systems manage the flow of data within the computer,

from memory to storage to processing, ensuring that operations run smoothly and

data is stored safely.

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 • Connectivity: Network systems enable computers to connect with other machines

and share resources, which is fundamental for modern communication and

distributed computing.

In short, primary systems in computing form the backbone of a computer’s operations,

allowing for the execution of programs, management of resources, and interaction with

the external environment.

Computers: Overview and Types

A computer is an electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data, performing

calculations and following instructions to carry out tasks. It can handle a wide variety of

functions, such as arithmetic, data management, communication, and entertainment.

Computers are essential to modern life, powering everything from simple household

devices to complex systems used in business, science, and entertainment.

Basic Components of a Computer:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that executes

instructions and performs calculations.

2. Memory (RAM and Storage):

o RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, fast-access memory used by

the CPU to store data actively being worked on.

o Storage (e.g., hard drives or SSDs) is used for permanent data storage.

3. Input/Output Devices: Components that allow users to interact with the computer,

including keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.

4. Motherboard: The primary circuit board that connects and allows communication

between all components.

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 5. Power Supply: Provides the necessary electrical power for the computer's

components.

Types of Computers:

Computers come in various forms, tailored for different uses, from general-purpose

devices to specialized machines.

1. Personal Computers (PCs):

• Description: These are general-purpose computers designed for individual use.

They are typically used for everyday tasks such as browsing the web, word

processing, gaming, and more.

• Types:

o Desktop Computers: Stationary systems intended for use on a desk. They

are larger, with more powerful components and can be easily upgraded.

o Laptop Computers: Portable, compact systems that offer similar functionality

to desktops but are more lightweight and mobile.

o All-in-One Computers: These combine the monitor and CPU into a single

unit, saving space while maintaining functionality.

2. Supercomputers:

• Description: Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers,

designed for highly complex calculations and large-scale data processing. They

are used in fields like scientific research, simulations, weather forecasting, and

cryptography.

• Characteristics: Supercomputers feature vast parallel processing capabilities,

capable of handling billions of calculations per second.

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3. Mainframe Computers:

• Description: Mainframes are large, powerful computers used primarily by large

organizations for bulk data processing, such as transaction processing, financial

operations, and enterprise resource management.

• Characteristics: They support multiple users simultaneously and are known for

their reliability and ability to handle massive amounts of data.

4. Minicomputers (Mid-range Computers):

• Description: Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger than personal

computers. They are typically used by medium-sized businesses for specific

applications such as process control, inventory management, or accounting.

• Characteristics: Minicomputers can support multiple users and are cost-effective

compared to mainframes.

5. Microcomputers:

• Description: These are smaller, simpler computers that use a microprocessor as

their CPU. Microcomputers include personal computers, laptops, and mobile

devices. They are affordable and widely used for everyday tasks.

• Characteristics: Microcomputers are the most common type, offering a balance of

performance and affordability for general purposes.

6. Embedded Computers:

• Description: Embedded computers are specialized systems designed to perform

specific tasks, often within larger systems. They are built into devices such as

cars, smartphones, appliances, medical equipment, and industrial machines.

• Characteristics: They have dedicated functions, low power consumption, and

compact designs.
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7. Workstations:

• Description: Workstations are powerful computers designed for technical or

scientific work. They are typically used by professionals in fields such as

engineering, graphics design, video editing, and software development.

• Characteristics: Workstations have high-performance CPUs, more RAM, and

better graphics capabilities compared to regular personal computers.

8. Tablet Computers:

• Description: Tablets are portable, touchscreen-based computers, often smaller

than laptops but more powerful than smartphones. They are used for

entertainment, reading, web browsing, and light work tasks.

• Characteristics: Tablets are lightweight, highly portable, and typically run mobile

operating systems such as iOS or Android.

The Role of Computers in Modern Society

In the modern world, computers have become an indispensable part of daily life, playing

a pivotal role in virtually every field and sector. From personal to professional

environments, computers are used to perform a wide range of tasks that have reshaped

how people work, communicate, learn, and entertain themselves. Below are key areas in

which computers contribute significantly to modern society.

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1. Communication and Connectivity:

• Email and Messaging: Computers are essential tools for sending and receiving

emails, instant messages, and multimedia communication, which enable quick,

efficient interaction between individuals and organizations globally.

• Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn rely on

computers to provide social networking, information sharing, and online

communities.

• Video Conferencing: Computers facilitate remote meetings through software like

Zoom, Skype, and Google Meet, making global collaboration and work-from-home

arrangements easier and more effective.

2. Education and E-Learning:

• Access to Information: Computers provide students, teachers, and researchers

with instant access to vast amounts of information via the internet. This has

democratized learning, allowing anyone with an internet connection to explore new

knowledge and acquire skills.

• Online Courses and Virtual Classrooms: Platforms like Coursera, Khan Academy,

and edX enable people to pursue education online, offering flexibility for learners

across the globe.

• Research and Simulation: Computers are crucial for research in fields like science,

medicine, and engineering, allowing for complex data analysis, simulations, and

modeling.

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3. Business and Industry:

• Automation and Efficiency: Computers help automate processes in manufacturing,

logistics, and service industries, reducing the need for manual labor and improving

productivity and efficiency. For example, robots and machines controlled by

computers are used in assembly lines.

• Business Software: Tools like word processors, spreadsheets, and project

management software are widely used in businesses to enhance day-to-day

operations and decision-making.

• E-commerce: Computers enable online shopping platforms like Amazon, eBay,

and Shopify, which allow businesses to reach customers worldwide, changing the

landscape of retail.

4. Healthcare and Medicine:

• Medical Research: Computers aid researchers in analyzing medical data,

conducting trials, and developing new treatments and medications.

• Patient Care and Monitoring: Computers and technology are used in patient

monitoring systems, diagnostic tools (like MRI and CT scans), and electronic health

records (EHR), helping doctors make better, more informed decisions.

• Telemedicine: Computers support telehealth services, enabling healthcare

providers to offer remote consultations, diagnostics, and patient care, particularly in

rural or underserved areas.

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5. Entertainment and Media:

• Streaming and Digital Media: Computers are at the heart of platforms like Netflix,

YouTube, and Spotify, which allow users to access movies, TV shows, music, and

videos from anywhere in the world.

• Video Games: Computers are used for both creating and playing video games, a

massive global industry. The advancement of computer graphics and processing

power has led to more immersive and realistic gaming experiences.

• Content Creation: Artists, musicians, filmmakers, and writers use computers for

creative processes like graphic design, video editing, sound production, and

writing.

6. Science and Research:

• Data Analysis and Simulation: Computers are essential for analyzing large

datasets in fields like climate science, genetics, physics, and economics. They can

process vast amounts of information much faster than humans, enabling scientists

to make breakthroughs.

• Space Exploration: Computers are used in space missions, from planning and

calculating trajectories to controlling spacecraft and analyzing data sent from

satellites and probes.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI research, development, and applications rely on

computer algorithms and large data sets to solve problems in various fields, from

healthcare to finance.

7. Finance and Economics:

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 • Digital Banking: Computers power online banking and financial services, allowing

people to check balances, transfer money, and manage investments from their

devices.

• Stock Trading: Computers enable high-frequency trading and real-time stock

market analysis, allowing investors to make informed decisions quickly.

• Cryptocurrency: Computers are integral to the creation, mining, and trading of

digital currencies like Bitcoin, which are reshaping global financial systems.

Challenges and Future of Computing

While computers have revolutionized society, there are several challenges that continue

to arise:

• Cybersecurity: As reliance on computers increases, so does the risk of

cyberattacks. Safeguarding sensitive data and systems is a major concern.

• Privacy: With widespread data collection, concerns regarding user privacy and the

security of personal information are ever-present.

• Technological Advancements: The rapid pace of development in fields such as

artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and cloud computing presents both

opportunities and challenges in terms of ethical considerations and societal impact.

Looking to the future, advancements in computing are expected to lead to more powerful,

energy-efficient systems, enhanced automation, and even deeper integration with

everyday life through emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and

augmented reality (AR).

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 Resources

1. "Operating System Concepts" by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, and Greg

Gagne.pp.4-8.

2. "Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective" by Randal E. Bryant and David R.

O'Hallaron.pp.7-13.

3. "Introduction to Computer Systems: From Data to Processor" by Yale Patt and Sanjay

Patel.pp.2-5.

4. "Digital Design and Computer Architecture" by David Money Harris and Sarah L.

Harris.pp.23-26.

5. "The Elements of Computing Systems" by Noam Nisan and Shimon Schocken.pp.8-14.

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