INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
Presented by Group 1
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
WORKING DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION:
Steger: “Globalization refers to the expansion and
intensification of social relations and consciousness across
world-time and world-space”
The World Health Organization defines globalization as "the
increased interconnectedness and interdependence of
peoples and countries."
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
Political Globalization refers to increased cooperation
and interdependence of countries on issues of global
concern, such as security, human rights, and the
environment. This can lead to greater stability, prosperity,
more effective responses to global challenges. However, it
can also lead to loss of sovereignty and democratic
accountability and increased inequality and injustice.
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
Cultural Globalization refers to the spread of ideas,
values and customs around the world. This can lead to
understanding and appreciation of different culture, as
well as to greater diversity and creativity. However, it can
also lead to homogenization, loss of cultural identity, and
increased conflict and misunderstandings.
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Globalization refers to the increased
integration of global markets for goods, service and
capital. This can lead to increased trade and investment
as well as greater competition and efficiency. However, it
can also lead to job loss and wage stagnation for workers
in developed countries, as well as to exploitation and
environmental degradation in developing countries.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
The agreement was signed into law on January 1,
1948 with 23 countries after the world war to
monitor world trade that may lead to economic
recovery. Main objective was to eliminate barriers in
international trade by either reducing or removing
tariffs and quotas.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
World Trade Organization
• a global organization made up of 164 member countries that deals with
the rules of trade between nations.
• It was born out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
which was established in 1947. Its goal is to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly and predictably as possible.
• Facilitates international trade negotiations and agreements among
member countries.
• Provides a forum for resolving trade disputes and enforcing trade rules.
• Aims to reduce trade barriers and promote free trade globally.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Provides financial assistance and advice to member countries facing economic
instability.
• Monitors global economic trends and offers policy recommendations.
• Aims to promote international monetary cooperation and exchange rate stability.
World Bank
• Comprises five institutions that provide financial and technical assistance to
developing countries.
• Focuses on poverty reduction and sustainable development through projects and
programs.
• Offers loans, grants, and expertise to improve infrastructure, education, and health.
OTHER GLOBAL ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATIONS
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation
Development (OECD)
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
International Labour G20
Organization
GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
Regional Trade Blocs The WTO permits the existence of trade blocs, provided that they result
in lower protection against outside countries that existed before the creation of the trade
bloc.
• European Union (EU) – a customs union, a single market and now with a single currency.
• European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the USA, Canada and Mexico
•Mercosur - a customs union between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA)
• Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
• South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) created in 2006 with countries such as India and
Pakistan
• Pacific Alliance - 2013- a regional trade agreement between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and
Peru
• Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) - a proposed free trade agreement being negotiated during
2013 between Australia, Brunei, Chile, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru,
Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam.
ATTRIBUTES
OF GLOBALIZATION
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. VARIOUS FORMS OF CONNECTIVITY
ECONOMIC CONNECTIVITY POLITICAL CONNECTIVITY CULTURAL CONNECTIVITY
Trade International Organizations Travel and Tourism
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Investment Diplomatic Relations Media and Communication
Labor Mobility Military Alliances Education
Supply Chains Political Dialogue Art and Literature
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. VARIOUS FORMS OF CONNECTIVITY
SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CONNECTIVITY CONNECTIVITY
Internet and
Migration Telecommunication
Climate Change
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Social Networks Transportation Networks Biodiversity
NGOs Energy Grinds Water Resources
Religious Networks Space Exploration Pollution
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
DIFFERENT DEGREES OF INTERCONNECTION
Economic Integration Political Interconnection
• Core vs. Periphery •Unequal Power Dynamics
• Trade Imbalances •Limited Participation
•International Institutions and Power
• Unequal Access to Technology
Environmental Impact
Cultural Interconnection
• Unequal Burden
• Cultural Imperialism
• Selective Adoption
Social Implications
• Cultural Resistance • Growing Inequality
• Social and Political Tensions
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization enables various factors, pressure, and
media that influence it’s course and impact:
• Economic Factors
• Political Pressures
• Media Influences
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
2. Expansion and stretching of Social Relations
• Non-governmental organization (NGOs)
• Friendships/Relationship
• Government Associations
• Multinational Corporation (MNCs)
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
3. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities.
Communication Trade and Finance
• Instant Messaging and Social • Global Supply Chains
Media • Electronic Trading
• Video Conferencing • E-commerce
• Global News Networks
Culture and Ideas
Travel and Transportation • Global Music and Entertainment
• Affordable Air Travel • International Education
• High- Speed Rail Networks Exchange
• Container Shipping • Global Social Movements
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
4. Subjective Aspect of Globalization — a powerful force that
shapes individual experiences and collective consciousness:
• It fosters a sense of global citizenship, expands our empathy, and
motivates us to engage with the world in new meaningful ways.
• It also shapes our identities, connects with others, and can even
contribute to broader social transformations.
• Globalization creates a sense of responsibility that is a crucial
factor in driving global action and shaping a more sustainable
future.
IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
Manfred Steger, professor of Global Studies
at the University of Hawaii at Manoa argues
that globalization has four main dimensions,
economic, political, cultural, ecological with
ideological aspects of each category.
Economic Dimension
This refers to the extensive development
of economic relations across the globe as
a result of technology and enormous flow
of capital that has stimulated trade in
both resources and goods.
MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE CURRENT
CENTURY'S GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORDER:
• Huge International Corporations (General
Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
• International Economic Institutions (IMF World
Bank, The World Trade Organization)
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS INFLUENCE
THE FOLLOWING:
• Investment of physical and human capital
• Technology
• Industrial Production
• Resource Distribution
POLITICAL DIMENSION:
This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political
interrelations across the globe.
Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental
organizations
3. Future shapes of regional and global governance
- In the Development of supra-national
structures and associations held together by
common concerns and mutually agreed upon
norm, the most obvious is political
globalization.
- On the part of the involved parties, informal
structures which are considered binding, bring
together world power centers due to common
interests.
Examples:
Global Cities like New York, London, Tokyo
and Singapore are closely connected with
one another than they are to various cities
in their own country. European Union,
United Nations, NATO, The World Trade
Organization.
CULTURAL DIMENSION
- This refers to the increase in amount of cultural flows across
the globe. Cultural interconnection are at the foundation of
contemporary globalization.
- Individualism and consumerism which are dominant cultural
characteristics of our age and the drive for our economic
success stimulated by the Internet and other technological
devices circulate much more easily than they did in earlier
periods.
CULTURAL DIMENSION
- In the dissemination of popular culture, transactional media corporation play
major role which brought a sharp rise in homogenized popular culture that is
manifested in the dominance of fast food restaurants on more aspects of life
throughout the world.
- Cultural diversity often results in hybridization - a constructive interaction
process between global and local characteristics which is often visible in food,
music, dance, film, fashion and language. As a result, there's scarcely any society in
the world that expresses itself in its own self-contained and authentic culture.
- Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of culture.
Ecological Dimension
- Examines the effects of global alliances on ecological issues.
The ecological effects of globalization—impacted by the
economic, political, and cultural aspects of globalization—are
now recognized as potentially life threatening for our planet.
Uncontrolled population growth, lavish consumption patterns in
the global North, food shortages, reduced biodiversity, pollution,
and global warming and climate change are all accentuated by
the process of globalization. All these problems require a
coordinated response.
RELIGIOUS DIMENSION
- Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes, beliefs and practices
relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or
deity. It is the most important defining element of any civilization as contrasted
to race, language or way of life. As such, it is also portrayed as a defining element
in future conflicts. Whether the root cause of a particular conflict or merely a
vehicle for the mobilization of the nationalistor ethnic passions, religion is
certainly central to much of the strife currently taking place around the globe.
- Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialistic assault by the
ungodly West in the rest of the world.
RELIGIOUS DIMENSION
The Roman Catholic Teaching of Globalization
1. Commitment to universal human rights
2. Commitment to the social nature of the human person
3. Commitment to the common good
4. Solidarity
5. Preferential option of the poor
6. Subsidiary
7. Justice
8. Integral Humanism
JUSTICE IS DIVIDED IN THREE CATEGORIES
1. Commutative Justice - this aims at fulfilling the terms of contracts and other
promises on both personal and social.
2. Distributive Justice - this ensures a basic equity in how both the burden and
the goods of the society are distributed and ensures that every person enjoys
basically equal moral and legal standing apart from diffierences in wealth,
privilege, talent and achievements.
3. Social Justice - this rrfers to the creation of the conditions in which the two
first category of justice can be realized and the common good identified and
defended.
MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS OF
ADVOCATES OF GLOBALISM
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is irreversible and inevitable.
3. Nobody is in charge of Globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone
5. Globalization furthers the speed of
democracy in the world.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Free Trade 6. Cultural Exchange
2. Liberalization 7. Urbanization
8. Improved Standards
3. Job Creation
of Living
4.Enhanced
9. Production Cost
Connectivity
10. Outsourcing
5. Interdependence
THANK YOU
