BACKGROUND

Prior to the advent of e-governance practice in Nigeria in early 1980s, most public
institutions like Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu in Ebonyi State which was
created in October 1996 from the old Abakaliki division of Enugu State and old
Afikpo division of Abia State made use of analogue system in recruitment,
selection, filling and promotion of personnel. This system was incompetent, time
consuming and unproductive due to the traditional administrative system (Oni et
al., 2016).

Fatile, (2012) also states that mismanagement, favouritism, nepotism and

widespread corruption were the features of public administrative machineries.
These debilitating features no doubt discredited the performance, stunted the
growth and development of the Nigerian Public institutions and Federal College
Agriculture Ishiagu in particular.

The use of information and communication technology (ICT) to facilitate a smooth

governance process is known as electronic governance. The usage of ICT-related
devices will enable a change in governance from the antiquated approach to
providing public services to a more reliable and user-friendly one. The intended
goals of governance are significantly advanced by new ICT(Adeyemo, 2011).

E-governance refers to the use of ICTs by the public sector to enhance information
and service delivery, promote student involvement in school decision-making, and
increase the institutions effectiveness, accountability, and transparency. E-
government uses state-of-the-art information and communication technology
(ICT), particularly web-based internet apps, to enhance the quality of services,
raise the likelihood of citizen participation in democracy, and deliver students easy
access to institutional information and services.

It's important to note that e-government technology is making it possible for e-

services to be easily accessed over the internet, including digital basic services, e-
commerce programs, and institutional information accessibility. Public
engagement in essential activities like voting, e- registration, creating receipts for
school fees, uploading results, etc., is increasing as a result of this digital
communication (https://www.ao-itc.d/what-is-e-government-and-why-it-is-
important/).

The Higher Institution of learning is changing their prevailing ineffective paper-

based filing system and lowering the cost of administrative spending on services
through the use of e-government technological solutions. As a result, over time,
electronic government systems are both economical and environmentally
beneficial (Adeyemo, 2011).

Additionally, through improved communication structures, the e-government

platforms are expediting and promoting transparency in the provision of public
services (Blog series, 2022).

The traditional institution students’ management is inappropriate because it takes

too long and lacks transparency, which makes service delivery feel unsatisfactory.
E-government, which makes government services available online, decreases red
tape and improves service quality in terms of timeliness, content, and accessibility
(Tola, 2020).

The public sector saw a glimmer of light as the elevated level of effectiveness and
responsibility that the private sector's adoption of ICTs brought about helped to
repair its damaged reputation of inefficiency, lack of transparency, and lack of
responsibility. As a result, the implementation of e-governance became an
unavoidable change in the delivery of public goods and services (Obi, Uzor &
Chukwurah, 2020).

governance within public sector’s use of information and communication

technology to enhance the provision of services and information, promote student
involvement in the decision- making process, and increase the effectiveness,
accountability, and transparency of government. New leadership philosophies,
methods for discussing and choosing investments and policies, methods for getting
education, methods for listening to students, and methods for planning and
distributing information and services are all part of e-governance (Onuigbo and
Eme, 2015).

Because it has the potential to change how students communicate with

governments and each other; e-governance is commonly understood to be a more
inclusive phrase than e-government. New ideas about studentship—concerning the
needs and obligations of students—can arise from e-governance. Its goal is to
involve, empower, and enable citizens. (www.unesco.org). Significant
technological improvements in the 21st century have a significant impact on how
all sectors are managed and administered, but particularly the education sector.

Information and communication technology (ICT) use, or electronic governance,

must be embraced and integrated by academic institutions in all administrative
domains with the primary goal of enhancing the provision of public services. It
tackles the issues related to the conventional approach of handling day-to-day
administrative and ancillary tasks.
E-government, as a substitute for traditional management frameworks, can lower
administrative costs, increase speed and transparency, maximize the institution's
goal function, and facilitate community access to data and information.

One of the primary areas where e-governance can make a significant impact is in academic
administration. Implementing a robust online portal for student registration, course
enrollment, and fee payment can simplify these processes, reducing the administrative
burden on both students and staff. Through an integrated system, students can access their
academic records, grades, and course schedules conveniently, fostering a more engaged and
informed student body. Furthermore, e-governance can enhance communication between
faculty members and students. Implementing a centralized platform for announcements,
assignments, and discussions can create a dynamic virtual learning environment. This not
only facilitates real-time interaction but also encourages collaborative learning, breaking
down physical barriers and promoting academic inclusivity.
The application of e-governance is not limited to academic affairs; it extends to the
administrative and financial aspects of the university. Implementing an electronic document
management system can streamline administrative workflows, reducing paperwork and
improving document accessibility. This not only contributes to a more sustainable and eco-
friendly campus but also allows staff to focus on more strategic tasks rather than being
bogged down by routine paperwork.

E-governance refers to the utilization of digital technologies, particularly the internet, to

improve the efficiency of government functions, enhance the delivery of public services, and
foster improved communication between government institutions and citizens. It involves
leveraging tools such as websites, mobile applications, and electronic data management
systems to provide seamless access to services, increasing transparency and accountability
(Heeks, 2008; Gil-Garcia, 2009). The use of e-governance in both government and
educational institutions like Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State has
revolutionized traditional administrative functions by automating processes, reducing delays,
and increasing accessibility. In the context of Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu in
Ebonyi State, e-governance systems are transforming essential services like examinations,
financial management, student services, and communication channels. With tools such as
Computer-Based Testing (CBT) and electronic payment systems, administrative tasks are
more streamlined and transparent, ultimately improving service delivery (Sanger, 2014). As
technology continues to evolve, the potential for e-governance to further enhance the
operational efficiency of educational institutions, offering new ways to improve governance
and the student experience (United Nations, 2016).

The use of e-governance in Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State

Payment of staff salaries: due to the adoption of the electronic governance in

the Institution, , payment of all staff salaries are automated, this means that staff of
the Institution do not have to queue up in the accounts department to receive their
monthly salaries as it is the practice before the adoption of e-governance, now staff
salaries are paid through electronic system using their bank details as inputed
during biometric capturing after recruitment.

Information dissemination: In Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu,

Ebonyi State information are circulated to all staff,through the use of the electronic
medium known as whatsapp, all the staff are active participants of the group,
thereby making information dissemination swift.

Security service delivery: The use of e-governance through the installation of

closed-circuit television camera (cctv) has also ensured maximum surveillance and
monitoring of the security activities in the Institution. The CCTV has helped the
security personnel and th management team to have access to the Institution's
facilities not minding the distance where they are ,provided they have internet
access.
Typing of mails: Typing of mails/letters has been made easy by the use
of modern gadgets such as desktop computers, laptop computers etc to
facilitate the ease of typing of letters and printing as well, it has also
helped in conversions as well, those typed letters could be easily
converted from word documents to portable document format (pdf).

The benefits of e-governance in Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi

State.

Improved Efficiency in Administration

E-governance streamlines administrative processes like course registration, result checking,

and admissions by automating tasks and reducing paperwork. This saves time for both
students and staff, enabling a smoother, more efficient administrative workflow.E-
governance has significantly improved administrative efficiency at the Federal College of
Agriculture Ishiagu in Ebonyi State by automating key processes, reducing paperwork,
and streamlining workflows. Online systems for course registrations, admissions, and fee
payments eliminate time-consuming manual tasks, allowing students and staff to complete
administrative activities quickly and accurately. This digital transformation has reduced the
likelihood of errors in record-keeping, providing real-time updates that minimize delays and
improve service delivery. Additionally, e-governance platforms facilitate faster
communication between departments, allowing information to be disseminated instantly,
which is especially valuable during admissions, exams, and other critical periods. Overall,
the adoption of e-governance at the Institution has enhanced productivity and optimized
administrative functions, creating a more responsive and efficient institution.

Increased Transparency and Accountability

Digital systems ensure accurate record-keeping, reducing errors and fraud in financial and
academic records. Online payment systems and transparent information access make it easier
to track transactions and maintain accountability within the institution. E-governance has
bolstered transparency and accountability in administration at Federal College of
Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State by providing clear, accessible digital records and
minimizing manual processes that can lead to errors or misuse of resources. Digital platforms
allow students and staff to monitor important transactions, such as fee payments and
academic records, reducing the chance of errors or discrepancies. With data stored and
accessible online, e-governance reduces the potential for manipulation and enhances trust in
institutional processes. Additionally, audit trails on digital systems allow administrators to
track and verify actions, ensuring that all operations are conducted openly. By enabling
stakeholders to access accurate, up-to-date information, e-governance fosters a culture of
accountability and reduces the scope for malpractice within the Institution administration.

Enhanced Accessibility for Students and Staff

E-governance allows students and staff to access important information remotely, such as
academic records, fee payment portals, and announcements. This accessibility supports
convenience and flexibility, especially for students who can access resources from anywhere.
E-governance has significantly improved accessibility for students and staff in the Institution
by creating digital platforms where essential academic and administrative services are
available 24/7. Students can easily access course materials, exam schedules, and results
online, which reduces the need for in-person visits and streamlines their academic
experience. Staff also benefit from improved access to administrative systems, allowing them
to submit reports, manage schedules, and handle student records from any location with
internet access. This digital transformation reduces barriers associated with physical
attendance, enhances convenience, and fosters a more inclusive environment. By making
information readily accessible, e-governance has enabled quicker, more efficient service
delivery, enhancing the overall experience for the academic community.

Better Financial Management

With online fee payment options, the institution experiences improved financial
management. Digital records ensure all transactions are accurately recorded, facilitating
effective revenue tracking, budgeting, and financial planning for institutional growth. E-
governance has brought significant improvements to financial management at the Institution
by digitizing processes such as fee payments, budgeting, and financial reporting. Students
can pay tuition and other fees through online portals, which reduces cash handling and
minimizes errors or fraud associated with manual transactions. For the institution, digital
systems offer a streamlined approach to track income, manage expenses, and allocate
resources more efficiently, ensuring transparency in financial dealings. Automated financial
records allow for better monitoring and forecasting, enabling management to make data-
driven decisions on budget allocations. By integrating financial management into a digital
framework, e-governance has fostered accountability and accuracy, supporting sustainable
financial practices and boosting institutional credibility.

Improved Communication and Collaboration

E-governance platforms provide email, intranet systems, and virtual learning environments
for enhanced communication and collaboration between students, faculty, and administrative
staff. This fosters a more connected campus environment, enabling effective knowledge
sharing and teamwork. E-governance has significantly enhanced communication and
collaboration at Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu in Ebonyi State by providing
digital platforms that facilitate real-time information sharing among students, faculty, and
administration. Online portals and messaging systems allow for efficient dissemination of
updates, announcements, and academic resources, ensuring that stakeholders receive timely
information without delays associated with traditional methods. Faculty members can
collaborate on course materials, share academic insights, and manage schedules effectively
through shared platforms, which fosters a more cohesive academic environment.
Furthermore, students benefit from direct access to academic and administrative support
through these systems, improving responsiveness and satisfaction. By promoting seamless
communication and collaboration, e-governance has streamlined processes, reduced
misunderstandings, and strengthened the sense of community within the Institution.
Improved Online Examination

E-governance has notably transformed examination processes at the Institution by

implementing Computer-Based Testing (CBT) systems, which streamline and enhance the
efficiency, accuracy, and security of examinations. The shift to CBT has simplified exam
administration, reducing logistical challenges associated with paper-based testing, such as
printing, distribution, and manual grading. This digital approach minimizes human errors, as
automated scoring provides precise results and quick feedback, allowing both students and
faculty to access results promptly. Furthermore, the CBT system ensures a fairer examination
environment by randomizing questions, reducing opportunities for cheating, and improving
exam security.

The transition to CBT also enhances accessibility, allowing students to take exams in various
locations with computer access, which can help accommodate larger student populations. For
faculty, it reduces the burden of manual grading and enables detailed analysis of student
performance data, aiding in instructional adjustments and curriculum improvements. Overall,
e-governance through CBT has modernized the Institution's examination processes, fostering
a more reliable, efficient, and transparent academic evaluation system.

Challenges Facing the Use Of E-Governance in Federal College of Agriculture

Ishiagu, Ebonyi State

The implementation of e-governance at Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu ,

Ebonyi Stateas brought significant benefits but also faces several challenges. These issues
impact the full realization of e-governance’s potential in enhancing administrative and
academic processes. A primary challenge is infrastructure limitations. Reliable internet
access, stable electricity, and adequate computer facilities are essential for e-governance, yet
the Institution occasionally struggles with these resources, affecting the consistency and
accessibility of digital services. Power outages and poor internet connectivity can disrupt
activities like registrations, examination administration, and online payment systems,
hampering the seamless operations intended by e-governance.
Technical proficiency among staff and students poses another challenge. For e-
governance to function effectively, users must be proficient in digital skills. However, a gap
in technological training can limit the usage and optimization of e-governance platforms.
Some staff and students may find it difficult to navigate digital systems, impacting their
engagement and participation. Regular training and technical support would be essential to
address this gap, but these require time and resources, adding to the institution’s challenges.

Cybersecurity concerns also play a critical role in limiting the use of e-governance systems.
Digital platforms hold sensitive data such as academic records, financial information, and
personal details. Without robust cybersecurity measures, these systems can be vulnerable to
cyberattacks, which could lead to data breaches or manipulation of academic records.
Strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure and policies is necessary but often comes at a high
cost, placing additional financial pressure on the institution.

The financial cost associated with implementing and maintaining e-governance platforms
can be significant. Funding these systems requires continuous investment in infrastructure,
software upgrades, training, and technical support. Limited budget allocations can make it
difficult for the Institution to maintain the level of digital infrastructure required to sustain an
effective e-governance framework. These financial constraints may also hinder the
institution's ability to expand its digital services to fully cover all administrative and
academic needs.

Finally, resistance to change among both staff and students can hinder e-governance
adoption. Some stakeholders may be reluctant to transition from traditional methods due to
familiarity and comfort, and a lack of awareness regarding the benefits of digital systems.
This resistance can slow down the adoption rate, diminishing the effectiveness of e-
governance systems at the Institution. Overcoming this challenge requires efforts to increase
awareness, demonstrate the value of e-governance, and provide consistent support during the
transition.
Addressing these challenges is crucial for the Institution to maximize the benefits of e-
governance and ensure that digital platforms contribute effectively to administrative and
educational improvements.

Solutions to the Challenges Facing The Use Of E-Governance in the College

Addressing the challenges of e-governance at IMT Enugu requires strategic and sustained
efforts to enhance infrastructure, increase digital literacy, strengthen security, secure funding,
and foster change acceptance. Each solution is essential to maximizing the efficiency and
effectiveness of e-governance systems.

1. Infrastructure Development

One critical step to solving e-governance challenges is upgrading the institution’s

infrastructure. Reliable internet connectivity and stable electricity are fundamental to the
success of digital systems. The Institution can collaborate with internet service providers to
secure a dedicated, high-speed network that is both reliable and affordable. Additionally,
alternative power solutions like solar panels or generators can be considered to mitigate
power outages. Investing in these infrastructure improvements will ensure that students and
staff can access e-governance platforms without disruptions.

2. Digital Literacy Training

To address the digital proficiency gap, the College can implement regular training programs
for both students and staff. Workshops on using e-governance platforms, cybersecurity
practices, and general IT skills will equip stakeholders with the knowledge needed to
navigate and benefit from digital services. Partnering with tech-focused organizations or
educational bodies can provide resources and expertise for these training sessions. A help
desk or support team should also be available to assist users experiencing technical
difficulties, ensuring continuous support.
3. Strengthening Cybersecurity

Security of digital data is paramount in Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu in

Ebonyi State, the institution must adopt robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive
information from unauthorized access. This can involve adopting advanced security
protocols, such as multi-factor authentication and encryption, for all e-governance systems.
Additionally, regular security audits should be conducted to identify potential vulnerabilities.
Engaging cybersecurity professionals for consultation or training the institution’s IT
personnel in advanced security practices can also safeguard digital assets.

4. Funding and Resource Allocation

Overcoming financial constraints is essential for the success of e-governance in. Federal
College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, can explore alternative funding sources,
such as grants from educational and technology-focused foundations or partnerships with
government agencies and private firms. Additionally, prioritizing funds toward critical e-
governance components, such as maintenance, software updates, and infrastructure, will
ensure that the system remains functional and efficient. Long-term planning and budgeting
for these investments are essential for sustainable e-governance.

5. Change Management and Awareness Programme

Resistance to change can be minimized through awareness campaigns that emphasize the
benefits of e-governance for both students and staff. The College can organize forums or
workshops highlighting how digital systems improve accessibility, transparency, and
efficiency in administration. Involving stakeholders in the planning and feedback process can
also increase acceptance. When users understand the value of e-governance and feel
engaged, they are more likely to embrace the shift from traditional methods.
By implementing these solutions in Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu in Ebonyi
State, can optimize its e-governance systems, creating a digital environment that supports
administrative excellence and enhances student and staff experiences.

References

Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2009). E-government and public administration: Advancing the digital

government agenda. Public Administration Review, 69(4), 719-731.

Heeks, R. (2008). Implementing and managing e-government: An international text. SAGE.

Sanger, C. (2014). Technology and public policy: The role of e-governance in developing
countries. The MIT Press.

United Nations (2016). E-Government Survey 2016: E-Government in Support of

Sustainable Development. UNDESA.