Galois field
Dr.A.Manikandan,
Associate Prof/ECE, Amrita School of Engineering.
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Learning Objective
To introduce the definition of GF
To construct GF in terms of addition and multiplication.
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Galois Field
• Galois Fields (GF), also known as finite fields, play a crucial role in information
theory and coding by enabling error detection and correction in digital
communication systems. They provide a mathematical framework for operations
on a finite set of elements, which is particularly useful in coding theory.
• A Galois Field is a finite field containing a set of elements where addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division (except by zero) are defined and follow
field properties.
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Arithmetic systems
• Real and complex numbers forms set of mathematical objects that can be added,
subtracted, multiplied and divided.
• These arithmetic systems are of fundamental importance in engineering
disciplines.
• It is must to develop other, less familiar, arithmetic systems that are useful in the
study of transmission of codes. These new arithmetic systems consists of sets
together with operations on the elements of the sets.
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Definitions
• Abelian group is a set of mathematical objects that can be added and subtracted.
• Ring is a set of mathematical objects that can be added, subtracted and multiplied.
• Field is a set of mathematical objects that can be added, subtracted, multiplied
and divided.
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Example-1: GF(2)
• Le the symbols 0 and 1 denote the two elements in the field. The multiplication and
addition are performed by,
• The alphabet of symbols, 0 and 1 together with modulo-2 addition and modulo-2
multiplication is called the field of two elements and denoted by the label GF(2)
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Example-2 : GF(16)
Addition table
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Example-2 : GF(16)
multiplication table
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Groups
• A group is a mathematical abstraction of an algebraic structure that may occur
frequently in many forms. Also, A group is a set, together with an operation on
pairs of elements of the set(denoted by *), satisfying the following the properties.
• Closure : For every a, b in the set, c=a*b is in the set.
• Associativity: For every a,b in the set, a*(b*c)=(a*b)*c
• Identity: There is an element e, called identity element, that satisfies a*e=e*a=a
• Inverse: If a is in the set, then there is some element b in the set, called an
inverse of a, such that a*b=b*a=e
• If a group satisfies, associativity a*b=b*a, then it is called as abelian group.
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Example- Mod 5 Addition of
(Z,+)
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Rings
• Ring is an abstract set that is an abelian group and also has an additional
structure.
• Example : A ring R is a set with two operations defined. The first is called
addition(denoted by +); the second is called multiplication(denoted by
juxtaposition) and the following axioms are satisfied.
• R is an abelian group under addition (+)
• Closure: for any a,b in R, the product ab is in R.
• Associativity: a(bc)=(ab)c
• Distributivity: a(b+c)=ab+ac , (b+c)a=ba+ca
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Field
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Example of Non field
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Exercise
• Integers under addition – (Z,+)
• Integers under multiplication- (Z, *)
• Non Zero rational numbers under multiplication- (Q*,.)
• Integers Modulo 6 addition (Z6,+)
• Set of real numbers R under addition and multiplication
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Integer Ring
• The set of integer(Positive, negative and zero) forms a ring under usual
operations of addition and multiplication. This ring is conventionally denoted by Z.
• For every pairs of integers c and d, with d non zero, there is a unique pair of
integers Q( the quotient) and s ( the reminder) such that c=dQ+s. Where s = Rd(c)
• Rd[a+b]= Rd[a]+Rd[b] ; Rd[a.b]=Rd[a].Rd[b]
• Given two distinct non zero integers r and s, their GCD can be computed by an
iterative application of division algorithm as,
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Contd…
• GCD(814,187) is found as follows:
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