Here are the solutions to the given questions on reflection of light:
**1. Explain the phenomenon of reflection of light:**
Reflection is the phenomenon where light bounces off a surface and changes direction. It follows two main laws:
- The **incident ray**, **reflected ray**, and **normal** all lie in the same plane.
- The **angle of incidence** equals the **angle of reflection**.
**2. State the laws of reflection of light:**
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
**3. Draw a diagram showing incident and reflected rays with respect to a plane mirror and mark the angles involved:**
(Diagram can be drawn showing a mirror, normal, incident ray, reflected ray, and angles \( i \) and \( r \) with labels.)
**4. What is the angle of reflection when a ray strikes the plane mirror along its normal?**
If a ray is incident normally, the angle of incidence is **0°**. Since angle of reflection = angle of incidence, the angle of reflection is **0°**.
**5. If the angle between the incident ray and the normal is 70°, what is the angle of incidence?**
The angle of incidence is measured between the incident ray and the normal. Given that angle between incident ray and normal = **70°**, the
angle of incidence is **70°**.
**6. If a ray is inclined by 50° with the surface of the plane mirror, what is the angle of reflection?**
The angle of incidence is measured from the normal, so:
\[\text{Angle of incidence} = 90^\circ - 50^\circ = 40^\circ\]
Since angle of reflection = angle of incidence, the angle of reflection is **40°**.
**7. Draw the ray diagram of the image of a point object by a plane mirror.**
(Diagram can be drawn showing an object, its image behind the mirror, incident and reflected rays extending backward to form the virtual
image.)
**8. Draw the ray diagram of the image of a finite object by a plane mirror.**
(Diagram can be drawn showing an extended object and its virtual, erect, laterally inverted image.)
**9. Define lateral inversion in case of reflection by a plane mirror:**
Lateral inversion is the phenomenon where the left side of an object appears as the right side in its mirror image and vice versa.
**10. Write five properties of images formed by a plane mirror:**
1. The image is **virtual** (cannot be obtained on a screen).
2. The image is **erect** (upright).
3. The image is of the **same size** as the object.
4. The image is **laterally inverted**.
5. The image is **formed at the same distance** behind the mirror as the object is in front.
**11. Distinguish between a real and a virtual image:**
| Real Image | Virtual Image |
|------------|--------------|
| Can be obtained on a screen. | Cannot be obtained on a screen. |
| Formed when light rays actually meet. | Formed when light rays appear to meet. |
| Inverted in nature. | Erect in nature. |
| Formed by concave mirrors and convex lenses. | Formed by plane mirrors and convex mirrors. |
**12. Draw the ray diagram showing formation of images of a point object placed between two parallel plane mirrors (trace minimum three
images).**
(Diagram can be drawn showing multiple reflections between two parallel mirrors forming multiple images.)
**13. Draw the ray diagram showing formation of images of a point object placed between two perpendicular plane mirrors.**
(Diagram can be drawn showing three images forming due to two perpendicular mirrors.)
**14. Write the formula to find the number of images formed when an object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined to each other at an
angle \( \theta \):**
\[N = \frac{360^\circ}{\theta} - 1\]
(If \( 360^\circ/\theta \) is an integer, the number of images is \( N \), otherwise round it down.)
**15. How many images are formed when an object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at:**
(i) **60°**
\[N = \frac{360}{60} - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5\]
So, **5 images**.
(ii) **80°** \[N = \frac{360}{80} - 1 = 4.5 - 1 = 4\]
So, **4 images**.
(iii) **40°** \[
N = \frac{360}{40} - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8\]
So, **8 images**.
**16. Mention three uses of plane mirrors:**
1. **Mirrors in bathrooms and dressing rooms.**
2. **Periscopes in submarines.**
3. **Optical devices like kaleidoscopes.**
**17. How does an optician depend on a plane mirror for checking the eyesight of a patient?**
Opticians use **mirrors in eye-testing devices** to reflect light from an eye chart, allowing patients to read letters even in small spaces.
**18. Give two devices (optical instruments) in which plane mirrors are used:**
1. **Periscope** (used in submarines).
2. **Kaleidoscope** (used to create multiple reflections).
**19. Draw the ray diagram of a periscope. Mention one use of it.**
(Diagram can be drawn showing two plane mirrors at **45°** inside a periscope.)
**Use:** It is used in **submarines** to observe objects above water while remaining submerged.
Let me know if you need explanations or diagrams!
