POWER ELECTRONICS
Mekelle Institute of Technology
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
By:Rgbi hailay
4. INVERTERS
• What are inverters?
• Inverter types?
• Working operations of selected inverters?
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Inverters
3. Single-phase half-bridge voltage Source
Inverter (VSI)
4. Single-phase full bridge VSI
5. Three-phase VSIs
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Introduction
Fixed AC Variable DC
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Introduction
◼ Applications of DC/AC Converters
o Variable speed AC drives
o Step-up, step-down, both, inverse
o Induction heating
o Aircraft power supplies
o In UPS
o HVDC transmission
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1) 1-ϕ Half-bridge VSI
Circuit diagram
Features:
• 3-terminal DC is achieved
by connecting two equal
capacitors connected in series
and then in
parallel to the two-terminal
DC. When DC supply Ud is
given, each capacitor charges
to Ud/2.
• D1 and D2 are feedback diodes and are connected only with inductive
load,
otherwise they are useless.
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• The capacitors should have a large storing capacity to reduce voltage ripple.
• The load can be pure resistive or inductive load
1-ϕ Half-bridge VSI (2)
Working operation (R-load):
Features:
• Feedback diodes are not required.
• Switches are turned ON immediately
after one is turned OFF
• Output voltage has square wave AC.
• O/p current waveform is in phase
with the o/p voltage waveform.
• Base current iB1 is applied to Q1 Ud/2
during +ve half-cycle for To/2 and
iB2 to Q2 during the –ve half-cycle. -Ud/2
• Logic circuit should be designed so that Q1 and Q2 are not turned ON at the
same time.
• O/p DC voltage is zero.
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1-ϕ Half-bridge VSI (3)
Analysis (R-load)
1) Average O/p voltage is zero
𝟏
𝑇 2
2) RMS load voltage= 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 න 𝒇𝟐
0
𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔= 𝑻𝒐/𝟐 (𝑼𝒅/𝟐) 𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔 = Ud/2
Note:
It is called half-bridge since the output rms voltage is half of the input DC voltage
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1-ϕ Half-bridge VSI (4)
Working operation (RL-load):
Features:
• Shape of the output voltage is the same
as the pure resistive load case. Hence,
analysis remains the same.
• Whenever the control signal (base
current) is present to a particular switch
(MOSFET, transistor), either the switch
or the feedback diode connected across
the switch will be in conduction. Q1 Q2
• When D1 or D2 conducts, energy is D1 D2
feedback to the source and hence called
feedback diodes.
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1-ϕ Half-bridge VSI (5)
Analysis (RL-load)
1) Average O/p voltage is zero
𝟏
𝟏 𝑻 2
2) RMS load voltage= 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎
𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔= 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
(𝑼𝒅/𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔 = Ud/2 = 0.5Ud
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2) 1-ϕ Full-bridge VSI
Circuit diagram
Features:
• Switches can be either
power transistors, power
MOSFETs or IGBTs.
• Load can be pure resistive
or inductive. Antiparallel
diodes are not required with
resistive loads.
• Upper switch of one leg and lower switch of the second leg are given base
signals at the same time.
• Dead time is critically important.
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1-ϕ Full-bridge VSI (2)
Working operation (R-load):
Features: To/2 To
• Feedback diodes are not required.
• Switch pairs (Q1Q4) and (Q2Q3)
receive bases signals at the same
time.
• Output voltage has square wave AC.
• O/p current waveform is in phase
vo/io Ud
with the o/p voltage waveform.
• Logic circuit should be designed so
that Q1 and Q2 are not turned ON at -Ud
Q1Q4 Q2Q3 Q1Q4
the same time.
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1-ϕ Full-bridge VSI (3)
Analysis (R-load)
1) Average O/p voltage is zero
𝟏
𝟏 𝑻 2
2) RMS load voltage= 𝒇𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎
𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔= 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
(𝑼𝒅) 𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔 = Ud = Ud
Note:
It is called full-bridge since the output rms voltage is 100% of the input DC voltage
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1-ϕ Full-bridge VSI (6)
Working operation (RL-load):
Features: To/2 To
• Shape of the output voltage is the dame
as the pure resistive load case. Hence,
analysis remains the same.
• Whenever the control signal (base
current) is present to a particular switch
(MOSFET, transistor, or IGBT), either the vo Ud
switch or the feedback diode connected
across the switch will be in conduction. -Ud
• When D1D4 or D2D3 conduct, energy is io
feedback to the source and hence called
feedback diodes.
Q1Q4 Q2Q3 Q1Q4
21 D1D4 D2D3 D1D4
1-ϕ Full-bridge VSI (7)
Analysis (RL-load)
1) Average O/p voltage is zero
𝟏
𝟏 𝑻 2
2) RMS load voltage= 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎
𝟏/𝟐
𝟏 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔= 𝑻𝒐/𝟐
(𝑼𝒅) 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒗𝟎−𝒓𝒎𝒔 = Ud =100% Ud
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Three Phase VSI
Three Phase VSI (180 Degree Mode)
The En
Thank Yo
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Home Assignment
With the help of circuit diagrams and neat waveforms (when necessary):
(a) Understand the working operation of 3ϕ Bridge VSI for 120o mode of
operation.
(b) Draw waveforms for control signals, and output phase voltages and
line voltages
(c) Derive the expressions for RMS phase load voltages, RMS L-L load
voltage, and instantaneous load phase voltage.
(d) Compare 120o and 180o modes of operations of a 3ϕ Bridge VSI.
(e) Read and understand the basics of current source inverters (CSIs)
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