AUTOMIC STRUCTURE
I 1,,. ---_:-1-
- - · - - - - - ------- -- I '! -• JEE-ADV CHEM-VOL-I --
' ~ 't .. .. - - ---
JV.E.3: In an oil dro .
on oil drops w'P experiment, the charges e
3xJ0-15 , 4.SxJ:~ ~ found as 1.SxJ0- 15, ► - value of anode rays is maximum when the
5 C l
. de ofth , 6.0xJ0-1 • a cu ate l m
the magnitu gas present in the tube is hydrogen.
Sol: The magnitude ofche charge on the electron.
4 1
other charges should :g~t:hould be _smallest & (9.58xl07 C.kg-l or 9.58xl0 Cg- )
smallest charge( _ ~ multiples ofthat
positive charge with unit
smallest charg q_ - ne ). 111 the problem,the ► The protons carry unit
So
e 1s 1 5x10-1s d . mass.
an IS also an
integral multiple of 11• ther charges
IS
a o • ► Rutherford obtained protons by bombarding
1.5 X 10- = 1Xe 3x10-1s =2xe nitrogen atomic nucleus with a - particle.
4.5xl0-15 =3xe 6x 10-IS -4 14 4 I 17
so c?ar~e on the electrons is same ; all e 1 N +2 He ➔ I H +g O (Artificial Radioaclivity)
and it will be 1.5 x 10-1s cases proton
DISCOVERY OF ANODE RAYS & DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS &
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
► Protons are discovered by Gold Stein. ► Neutrons are discovered by James Chadwick.
► He used perforated cathode in the discharge tube ► When Berilium or Boron nuclei are bombarded
and repeated J.J.Thomson experiment and
by a -particles, neutrons are formed.
observed the formation of anode rays.
► They have no charge but posses mass almost
► These rays also t~nned as Canal rays.
equal to proton.
► Canal rays are simply the positively charged
gaseous 10ns. 9Be + 4
4
u
2ne ➔ 6
,2c + ,on
► The name proton is suggested by Rutherford Beryllium a -particle Carbon Neutron
to Hydrogen nucleus.
► Anode rays travel in straight line, and these are UNCOMMON FUNDAMENTAL
material particles.
PARTICLES
► Anode rays are positively charged, and get
deflected by external magnetic field and effect Positron :
the photographic plate. Positron is a sub nuclear particle denoted by e+ •
►
e e It can also be described as an antiparticle to
► - value ofthese rays is smaller than that of -m electron
m
value ofelectrons. ► A positron possesses mass equal to that of
electron
e "+ve charge" equal in
► - value ofanode rays depends upon nature ofthe ► A positron posseses
m magnitude that of electron
gas.
(l.602x l0-19 coulombs)
► The specific charge ofproton is obtained when
hydrogen gas is taken in the discharge tube.
Relative Relative
Subatomic Mass Charge elm
Discoveres Mass Charee
particle 11
9
Thomson 0.000546 amu -l- -l.602x10·' C -1 l.76 X 10 C/Kg
Electron
-31 -JO
9.18 x 10 Kg 1837 -4.8 x 10 esu
19 7
1 l.602xl0- C l 9.58 x 10 C/Kg
Proton
-
Gold Steir l.00728 amu
l.673xl0 Kg
-27
4.8xl0
-JO
esu
Neutron Chadwick l .008665 amu 0
-27 l 0 0
l.675xl0 Kg
i ! II \ l
L --·
JEE -ADV CHE M-V OL- I
AUTOMIC STRUCTURE
A positron is also referred ~s antimatter which Neutrino ( v):
. neutral subnuclear particle discovered
can not co-exist for long time with other matter ► IBa . d .
It by means of energ
Pauli y spectnml given
particles
betadecay ·
►
A positron is emitted as sub radiation during It is given the name 'neutrino, by Feron.
decay of a poroton from the nucleus ► . 1
A proton from an unstable nucleus decays into a is an elementary particle with a spin ' 2 ' and
► 11
neutron and position ►
pl I 0
hence referred as fermion
+1 ➔ no+ e+, The rest mass of the particle is zero and hence
►
Mg ➔ 11 JVa + ,e + anti neu rmo
23 f •
► They
'11.T 23 0
12 • called neutrino . .
are usuallY generated durm g vtolent astro
During positron emission, the daughter nucleus
► physical events like explosions _o fstars etc. and
will be the isobar ofparent nucleus with atomic
generated during nuclear react10ns.
number one unit less than parent nucleus.
Neutrino are ofthree types as
Mesons:
Yukawa predicted existance of mesons having ► a) electr
on neutrino (Ve)
► mass intermediate between electron and ·nucleon
b) muon neutrino ( vµ )
Mesons are ofthree types
►
i) µ - Mesons (1-:'ons) mass about 206 tunes c) Tau neutrino ( vs )
· ofelectron, they may be po~itive or negative It's emission accounts for the conservation of
► energy and angular momentum during mutual
ii) Mesons ( ,rons) mass about 23 7 tunes
,r -
conversions ofproton and neutron.
of electron, they may be positive or negative or
Antinutrlno(~) :-
z.ero
iii) K - Mesons ( Kaons) mass about 970 times These are antiparticles of nutri nos having
infinitysimal mass and without charge
of electron, they may be positive or negative or
Both nutrinos and antinutrinos belong to same
z.ero family of leptons which means they do not
,r -Mesons involve in the interconversions of
► interact via strong nuclear force.
nucleons and are responsible for the stability of
In the beta decay ofneutron transforms it into a
nucleus proton by the emission ofan electron accompined
n ⇒ P+_ ,r by an antinutrino
n ⇒ P+1l'
0
on1 ➔1 p' +_, eo (/3)
n ⇒ P+1l'~ Proposed for the cons erva tion of angu lar
n ⇒ p+,r 0 momentum ofneutron
► The half life periods of ,r± and ,r
0
are
THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
J.J.Thomson prop osed that an atom is in
1.8 x 1o-ssec and 7 x 10- 11 sec respectively ► spherical shape with radius appr oxim ately
► Charged pions decay into µons to produce 10-10 m in which the positive charge is unifonnly
neutrino and antineutrinos.
distnbuted .
1l'± ➔ µ± +Neutrino+ Antineu;ino The electrons are embeded into it in such a
►
► Neutral pions decay to give a pair of y - rays manner as to give more stable electrostatic
arrangment
Thomson atomic model is also known as water
►
melon model.
AUTOM1cS'fR.ucT .
--. .. URE
]EE-ADV CHEM-VOL-I
"'·•, ·~{, . . . °i, r ·--
The ~sitive charge is distributed lilce fibrous •
matenal and electrons are embeded i:i. ► A very few a -particles returned back exactly
► An · UA.e seeds . in their own path Whidi indicates that the whole
unportant feature of this model is that the mass is concentrated at the centre ofatom called
~ss of the atom is assumed to be uniforml ')rucleus" ..
distributed over the atom. Y
► The radius ofthe atom is very small and in the
► It c~ not explain electrical neutrality ofthe atom
order of 10-10 m, where as for nucleus is
► This model also called plum pudd" ..
. mg, ra1Sm 10-•s m.
puddmg model ofatom.
► The electrons revolve around the nucleus like
planets revolve around the sun hence this model
is called planetary model or nuclear model
Distance of Closest Approach:
When a -particles is projected towards any
nucleus, it retards due to repulsion from the
nucleus because both are positively charged. A
distance from the nucleus may exist where the
Electron
Thomson's Plum pudding model a -particles stops and then rebounds ~ck due
to very strong repulsion from the nucleus. The
RUTHERFORDSMODELOFATOM distance up to which a -particle come closer to
► Rutherford proposed atomic model based on the nucleus is called the distance of closest
a - ray scattering experiment. approach. Its value can be determined by the
conservation ofenergy principle.
► A beam of a - particles are passed through a The initial kinetic energy of a -particle = Its
thin goId foil which is enclosed with flouroscent potential energy at the distance of closest
ZnS screen capable ofproducing scintillations. approach.
Observations - conclusions :
► Most ofthe a - particles passes through the foil I
:.-mv2 =
1 (Ze)(2e)
without any deflection which indicates that most 2 4ns0 r0
ofthe atom is empty. where m = mass of a -particle
► A small fraction of a - particles were deflected V =velocity fo a -particle
from its original path which indicates that the Z = atomic number oftarget nucleus
positive charge is at the centre ofthe atom and
e =electronic charge =1.6 x 10-19 C
due to repulsive forces deflections takes places.
1 9 2 -2 . .
Observation Interpretation Here -=9xl0 Nm C (mMKS)= l(m
Most n panicles The atom is mostly 4ns 0
111""11111!~-j travel
_..
through the } empty space
foil undeflected
CGS)
Some n panicles The nucleus
are deflected by
small angles
} positively ch_arged
as then pan,cle W.E.4: With what velocity should an a -particle •
travel towards the nucleus ofa copper atom
source
I Occassionally an n } The_~ucleus
+ - - - - - , panicle travels back positively ch_arged
from the foil as then pan,cle
so as to arrive at a distance 10-13 m fro~ th~~ J ~ ~
,,
nucleus of the copper atom ? -:r- (fl '1•·; !0
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Sol. For the distance of closest approach
.!_mV 2 = _l_x (Ze)(2e) , 4Ze2
V= ,---,-
2 4irt:o 'o 4,rt:0 xmr
2
x9xl0 - ✓
19 ) 9
= 4x29x ( l.6x10- S0xl0ll
4 x 1.66 x 10-21 x10-13 -
402·
= ✓ 40.25 x10-12 = 6.344 x106 m/sec
Ru1hcrford's Alpha-ray Experiment
