MICROWAVE

ENGINEERING
SEET 3573 20222023
SEM 2
SECTION 01

Dr. Noor Asmawati Binti Samsuri

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SEET 3573 : COURSE OVERVIEW

* Kindly refer to the Course Information

WEEK 1 – WEEK 2 WEEK 3 – WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7

• Introduction Transmission line: Microwave Passive Devices Mid semester

• Introduction: Microwave • Transmission line theory • Power divider/combiner break
waveguides • Impedance matching and
Microwave parameters tuning
• Network analysis

WEEK 8 – WEEK 9 WEEK 10 – WEEK 11 WEEK 12 – WEEK 14 WEEK 15

Microwave Passive Devices Microwave Active Devices Microwave Instruments and Measurement techniques
• Directional coupler • Signal generators Measurements and parameters
• Filter • Amplifiers • Introduce microwave
instruments
• Instruments calibration
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CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT Main references:

D. M. Pozar, Microwave
FINAL EXAM Engineering, 4th Ed,
50% International Adaptation,
John Wiley, 2021

R. Ludwig and G. Bogdanov,

RF Circuit Design: Theory &
Applications, 2nd Ed,
Pearson, 2008
ASSIGNMENTS QUIZZES
20% 10% A. Das and S. K Das,
Microwave Engineering, 4th
Ed, McGraw Hill, 2021

E. da Silva, High Frequency

and Microwave Engineering,
TEST 2 TEST 1 Linacre House, Jordan Hill,
10% 2001
10%

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WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION

History / background of antenna and

wireless communications

Frequency bands

Week 1: Attendance
Applications

Please answer the question

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Microwave Engineering

Microwave Engineering (ME): combines

the concepts of electromagnetic and
circuit which are operated at microwave
range frequencies, which emphasizes
the application of the latest microwave
technology.

Radio waves (30 to 300 MHz), Microwaves (300 MHz to 300 GHz), and TeraHertz (300 GHz to 3 THz)

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 RF vs Microwaves

RF or Radio Frequency is a term that is often

used to describe the number of times per second
or oscillation of an electromagnet radiation.
Anything between 3Hz and 300GHz is referred to
as RF waves, microwave is just a subset of the
RF range

RF covers 3 Hz to 300 GHz while Microwaves

occupies the higher frequencies at 300MHz to
300GHz

RF is more commonly related to AM/FM

transmission while Microwaves are used in wider Different fraction range of the radio spectrum are identified by:
applications like heating (microwaves oven) and
high-bandwidth data transmission systems, • International Telecommunication Union (ITU): United Nations
communication organization
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE): US
• European Union, NATO, and the United States (EU, NATO,
US ECM)
http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-rf-and-microwave/
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Microwave Applications

Digital
cellular Satellite comm.
uplink

Microwave
Analog heating Satellite Police radar
Cellular comm. down
Wireless link
UHF GPS LAN
Broadcasting

0.3 GHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 15 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz

UHF broadcasting TV - 470 - 870 MHz Microwave heating – 2.45 GHz

Analog cellular – 900 MHz Wireless LAN – 2.4 GHz
Digital cellular – 1.8 GHz Satellite down/up link – 4/6 GHz

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Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Frequency Spectrum

Electromagnetic
Wave Spectrum Frequency Band Wavelength

Radio Waves Very High Frequency (VHF) ( 30 – 300 MHz ) 10 m – 1 m

Microwaves Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) ( 300 – 3000 MHz ) ( 100 cm – 10 cm )

P Band ( 230 MHz – 1 GHz ) 130 cm – 30 cm
L Band ( 1 GHz – 2 GHz ) 30 cm – 15 cm
S Band ( 2 GHz – 4 GHz ) 15 cm – 7.5 cm

Superhigh Frequency (SHF) ( 3 – 30 GHz ) ( 10 cm – 1 cm )

S Band ( 2 GHz – 4 GHz ) 15 cm – 7.5 cm
C Band ( 4 GHz – 8 GHz) 7.5 cm – 3.75 cm
X Band ( 8 GHz – 12.5 GHz) 3.75 cm – 2.4 cm
Ku Band ( 12.5 GHz – 18 GHz) 2.4 cm – 1.67 cm
K Band ( 18 GHz – 26.5 GHz) 1.67 cm – 1.13 cm
Ka Band ( 26.5 GHz – 40 GHz) 1.13 cm – 0.75 cm

Millimeter Extreme High Frequency (EHF) ( 30 – 300 GHz ) ( 10 mm – 1 mm )

Waves Ka Band ( 26.5 GHz – 40 GHz ) 1.13 cm – 0.75 cm
v Band ( 40 GHz – 75 GHz ) 7.5 mm – 4 mm
W Band ( 75 GHz – 110 GHz ) 4 mm – 2.73 mm
Millimeter Band ( 110 GHz – 300 GHz ) 2.73 mm – 1 mm

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BASIC CONCEPT OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM Microwave link
• Communication system that uses radio waves in
microwave frequency range to transmit and receive
information between two station.

• Microwaves are desirable for communications and

radar applications because of their high frequency and
short wavelength

The high frequency provides:

• Wide bandwidth capability
• High-gain antennas with
narrow beamwidths (radar
applications)
• Energy to be concentrated in a
small area – microwave oven

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Fundamental parameters - Wavelength

Wave speed/velocity,

Wave speed/velocity in free space

(velocity of light);

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Bandwidth Linear & Decibel (dB)

• The bigger the bandwidth, the higher the capacity.
• The bandwidth can be defined as the difference
between the upper limit and the lower limit of the
operating frequency.

𝐵𝑊 = ∆𝑓= 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿

∆𝑓 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
%𝐵𝑊 = × 100 = × 100
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐

𝑓𝐻 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝑐 =
𝑓𝑐
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History

1888, Heinrich Hertz was the first to demonstrate the

existence of radio waves by building a spark gap radio
transmitter that produced 450 MHz microwaves.

1897, Lord Rayleigh is the first to discuss in detail the

electromagnetic modes that can propagate through
metallic tubes (circular waveguide), and the scattering
of electromagnetic waves by circular apertures and by
ellipsoidal obstacles

The microwave field theory become popular begins

during the decade of the 1930’s

Microwave technology is rapid development during World

War II because of the need to develop radar

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Wireless communication
(5G Technologies, GPS and
satellites)

Biomedical (medical
imaging devices and sensory
devices)
Applications
• Examples
• Types of microwave
Food and agricultural (moisture
devices used
sensors and heating
• Fundamental concept
processing)

Microwave electronics
(high-frequency electronic
components)

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Microwave Applications

• Microwave applications for heating, drying and crushing normally use high
microwave power which is up to megawatts.
• Low microwave power (less than milliwatts) is widely used for domestic
wireless communication or high-frequency electronic devices.
• Microwave applications can be categorized into two groups:
a) Communication
b) Non-Communication

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Communication Applications

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Communication Application

1. Now is the era of the fourth industrial revolution, so-called industry

4.0, which most operation systems in the industry are in cyber based.
2. Produce smart devices, so-called Internet of Things (IoT), in which
the devices are embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity that capable of covering a variety
of protocols, domains, and applications, which including the
automotive industry, public safety, emergency services and medical
field.

Smart Phone

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Communication Application

Communication network systems, such as high-speed home and business

1 networking devices (modem and router), Device to Device communication
(M2M) system, massive MIMO technology, Cloud Technologies, and small cell
access points.

Communication devices test instruments, such as spectrum analyzer, RF power

2 meter, frequency counter, and vector network analyzer.

Navigation systems such as maritime navigation, Global Positioning System

3 (GPS), air traffic control, airborne radars, and satellite communication.

Wireless remote control for security and health care systems such as automatic
4 gate/door, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms, industrial automation
systems.

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Vehicular radar systems to detect the location and movement of objects near
5 a vehicle, enabling features such as near collision avoidance, improved
airbag activation, and suspension systems that better respond to road
conditions.
Entertainment and information communication devices/systems such as
6 television broadcast, FM broadcast, radio beacons, maritime radio, Walkie
Talkie, coastguard communication, satellite communication, weather radars.

Domestic communication devices, such as 4G/5G smart phone, computer,

7 bluetooth, Wi-Fi devices, wireless webcam, wireless microphones.

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Typical communication applications which depend on the operating frequency range

Frequency Band Typical Service

3 kHz – 30 kHz
Maritime navigation
Very Low Frequency (VLF)

30 kHz – 300 kHz

Radio beacons, Navigational aids.
Low Frequency (LF)

300 kHz – 3000 kHz AM broadcast, Maritime radio, Coastguard communication, Direction
Medium Frequency (MF) finding.

3 MHz – 30 MHz Telephone, Telegraph, Facsimile, Shortwave radio, Amateur radio, Ship-to-
High Frequency (HF) coast and Ship-to-aircraft communication.
30 MHz – 300 MHz
Television, FM broadcast, Air traffic control, Navigational aids.
Very High Frequency (VHF)
Television, Satellite communication, Radiosonde, Surveillance RADAR,
300 MHz – 3 GHz
Navigational aids, Mobile phone, Global Positioning System (GPS) and
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
Walkie Talkie.
3 GHz – 30 GHz
Airborne RADAR, Microwave links, Satellite communication.
Super High Frequency (SHF)

30 GHz – 300 GHz

RADAR landing system, Radio astronomy.
Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

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Example: Communication Applications

(a) (b)

(a) Standard log periodic antenna. (b) The actual configuration of commercial log
periodic antenna (Bandwidth: 0.25 GHz – 2.4 GHz)

(c) Folded dipole

(d)

(a) Basic three-elements Yagi-Uda array antenna. (b) The actual configuration of
commercial Yagi-Uda antenna (Bandwidth: 2.4 GHz – 2.483 GHz, Gain = 18 dBi).
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Example: Non-Communication Applications

(a) (b)

(a) A large helical monopole in axis mode is used in satellite communication application .
(b) A small helical monopole in normal mode is used in mobile and portable communication devices.

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Non-Communication Applications

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Non-Communication Applications
1. Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications are normally classified
as non-communication group.

2. The first three industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency

allocations (at 13.66 MHz, 27.32 MHz, and 40.98 MHz) were designated
by US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1945.

3. Recently, there are two microwave frequencies allocated by the FCC for
ISM usage, namely 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz.

4. During recent years, ISM bands have also been shared with license-free
error-tolerant communications applications, such as wireless LANs.

5. Due to the combination between communication (Internet) and non-

communication (Microwave Things) technologies are increasingly popular in
order to produce smart devices, so-called Internet of Things (IoT).

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The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands defined by the

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are listed in Table.

Frequency range, f Bandwidth, Δf Center frequency, fo

*6.765 MHz – 6.795 MHz *30 kHz *6.780 MHz
MHz
13.553 MHz – 13.567 MHz 14 kHz 13.560 MHz
26.957 MHz – 27.283 MHz 326 kHz 27.120 MHz
40.660 MHz – 40.700 MHz 40 kHz 40.680 MHz

**433.050 MHz – 434.790 MHz *1.74 MHz *433.920 MHz

***902.000 MHz – 928.000 MHz *26 MHz *915.000 MHz

GHz 2.400 GHz – 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz

5.725 GHz – 5.875 GHz 150 MHz 5.800 GHz

24.000 GHz – 24.250 GHz 250 MHz 24.125 GHz

*26.975 GHz – 27.283 GHz *308 MHz *27.129 GHz
*61.000 GHz – 61.500 GHz *500 MHz *61.250 GHz

*122.000 GHz – 123.000 GHz *1 GHz *122.500 GHz

*244.000 GHz – 246.000 GHz *2 GHz *245.000 GHz

* Subject to local acceptance.

** Only Europe, Africa, the middle east west of the Persian Gulf, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia.
*** Only Americas, Greenland and some of the eastern Pacific Islands. 25
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Example: Non-Communication Applications

Sensors for industrial, agricultural/food and medical processing, such as

1 moisture measurement, ripeness/storage period determination, fruit sweetness
detection, control of milk of lime, monitoring of nitrogen/phosphorus content in
fertilizer, medical diagnostic, moisture soil testing, metal crack detector, and
storage tank measurement devices.

Heating/drying process (sterilization /pasteurization) in food industry to control

2 pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in packaged foods.

Industrial heating applications, such as casting waxes, sintering ceramics/metal

3 powders, melting of glass/rubber, metal coating, brazing, and paper/wood
drying.

Medical applications, such as hyperthermia treatments, bioimpedance

4 instrumentation, medical diagnostic imaging (To detect a location or movement of
objects within a human body or animal body).

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

Material characterization fixtures (Materials including graphene,

5 metamaterials, carbon nanotube, conductive polymer, high-temperature
superconductor, aerogel, ceramics, semiconductor, polymer insulation, fibers,
gases, and chemical liquids).

Image scan systems to detect the images of buried objects, location of

6 objects contained within a wall, location or movement of persons or objects
which are located on the other side of a wall, as well as the intrusion of
persons.

7 Civil engineering applications (rock crushing, tar road comminuting)

8 Radiation for agricultural pest control.

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

Domestic Microwave Oven

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

When the moist foods materials is exposed to the microwave, the water
molecules in the food's materials will be induced to rotate and produce heat.

Microwave heating mechanisms: Water molecules are oriented when exposed to

microwave.

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

For instance, the manufactured microwave heating system for agri-food

products is shown in Figure below.

Industrial Microwave heating equipment

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

The mechanisms of water molecules in agri-food specimens are different

when exposed to different ranges of operating frequency, f as shown below.

The mechanisms of water

molecules when exposed to
different range of operating
frequency.

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

(a) (b)

(a) The Smiths eqo portal. (b) MMW imagery (frames from a movie) from
the Agilent technologies prototype, an early precursor of the eqo.

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Example: Non-Communication Applications

Passive indoor imaging at (a) 94 GHz, (b) 350 GHz, (c) 600 GHz (wearing
glasses) and (d) broadband (0.2 −1 THz).

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Application in MEDICAL IMAGING

Andreas Fhager, a biomedical engineer at the Chalmers

University of Technology in Sweden, adjusts the Stroke finder
device on a test subject's head.

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ovidio_Bucci 34

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/16/321628040/
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STROKE DETECTOR TRIAL

Hunter Medical Research Institute,

Ref: https://hmri.org.au/news-article/hunter-chosen-test-site-stroke-detector

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Application in Mobile phone compliance test
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Measurement

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 The measurement consists of a computer controlled HP (b) surface of the fruit was wiped dry to free excess surface
Γ Γ
S
8720B vector network analyzerAA(VNA)11 S 22 Γ
that operates betweenActual moisture. Part of the fresh mesocarp of each fruit was sliced in
1 GHz and 5 GHz. The moisture sensor was connected to the longitudinal direction to ensure good contact between the
Application in Food and agricultural
VNA port by coaxial cable as shown in Fig.3. All reflection surface of the mesocarp and the open-ended coaxial probe as
measurements of fruit samples were S
carried out at room
Moisture sesoro for Determination12of Oil Palm Fruit Ripeness
temperature (25 ± 1) C.
illustrated in Fig.4.

Coaxial cable
B
HP8270B VNA

eΓ jkcdc
(a)
(c)
Computer Open-ended
Γ A AΓ ΓActual Adapter
coaxial probe
B Oil palm fruit Coaxial sensor
Γ jk c d c
e

Fig.3 Experimental set-up

Fig.2 (a) Open-ended coaxial sensor with physical length, dc equal
to 7.45 mm. (b) Error network calibration. (c) Alternative
D. Sample preparation
transmission line calibration.
Fig.4 Part of the experimental set-up
Twenty bunches of tenera variety from different oil palms

(b)
were selected from the university farm for this study. The For the designed sensor, the values of characteristic
S22 ΓActual surface of the fruit was wiped dry to free excess surface
admittance, Yo and total capacitance, CT are equal
moisture. Part of the fresh mesocarp of each fruit was sliced in
the longitudinal direction to ensure good contact between the to 0.0203 S and 0.03 pF.
surface of the mesocarp and the open-ended coaxial probe as 9
illustrated in Fig.4.

Coaxial cable
Ref: MEASUREMENT SCIENCE REVIEW, Volume 10, No. 1, 2010 37
ICE – BREAKING QUIZ

Please ensure you have read through the information provided in the file prior
answering the ice-breaking quiz

Kind complete the quiz by 22nd March 2023

The quiz link: https://forms.gle/cTZrAepaH7XCZSr96

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Thank You
Dr. NAS 20222023-1

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