REAL NUMBERS
Introducti
on
Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic
Solved examples
Exercise
1.1
Introduction
Do you know what real numbers
are?
All the rational numbers + All the
irrational numbers = Real Numbers
So, are there any numbers left?
Isn’t that all the numbers there are?
Yes – there are complex numbers.
But you don’t have to do those now.
So, let’s just quickly see what
rational and irrational numbers are!
What is a rational number?
Any number that can be written in the
form p is a rational number.
q
Where; ‘p’ is any integer
And ‘q’ is any integer other than
zero.
Which of these are not rational
14 16 numbers
0 2 ? 8 13
9 8 5 0 13 0
All numbers that have terminating or
non–terminating recurring decimal
forms are rational.
A number having non-terminating and
non-recurring decimal form
is known as an irrational number.
Its decimal form goes on forever
without any repetition and pattern.
e.g. Square
There roots irrational
are many of numbers that are
numbers.
not perfect squares are irrational.
2=
1.414213562373095048801688724
3 =
2097…
1.732050807568877293527446341
5059…
Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic
You already know this – its just that
no one told you that this is THE
“Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic”!
So, what’s in this theorem?
Every composite number can be
factorised as a product of primes
Given any composite number there is
one and only one way to write it as a
product of primes,
as long as we are not particular about
the order in which the primes occur.
Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic
Consider the prime factorization of
720
720 =2
x 360 = 2 x 2 x 180
=2x2x2x
90 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 45
=2x2x2x2x3x
15 = 24xx23x
2 2 x 2 x 3 x
x5
... 3
Wex 5have got ALL prime factors
Factorization into primes is, in fact,
unique.
Example 1 : Consider the numbers 4n,
where n is a natural number. Check
whether there is any value of n for
which 4 n
ends with the digit zero.
4 means 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 ….. (n times)
n
If a number ends with 0 it means the
number has to be divisible by 10
10 = 5 x 2
2 can be a prime factor of 4n
Can 5 be a prime factor of 4nNo
?
So, 4n cannot be a number ending in 0
Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic
Do you know the relationship between
two numbers and their HCF and LCM?
Number 1 x Number 2 = HCF x LCM
Remember this,
it will help you solve many problems!
When you have to find the HCF, unless
it is specifically mentioned in the
question that you have to use a
‘certain’ method, you can find it out
by using whichever method you want!
Example 2 : Find the LCM and HCF of 6
and 20 by the prime factorisation
method.
6=2×3
20 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 51
So HCF = 2
So LCM = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60
Example 3 : Find the HCF of 96 and
404 by the prime factorisation
method. Hence, find their LCM.
The prime factorisation of 96 and 404
gives
96 = 25 × 3, 404 = 22 × 101
So HCF = 22 = 4
Number 1 x number 2 = HCF x LCM
LCM = =
= = =
Example 4 : Find the HCF and LCM of
6, 72 and 120, using the prime
factorisation method.
6=2 ×1 72 = 23 × 120 = 23 × 3
31 32 ×5 1
HCF = Least powers = 2 × 3 = 6
1
LCM = Greatest powers = 23 × 32 × 5
= 8× 9× =
5 360
Real Numbers : Exercise 1.1
2 1i. 2 2i. 3 4.
2 1ii. 2 2ii. 2 5.
2 1iii. 2 2iii. 3 6.
2 1iv. 2 3i. 3 7.
2 1v. 2 3ii.
2 3iii.
Q1 – Express each number as a
product of its prime factors:
Sub – questions (i) to (v)
You know the method of doing this.
You have to follow the same
method for each sub question
Q1 – Express each number as a
product of its prime factors:
Now, do
#FairWork
Q1 (i) Express 140 as a product of its
prime factors
Consider the prime factorization of
140 = 2 140
x 70 = 2 x 2 x 35
=2x2x5x7
= 22 x 5 x
7
... We have got ALL prime factors
Q1 (ii) Express 156 as a product of its
prime factors
156 =2
x 78 = 2 x 2 x 39
=2x2x3x
13 = 22 x 3 x
13
... We have got ALL prime factors
Q1 (iii) Express 3825 as a product of
its prime factors
3825 = 3 x 1275
= 3 x 3 x 425
=3x3x5x
85 =3x3x5x5x
17
= 32 x 52 x
17
... We have got ALL prime factors
Q1 (iv) Express 5005 as a product of
its prime factors
5005 = 5 x 1001
= 5 x 11 x 91
= 5 x 11 x 13
x7
= 5 x 7 x 11
x 13
... We have got ALL prime factors
Q1 (v) Express 7429 as a product of its
prime factors
7429 = 17 x 437
= 17 x 19 x
23
... We have got ALL prime factors
Q2 – Find the LCM and HCF of the
following pairs of integers and
verify that
LCMSub
× HCF = product
– questions (i) toof the two
(iii)
numbers
Find the HCF and LCM of the
numbers
You can use any method you like
After you find it, verify what is
asked
Do this for all three sub questions
Q2 – Find the LCM and HCF of the
following pairs of integers and
verify that
LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Now, do
#FairWork
Q2 (i) Verify that for 26 and 91
LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Prime factors of 26 = 2 x 13
Prime factors of 91 = 7 x 13
LCM of 26 and 91 = 2 x 7 x 13 =
182 and HCF of 26 and 91 = 13
For verification :
LCM x HCF = 182 x=13
2366
= 26 x
91
= Product of two
nos.
Q2 (ii) Verify that for 510 and 92
LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Prime factors of 510= 2=x2 3 x 255
5x
Prime factors of = 85
17
922=x 22 xx 46
23
LCM of 510 and 92 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
= 23460
x 17and
x 23HCF of 510 and 92 = 2
For verification :
LCM x HCF = 23460 =
x 46920
2
= 510 x
92
= Product of two
nos.
Q2 (iii) Verify that for 336 and 54
LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Prime factors of 336== 22 =
xx 2
2x
8 x2
x 2 xx 22 xx 3
42
Prime factors of 54=x21
7=x63xx93 x
2
LCM of 336 and = 3
543024
=2x2x2x2x3x
3x3x7
and HCF of 336 and=54
6=2x3
For verification :
LCM x HCF = 3024 x=618144
= 336 x
54
= Product of two
nos.
Q3 – Find the LCM and HCF of the
following integers by applying
the prime factorisation
method.
Sub – questions (i) to (iii)
Find the HCF and LCM of the numbers.
You must use the prime factorization
method
Q3 – Find the LCM and HCF of the
following integers by applying
the prime factorisation
method.
Now, do
#FairWork
Q3 (i) Find the LCM and HCF of 12, 15
and 21 by applying the prime
factorisation method. 2
122=xx223xx 6
Prime factors of =
Prime factors of 3
15 = 3 x 5
Prime factors of 21 = 3 x 7
Here, 3 is a common prime factor
having
the smallest power 1
HCF of 12, 15 and 21 = 3
And LCM
LCM of = Product
12, 15 andof
=21each
= 22prime
420 x3x
factor,
5x7
with greatest power
Q3 (ii) Find the LCM and HCF of 17, 23
and 29 by applying the prime
factorisation method.
These numbers, themselves, are
primes.
So, only common factor is 1.
HCF of 17, 23 and 29 = 1
That is, they are all coprime.
LCM of coprime numbers = Their
Product
LCM of 17, 23 and=29 = 17 x 23 x 29
11339
Q3 (iii) Find the LCM and HCF of 8, 9
and 25 by applying the prime
factorisation method.
Prime factors of 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 23
Prime factors of 9 = 3 x 3 = 32
Prime factors of 25 = 5 x 5 = 52
Here, no prime factor is common.
HCF of 8, 9 and 25 = 1
That is, they are all coprime.
LCM
LCM of 8, 9 and
of coprime 25 = 8=x Their
= 1800
numbers 9 x 25
Product
Q4 – Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9,
then find LCM (306, 657)
Remember the relation between
HCF, LCM and the two numbers?
Number 1 x number 2 = HCF x LCM
You know the two numbers and the
HCF
So, you can substitute the values
and find the LCM easily.
Q4 – Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9,
then find LCM (306, 657)
Now, do
#FairWork
Q4 – Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9,
then find LCM (306, 657)
Given, HCF of 306 and 657 = 9
LCM x HCF = Product of two
numbers
LCM x 9 = 306 x 657
LCM =
LCM = 34 x 657
LCM = 22338
LCM of 306 and 657 =
22338
Q5 – Check whether 6n can end with
the digit 0 for any natural number n.
6n = 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 … (n times)
If a number ends with 0 it means the
number has to be divisible by 10
10 = 5 x 2
2 can be a prime factor of 6n
Can 5 be a prime factor of 6nNo
?
So, 6n cannot be a number ending in 0
Q5 – Check whether 6n can end with
the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Now, do
#FairWork
Q5 – Check whether 6n can end with
the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Here, n is a natural number.
Suppose 6n ends with the digit 0.
6n must have prime factors
be divisible by 10. 2 x 5.
But 6n = (2 x 3)n = 2n x 3n
6n can never have prime factor 5.
From theassumption,
So, our Fundamental 6nTheorem
ends withof0, is
Arithmetic,
Every natural number
wrong.n > 1 can be
Thus, there
expressed asdoes not exist any natural
number n, for which 6 n
product of primes and this ends with 0.
representation is
Q6 – Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and
7×6×5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are
composite numbers
A composite number has prime
factors other than 1 and the
number
See if you can itself
present the numbers
that way!
See if you can show the number as
Number = something x something else
7 × 11 × 13 + 13
13 (7 x 11 x 1 +
= = 1)
13 (77 + =1)…. ?
Do the same for both numbers.
Q6 – Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and
7×6×5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are
composite numbers
Now, do
#FairWork
Q6 – Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 ×
4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers
A composite number always has at
least one factor other than 1 and the
number
We have,itself.
7 × 11 × = 13 [(7 x 11) +
13 + 13 1] (77
= 13 x 78+
1)
Given number is composite as it has
more than one prime factor.
We have, 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 +
5 =5x 1009
(1008
[(7 x 6+x 1)
4 x 3 x 2 x 1) +
1]
Given number is composite as it has
more than one prime factor.
7. There is a circular path around a sports field.
Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the
field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same.
Suppose they both start at the same point and at
the same time, and go in the same direction. After
how many minutes will theyR
S and meet
go again at the
around the
starting point?
same field, but each
takes a different
S = amount
18 min, of
R =time
12 min
Round no. S R
At what point do 1 18 12
they meet again? 2 36 24
Luckily, this 3 54 36
problem was easy 4 72 48
and you can see 5 90 60
7. There is a circular path around a sports field.
Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the
field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same.
Suppose they both start at the same point and at
the same time, and go in the same direction. After
how many minutes will theyR
S and meet
go again at the
around the
starting point?
same field, but each
takes a different
S = amount
18 min, of
R =time
12 min
Round no. S R
But, what
1 18 12
process did we
2 36 24
follow
We here?
found out 3 54 36
the LCM of the 4 72 48
two numbers! 5 90 60
7. There is a circular path around a sports field.
Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the
field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same.
Suppose they both start at the same point and at
the same time, and go in the same direction. After
how many minutes will they meet again at the
starting point?
Now, do
#FairWork
7. There is a circular path around a sports field.
Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the
field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same.
Suppose they both start at the same point and at
the same time, and go in the same direction. After
how many minutes will they meet again at the
Sonia
starting one
point?round = 18 min
Ravi one round = 12 min
minutes after which they=meet
LCM [18,
12]
Consider the factorization into primes
of
18 := 2 x 9 = 2 x 3 x 3 = 2 x 32
12 = 2 x 6 = 2 x 2 x 3 = 22 x 3
Hence, Sonia and Ravi 2will meet again
LCM [18, 12] = 2 x
2
= 336
at the starting point after 36 minutes.
