NCERT Basics : Class 10

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 3.1 Y
1. Aftab tells his daughter, "Seven years ago,
45
I was seven times as old as you were then. 44
Also, three years from now, I shall be 43
42 (x = 12, y = 42)
41

Age of Aftab = y →
three times as old as you will be". (Isn't
40
this interesting?) Represent this situation 39 (x = 11, y = 39)
algebraically and graphically. 38
37
Sol. Let the present age of Aftab's daughter 36
= x years. 35 (x = 11, y = 35)
34
and the present age of Aftab 33
= y years (y > x) 32
O X
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
According to the given conditions
Age of Daughter = x→
Seven years ago,
From the graph, we find that
(y – 7) = 7 × (x – 7)
x = 12
i.e., y – 7 = 7x – 49
and y = 42 is common point

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i.e., 7x – y – 42 = 0 … (1)
Thus, the present age of Aftab's daughter
Three years later,
= 12 years
(y + 3) = 3 × (x + 3) and the present age of Aftab = 42 years
i.e., y + 3 = 3x + 9 2. The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats
i.e., 3x – y + 6 = 0 … (2) and 6 balls for ` 3900. Later, she buys
Thus, the algebraic relations are another bat and 3 more balls of the same
7x – y – 42 = 0, 3x – y + 6 = 0. kind for ` 1300. Represent this situation
Now, we represent the problem algebraically and geometrically.
graphically as below : Sol. Let the cost of 1 bat be ` x
7x – y – 42 = 0 ... (1) and the cost of 1 ball be ` y
So, 3x + 6y = 3900 and x + 3y = 1300
Age of Aftab’s daughter =x 11 12
x 300 500
Age of Aftab = y = 7x – 42 35 42
y 500 400
3x – y + 6 = 0 … (2)
and
Age of Aftab’s daughter =x 11 12
x 400 100
Age of Aftab = y = 3x +6 39 42
y 300 400

[30] 
 Mathematics

Y EXERCISE : 3.2
1. Form the pair of linear equations in the
following problems, and find their
(300, 500)
500 solutions graphically.
(100, 400)
Cost of ball→

(500, 400) (i) 10 students of class X took part in a

400 Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is
(400, 300) 4 more than the number of boys, find the
300
number of boys and girls who took part
200 in the quiz.
(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost ` 50,
100
whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together
X’ O X
100 200 300 400 500 cost ` 46. Find the cost of one pencil and
Y’ Cost of bat → that of one pen.
Sol. (i) Let the number of boys be x and the
3. The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1 kg of
number of girls be y.
grapes on a day was found to be ` 160.
According to the given conditions
After a month, the cost of 4 kg of apples
x + y = 10 and y = x + 4
and 2 kg of grapes is ` 300. Represent the
We get the required pair of linear
situation algebraically and geometrically.
equations as
Sol. Let the cost of 1 kg of apples be ` x
x + y – 10 = 0, x – y + 4 = 0
and the cost of 1 kg of grapes be ` y
Graphical Solution
So, 2x + y = 160 … (1)
x + y – 10 = 0 ...(1)
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4x + 2y = 300 … (2)
x 2 5
Y y = 10 – x 8 5
(50, 60)
60 x–y+4=0 …(2)
Cost of grapes→

50 (50, 50) x 2 4
y = x +4 6 8
40 (60, 40)
Y
30 (60, 30)

20 (2, 8) (4, 8)
8
No. of girls→

10 7 A(3, 7)
X’ O X 6
10 20 30 40 50 60
5 (2, 6) (5, 5)
Y’ Cost of apple →
4
x 50 60 3
From (1) 2
y 60 40 1
and X’ O X
1 2 3 4 5 6
x 50 60
From (2) Y’ No. of boys →
y 50 30

[31]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
From the graph, we have : x = 3, y = 7 a 1 b1 c
2. On comparing the ratios , and 1
common solution of the two linear a 2 b2 c2
equations. find out whether the lines representing
Hence, the number of boys = 3 and the the following pairs of linear equations
number of girls = 7.
intersect at a point, are parallel or
(ii) Let the cost of 1 pencil be ` x and cost of 1
coincident.
pen be ` y.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0; 7x + 6y – 9 = 0
5x + 7y = 50
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0; 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
7x + 5y = 46
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0; 2x – y + 9 = 0
Graphical solution
5x + 7y = 50 7x + 5y = 46 Sol. (i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 ... (1)

50 − 5x 46 − 7x 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 ... (2)
y= y=
7 5 a 1 5 b1 –4 2 a b
= , = =–  1  1
x 3 10 a 2 7 b2 6 3 a 2 b2
y 5 0  Lines represented by (1) and (2) intersect
at a point
x 3 –2
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 …(1)
y 5 12

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18x + 6y + 24 = 0 …(2)
a 1 9 b1 3 c1 12
Y = , = , =
a 2 18 b2 6 c2 24
12
11 a 1 b1 c1
10  = =
9 a 2 b2 c2
8
 Lines represented by (1) and (2) are
Cost of pen

7
6 coincident.
(3, 5)
5
4 (iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0 … (1)
3
2
2x – y + 9 = 0 … (2)
1 a 1 6 3 b1 −3 3 c1 10
X’ X = = , = = , =
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a 2 2 1 b2 −1 1 c2 9
Y’
Cost of pencil
a 1 b1 c1
 = 
a 2 b2 c2
From the graph we have x = 3, y = 5.
Hence, cost of one pencil = ` 3 and cost of  Lines represented by (1) and (2) are
one pen = ` 5 parallel

[32] 
 Mathematics
a 1 b1 c (iv) 5x – 3y = 11
3. On comparing the ratios , and 1
a 2 b2 c2 –10x + 6y = –22
find out whether the following pairs of a1 5 −1 b1 −3 −1
= = , = = ,
linear equations are consistent, or a 2 −10 2 b2 6 2
inconsistent. c1 11 −1
= =
(i) 3x + 2y = 5; 2x – 3y = 7 c2 −22 2
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8; 4x – 6y = 9 a 1 b1 c1
 = =
3 5 a 2 b2 c2
(iii) x + y = 7; 9x – 10y = 14
2 3 The equations have infinite solutions.
(iv) 5x – 3y = 11; – 10x + 6y = – 22 Hence, consistent.
4 4
(v) x + 2y = 8; 2x + 3y = 12 (v) x + 2y = 8
3 3
Sol. (i) 3x + 2y – 5 = 0 2x + 3y = 12
2x – 3y – 7 = 0 4
2 b 2 c  2
= 3= , 1= , 1=
a1
a 1 3 b1 2 2 =
= ; = =– a2 2 3 b2 3 c2 12 3
a 2 2 b2 –3 3
a 1 b1 c1
a 1 b1  = =
  a 2 b2 c2
a 2 b2
The equations have infinite solutions.
 The equations have a unique solution. Hence, consistent.
Hence, consistent. 4. Which of the following pairs of linear
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(ii) 2x – 3y = 8 equations are consistent/inconsistent? If

4x – 6y = 9 consistent, obtain the solution graphically
a 1 2 b1 −3 c1 8 (i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10
= , = , =
a 2 4 b2 −6 c2 9 (ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
a 1 b1 c1
 =  (iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
a 2 b2 c2
Sol. (i) x + y = 5 ... (1)
 The equations have no solution. Hence 2x + 2y = 10 ... (2)
inconsistent. a1 1 b1 1 c1 –5 1
3 5 = , = , = =
(iii) x + y = 7 a 2 2 b2 2 c2 –10 2
2 3
a 1 b1 c1
9x – 10y = 14 i.e., = =
a 2 b2 c2
3 5
1 b1 −1 Hence, the pair of linear equations is
= , = 3 =
a1 2
=
a2 9 6 b2 −10 6 consistent.
a 1 b1 (1) and (2) are same equations and hence
 
a 2 b2 the graph is coincident straight line.
x 1 3
 The equations have a unique solution.
y=5–x 4 2
Hence, consistent.

[33]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Y
(1, 4)
4 Y

3
(3, 2)
2 4
3
1 2
X’ 1
3 X 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 4 X
Y’

(ii) x–y=8 … (1) from graph x = 2, y = 2

(iv) 2x – 2y = 2 … (1)
3x – 3y = 16 … (2)
4x – 4y = 5 … (2)
a 1 1 b1 −1 1 c1  1 a 1 2 1 b1 −2 1 c1 2
= , = = , = = = = , = = , =
a 2 3 b2 −3 3 c2 16 2 a 2 4 2 b2 −4 2 c2 5
a 1 b1 c1

a 1 b1 c1
=   = 
a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
Therefore, lines have no solution.
Therefore, lines have no solution. Hence, Inconsistent.
Hence, inconsistent. 5. Half the perimeter of a rectangular
garden, whose length is 4 m more than its

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(iii) 2x + y = 6 … (1) width, is 36 m. Find the dimensions of the
4x – 2y = 4 … (2) garden.

a 1 2 1 b1 1 −1 c1 6 3 Sol. b
= = , = = , = =
a 2 4 2 b2 −2 2 c2 4 2 b+4

a 1 b1 Length,  = b + 4 and Breadth = b

 
a 2 b2 Perimeter of rectangle = 2 ( + b)
Therefore, lines have unique solution. 1
[2 ( + b)] = 36
2
Hence, consistent
( + b) = 36 … (1)
x 2 3
As,  = b + 4, so putting the value of in
y 2 0
equation (1), we get
from (1)  b + 4 + b = 36
2b + 4 = 36
x 2 1
2b = 32
y 2 0 b = 16 m,  = b + 4 = 16 + 4 = 20 m
from (2) Thus, length of garden = 20 m and breadth
of garden = 16 m

[34] 
 Mathematics
6. Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0, Sol. x – y + 1 = 0 ... (1)
write another linear equation in two x –1 2

variables such that the geometrical y=x+1 0 3

representation of the pair so formed is : 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 ... (2)

x 2 4
(i) Intersecting lines
12 − 3x
(ii) Parallel lines y= 3 0
2
(iii) Coincident lines
Y
Sol. (i) 2x + 3y – 8 = 0 (Given equation)
3x + 2y + 4 = 0 (New equation)
a 1 b1 5
Here, 
a 2 b2
4
Hence, the graph of the two equations will
3 A(2, 3)
be two intersecting lines.
(ii) 2x + 3y – 8 = 0 (given equation) 2

4x + 6y – 10 = 0 (New equation) 1
a 1 b1 c1 X’ B (4, 0) X
Here, = 
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a 2 b2 c2 1 2 3 C4
A(–1, 0)
Y’
Hence, the graph of the two equations will
be two parallel lines. The vertices of the triangle are
(iii) 2x + 3y – 8 = 0 (given equation) A (2, 3), B (–1, 0) and C (4, 0)
4x + 6y – 16 = 0 (New equation) EXERCISE : 3.3
a 1 b1 c1 1. Solve the following pair of linear
Here, = =
a 2 b2 c2 equations by the substitution method.

Hence, the graph of the two equations will (i) x + y = 14, x – y = 4

s t
be two coincident lines. (ii) s – t = 3, + =6
3 2
7. Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1
(iii) 3x – y = 3, 9x – 3y = 9
= 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3, 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
coordinates of the vertices of the triangle (v) 2x + 3y = 0, 3x − 8y = 0
formed by these lines and the x-axis, and
3x 5y x y 13
(vi) − = −2, + =
shade the triangular region. 2 3 3 2 6

[35]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Sol. (i) x + y = 14 … (1) Substituting y from (3) in (2), we get
x–y=4 ... (2)  1.3 − 0.2x 
0.4x + 0.5   = 2.3
From (2) y = x – 4 ... (3)  0.3 
Substituting y from (3) in (1), we get 13 x
 0.4x + − = 2.3
x + x – 4 = 14  2x = 18  x = 9 6 3
Substituting x = 9 in (3), we get 2 x 13
 x − = 2.3 −
y = 9 – 4 = 5, 5 3 6
i.e, y = 5 x 4
 =
x = 9, y = 5 15 30

(ii) s–t=3 … (1)  x=2

s t Substituting x = 2 in (3)
+ =6 ... (2)
3 2 y=3×2–3
From (1) s = t + 3 ... (3) Hence, y = 3
Substituting s from (3) in (2), we get
(v) 2x + 3y = 0 … (1)
t +3 t
+ =6 3x − 8y = 0 … (2)
3 2
 2(t + 3) + 3t = 36 3x
From (2) y = … (3)
 5t + 6 = 36 8

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 t=6 Substituting y from (3) in (1), we get
From (3), s = 6 + 3 = 9, 3x
2x + 3  =0
Hence, s = 9, t = 6 8
(iii) 3x – y = 3 … (1) 4x + 3x
 = 0  7x = 0
9x – 3y = 9 … (2) 8
From (i) y = 3x – 3 … (3) x=0
Substituting y from (3) in (2), we get Substituting x = 0 in (3)
9x – 3(3x – 3) = 9 Hence, y = 0
9x – 9x + 9 = 9
3x 5y
9=9 (vi) − = –2 … (1)
2 3
It means, equations have infinite x y 13
+ = … (2)
solutions. 3 2 6
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3 … (1) 3x
+2
0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3 … (2) 2 9x + 12
From (1) y = = .... (3)
5 10
1.3 − 0.2x
From (1) y = … (3) 3
0.3

[36] 
 Mathematics
Substituting y from (3) in (2), we get 3. Form the pair of linear equations for the
x 9x + 12 13 following problems and find their
+ =
3 10  2 6 solution by substitution method.
x 9x 3 13 (i) The difference between two numbers is
 + + =
3 20 5 6
26 and one number is three times the
47x 47 other. Find them.
 =
60 30
(ii) The larger of two supplementary angles
x=2
exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find
Substituting x = 2 in (3)
them.
9  2 + 12
y= (iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats
10
and 6 balls for ` 3800. Later, she buys 3
Hence, y = 3.
bats and 5 balls for ` 1750. Find the cost
2. Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and
of each bat and each ball.
hence find the value of 'm' for which y =
(iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed
mx + 3
charge together with the charge for the
Sol. 2x + 3y = 11 … (1)
distance covered. For a distance of 10 km,
2x – 4y = –24 … (2)
the charge paid is ` 105 and for a journey
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Subtract equation (2) from (1), we get

of 15 km, the charge paid is ` 155. What
2x + 3y – 2x + 4y = 11 + 24 are the fixed charges and the charge per
7y = 35 kilometre? How much does a person have
y=5 to pay for travelling a distance of 25 km?
Substituting value of y in equation (1), we 9
(v) A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to
get 11
2x + 3 × 5 = 11 both the numerator and the denominator.
2x = 11 – 15 If, 3 is added to both the numerator and

4 5
x=– = –2 the denominator it becomes . Find the
2 6

Now, x = –2, y = 5 fraction.

Putting value of x & y in y = mx + 3 (vi) Five years hence, the age of jacob will be

5 = –2m + 3 three times that of his son. Five years ago,

Jacob's age was seven times that of his
 2 = –2m
son. What are their present ages?
 m = –1

[37]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Sol. (i) Let the two numbers be x and y (x > y). 11400 – 18y + 35y = 12250
Then, 17y = 850
x – y = 26 ... (1) y = 50
x = 3y ... (2) 3800–300
From (3) x = = 500
Substituting value of x from (ii) in (i) 7
Thus, cost price of 1 bat is ` 500 and 1 ball
3y – y = 26
is ` 50
2y = 26
(iv) Let fixed charge be ` x and charge per km
y = 13
be ` y. Then,
Substituting value of y in (2)
x + 10y = 105 ... (1)
x = 3 × 13 = 39
x + 15y = 155 ... (2)
Thus, two numbers are 13 and 39.
From equation (1)
(ii) Let the supplementary angles be x and y x = 105 – 10y ... (3)
(x > y) Then, Substituting value of x from (3) in (2)
x + y = 180 ... (1) 105 – 10y + 15y = 155
x – y = 18 ... (2) 105 + 5y = 155
from (1) x = 18 + y ... (3) 5y = 50
Substituting value of x from (3) in (1) y = 10
18 + y + y = 180 from (3) x = 105 – 10 × 10 = 5

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2y = 180 – 18 Thus, fixed charge is ` 5 and charge per
162 km is ` 10
y= = 81
2 x
(v) Let be the fraction where x and y are
from (3) x = 18 + 81 = 99 y
Thus, the angles are 99° and 81° positive integers.
(iii) Let the cost price of 1 bat is ` x x +2 9
=
y + 2 11
and the cost price of 1 ball is ` y
7x + 6y = 3800 … (1) 11x + 22 = 9y + 18
11x – 9y = – 4 ... (1)
3x + 5y = 1750 … (2)
x +3 5
From (1) =
y +3 6
7x = 3800 – 6y
6x + 18 = 5y + 15
3800 − 6 y
x= … (3) 6x – 5y = – 3 ... (2)
7
From (1)
Substituting value of x from (3) in (2), we get
11x = 9y – 4
 3800 − 6 y 
3
7  + 5y = 1750 x=
9y − 4
... (3)
 
11
[38] 
 Mathematics
Substituting value of x from (3) in (2) Sol. (i) Solution by elimination method:
 9y − 4  x+y=5 … (1)
6  – 5y = – 3
 11  2x – 3y = 4 … (2)
54y – 24 – 55y = – 33 Multiplying (1) by 3 and (2) by 1 and
y = 33 – 24 adding we get 3(x + y) + 1 (2x – 3y)
=3×5+1×4
y=9
 3x + 3y + 2x – 3y = 19
9  9– 4
From (iii) x = =7 19
11  5x = 19  x =
5
Thus, fraction is 7/9.
19
(vi) Let x (in years) be the present age of From (1), substituting x = , we get
5
Jacob's son and y (in years) be the present
19 19 6
+y=5y=5– y=
age of Jacob. Then, 5 5 5
y + 5 = 3(x + 5) 19 6
Hence, x = ,y=
 3x – y = – 10 ... (1) 5 5
y – 5 = 7(x – 5) (i) Solution by substitution method :

 7x – y = 30 ... (2) x+y=5 ... (1)

2x – 3y = 4 ... (2)
From (1) y = 3x + 10 ... (3)
From (i), y = 5 – x ... (3)
Substituting value of y from (3) in (2)
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Substituting y from (3) in (2),

7x – (3x + 10) = 30
2x – 3(5 – x) = 4
4x = 40
 2x – 15 + 3x = 4
x = 10
19
 5x = 19  x =
From (3) y = 40 5
Thus, Jacob's present age is 40 years and 19 6
Then from (3), y = 5 – y=
his son's age is 10 years. 5 5
EXERCISE : 3.4 19 6
Hence, x = ,y=
5 5
1. Solve the following pair of equations by
(ii) Solution by elimination method
the elimination method and the
3x + 4y = 10 ... (1)
substitution method:
2x – 2y = 2 ... (2)
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4
multiplying (2) equation by 2, we get
(ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
4x – 4y = 4 ... (3)
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7 Add equation (1) and (3), we get
x 2y y 7x = 14
(iv) + = −1 and x – = 3
2 3 3
 x=2

[39]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Substituting, x = 2 in (1), we get –25 + 52
 3x =
3 × 2 + 4 × y = 10 13
 4y = 4 27
3x =
 y=1 13
Hence, x = 2, y = 1 9
x=
(ii) Solution by substitution method 13
3x + 4y = 10 ... (1) –5 9
Hence, y = ,x=
2x – 2y = 2 ... (2) 13 13
2x − 2 (iii) Solution by substitution method
From (2), y = = x – 1 ... (3)
2 3x – 5y = 4 ... (1)
Substituting, y = x – 1 in (1), we get 9x = 2y + 7 ... (2)
3x + 4 (x – 1) = 10
From (1)
 3x + 4x – 4 = 10
4 + 5y
 7x = 14 x= ... (3)
3
x=2
4 + 5y
Then from (3) Substituting x = in (2)
3
y=2–1=1
4 + 5y
Hence, x = 2, y = 1 9× = 2y + 7
3

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(iii) Solution by elimination method
12 + 15y = 2y + 7
3x – 5y = 4 ... (1)
−5
9x = 2y + 7 ... (2) y=
13
Multiplying (1) equation by 3, we get
from (3)
9x – 15y = 12 ... (3)
 −5 
Subtracting (3) from (2), we get 4 + 5 
x=  13  = 27
9x – 9x + 15y = 2y + 7 – 12 3 39
 15y – 2y = 7 – 12 –5 9
Hence, y = ,x=
13y = – 5 13 13
–5 (iv) Solution by elimination method
y=
13
x 2y
–5 + = –1 ... (1)
From (1) substituting value of y = 2 3
13
y
 –5  x– =3 ... (2)
3x = 5 ×   + 4 3
 13 
Multiplying (2) by 2, we get
–25
 3x = +4 2y
13 2x – =6 ... (3)
3
[40] 
 Mathematics
Adding (1) and (3), we get 2. Form the pair of linear equations in the
x following problems, and find their
2x + =–1+6
2 solutions (if they exist) by the elimination
5x method :
 =5x=2
2 (i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract
substituting x = 2, in equation (2), we get 1 from the denominator, a fraction

 2–
y
=3 1
reduces to 1. It becomes if we only add
3 2
y 1 to the denominator. What is the
 –1=
3 fraction?
 y=–3 (ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as
Hence, x = 2, y = – 3 Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as
(iv) Solution by substitution method old as Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu?
x 2y (iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit
+ = –1 ... (1)
2 3 number is 9. Also, nine times this number
y is twice the number obtained by
x– =3 ... (2)
3 reversing the order of the digits. Find the

from (2), x = 3 +
y
... (3) number.
3 (iv) Meena went to a bank to withdraw `
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Substituting x from (3) in (1), we get 2000. She asked the cashier to give her `
3+
y 50 and ` 100 notes only. Meena got 25
3 + 2y = –1 notes in all. Find how many notes of ` 50
2 3
and ` 100 she received.
3 y 2y
 + + = –1 (v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the
2 6 3
first three days and an additional charge
y + 4y 3
 =–1– for each day thereafter. Saritha paid ` 27
6 2
for a book kept for seven days, while Susy
5 y −5
 = paid ` 21 for the book she kept for five
6 2
 y=–3 days. Find the fixed charge and the charge
for each extra day.
Substituting y = – 3 in equation (3), we get
x
(–3) Sol. (i) Let fraction = ,y0
 x=3+ y
3
x +1
 x=3–1 = 1,
y −1
 x=2
x+1=y–1
Hence, x = 2, y = – 3

[41]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
x–y=–2 ... (1) (iii) Let unit digit = x, ten's digit = y
x 1 So, original number = 10y + x
=
y +1 2
9(10y + x) = 2 (10x + y)
2x = y + 1
90y + 9x = 20x + 2y
2x – y = 1 ... (2)
88y = 11x
Multiplying (1) by 2 and (2) by 1 and
x = 8y ... (1)
subtracting
we get Also given sum of digits = 9
2x − 2y = −4 x+y=9 ... (2)
2x − y = 1 from (1) and (2)
Subtracting,
− y = −5 9y = 9
y=5 y=1x=8
Substituting y = 5 in (2), we get
So, number = 10 × 1 + 8 = 18
2x – 5 = 1  x = 3
(iv) Let number of ` 50 notes = x
x 3
Fraction = = and number of ` 100 notes = y
y 5
(ii) Let present age of Nuri = x years Total notes = x + y = 25 ... (1)
Let present age of Sonu = y years Also, value of notes = ` 2000
Five years ago, 50x + 100y = 2000

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x – 5 = 3 (y – 5) x + 2y = 40 ... (2)
x – 5 = 3y – 15 From (1) and (2)
x – 3y = – 10 ... (1)
Number of ` 50 notes = 10
Ten years later,
Number of ` 100 notes = 15
(x + 10) = 2 (y + 10)
(v) Let fixed charge be ` x
x + 10 = 2y + 20
x – 2y = 10 ...(2) and charge for each extra day be ` y

Subtracting (2) from (1) Then x + 4y = 27 ... (1)

x − 3y = −10 x + 2y = 21 ... (2)
x − 2y = +10 Subtracting (2) from (1)
− y = −20
2y = 6
 y = 20 y=3
Substituting y = 20 in (2), we get
Substituting y = 3 in (1)
x – 2 × 20 = 10
 x = 15
 x = 50
So fixed charge = ` 15
So, present age of Nuri is 50 years and
present age of Sonu is 20 years and charge for each extra day = ` 3

[42] 
 Mathematics
EXERCISE : 3.5 (iii) 3x – 5y = 20 … (1)
1. Which of the following pairs of linear 6x – 10y = 40 … (2)
equations has unique solution, no
a 1 3 1 b1 −5 1 c1 20 1
solution, or infinitely many solutions. In = = , = = , = =
a 2 6 2 b2 −10 2 c2 40 2
case there is a unique solution, find it by
a 1 b1 c1
using cross multiplication method.  = =
a 2 b2 c2
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0, 3x – 9y – 2 = 0
Hence, infinite solutions
(ii) 2x + y = 5, 3x + 2y = 8
(iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0 … (1)
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20, 6x – 10y = 40
(iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0, 3x – 3y – 15 = 0 3x – 3y – 15 = 0 … (2)

Sol. (i) x – 3y – 3 = 0, 3x – 9y – 2 = 0 a 1 1 b1 c 7
= , = 1, 1 =
a 2 3 b2 c2 15
a 1 1 b1 –3 1 c1 3
= , = = , =
a 2 3 b2 –9 3 c2 2 a 1 b1
 
a 1 b1 c1 a 2 b2
 = 
a 2 b2 c2 Hence, unique solution.
Hence, no solution. x y
=
(ii) 2x + y = 5 ... (i) ( −3)( −15) − ( −3)(−7) 3  ( −7) − 1  ( −15)

and 3x + 2y = 8 ... (2) 1

=
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a 1 b1  a 1 2 b1 1  1  (−3) − 3(−3)
 = , =
a 2 b2  a 2 3 b2 2  x y 1
 = =
45 − 21 −21 + 15 −3 + 9
Here, we have a unique solution. By cross
multiplication, we have x y 1
 = =
24 −6 6
x y 1
= =
1 –5 –5 2 2 1 24 −6
x= = 4, y= = –1
2 –8 –8 3 3 2 6 6
2. (i) For which values of a and b does the
x y
 = following pair of linear equations have an
{(1)(–8)–(2)(–5)} {(–5)(3)–(–8)(2)}
infinite number of solutions?
1
= 2x + 3y = 7
{(2)(2)–(3)(1)}
x y 1 (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2
 = =
(–8 + 10) (–15 + 16) (4 –3) (ii) For which value of k will the following
x y 1 x 1 y 1 pair of linear equations have no solution?
 = =  = and =
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3x + y = 1
 x = 2 and y = 1 (2k – 1) x + (k –1) y = 2k + 1.

[43]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Sol. (i) 2x + 3y – 7 = 0 ... (1) Substituting x from (3) in (1), we get
(a – b) x + (a + b) y – (3 a + b – 2) = 0 ... (2)  4 − 2y 
8  + 5y = 9
For infinite number of solutions, we have  3 
a − b a + b 3a + b − 2  32 – 16y + 15y = 27
= =
2 3 7  5=y
For first and second, we have
Substituting y = 5 in (2) we get
a−b a+b
= or 3a – 3b = 2a + 2b 3x + 2(5) = 4
2 3
 3x = – 6
or a = 5b … (1)
 x=–2
From second and third, we have
a + b 3a + b − 2 Hence, x = – 2, y = 5
=
3 7 By cross multiplication method
or 7a + 7b = 9a + 3b – 6 or 4b = 2a – 6 8x + 5y = 9 ... (1)
or 2b = a – 3 ... (2) 3x + 2y = 4 ... (2)
From (1) and (2), eliminating a, x y
=
2b = 5b – 3  b = 1 5  (–4)– 2(–9) 3  (–9)– 8(–4)
Substituting b = 1 in (1), we get a = 5 1
=
(ii) 3x + y = 1 8  2–3  5
(2k – 1)x + (k – 1)y = 2k + 1 −20 + 18
 x= =–2
1

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a 1 b1 c
For no, solution, =  1
a 2 b2 c2 −27 + 32
 y= =5
3 1 1 1
=  Hence, x = –2, y = 5
2k − 1 k − 1 2k + 1
3 1 1 1 4. Form the pair of linear equations in the
So, = & 
2k − 1 k − 1 k − 1 2k + 1 following problems and find their
3(k – 1) = 2k – 1 & 2k + 1  k – 1 solutions (if they exist) by any algebraic
k = 2 & k  –2 method.
3. Solve the following pair of linear (i) A part of monthly hostel charges is fixed
equations by the substitution and cross- and the remaining depends on the
multiplication methods: number of days one has taken food in the
8x + 5y = 9, 3x + 2y = 4 mess. When a student A takes food for 20
Sol. By substitution method, days she has to pay ` 1000 as hostel
8x + 5y = 9 ... (1) charges whereas a student B, who takes
3x + 2y = 4 ... (2) food for 26 days, pays ` 1180 as hostel
From (2), we get charges. Find the fixed charges and the
4 − 2y cost of food per day.
x= … (3)
3

[44] 
 Mathematics
1 Substituting y in (1), we get
(ii) A fraction becomes when 1 is
3 x + 20 × 30 = 1000
subtracted from the numerator and it x = 1000 – 600
1 x = 400
becomes when 8 is added to its
4 So, fixed charge = ` 400 and charges of
denominator. Find the fraction. food for 1 day = ` 30
(iii) Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 x
(ii) Let the fraction be
marks for each right answer and losing 1 y
mark for each wrong answer. Had 4 x −1 1
Then, = … (1)
y 3
marks been awarded for each correct
answer and 2 marks been deducted for x 1
= … (2)
y+8 4
each incorrect answer, then Yash would
From (1) and (2), we get
have scored 50 marks. How many
3x – 3 = y or 3x – y = 3 … (3)
questions were there in the test?
4x = y + 8 or 4x – y = 8 … (4)
(iv) Places A and B are 100 km apart on a
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
highway. One car starts from A and
4x – y – 3x + y = 5
another from B at the same time. If the
x=5
cars travel in the same direction at Substituting x in (3), we get
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different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If 3×5–y=3

they travel towards each other, they meet y = 12
in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two 5
So, the required fraction is
cars? 12
(v) The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 (iii) Number of right answers = x.
square units if its length is reduced by 5 Number of wrong answers = y
units and breadth is increased by 3 units. Then, 3x – y = 40 ... (1)
If we increase the length by 3 units and 4x – 2y = 50 ... (2)
the breadth by 2 units, the area increases Multiplying (1) by 2, we get
by 67 square units. Find the dimensions 6x – 2y = 80 ... (3)
of the rectangle. Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
Sol. (i) Let the fixed charge be x 2x = 30
and charges of food for 1 day be y.  x = 15
So, x + 20y = 1000 … (1) Substituting x = 15, in (1), we get
x + 26y = 1180 … (2) 45 – y = 40
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get  y=5
6y = 180 ; y = 30 Total questions = x + y = 15 + 5 = 20

[45]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
(iv) Speed of car i = x km/hr  xy – (x – 5) × (y + 3) = 9 ... (1)
Speed of car ii = y km/hr In second case area increases by 67 sq.
First case : units when length = x + 3 and
Car-(i) Car-(ii) breadth = y + 2.
 (x + 3) × (y + 2) – xy = 67 ... (2)
? Solving both equations, we get
A B C
100km
xy – xy – 3x + 5y + 15 = 9
Two cars meet at C after 5 hrs.
3x – 5y = 6 ... (3)
AC – BC = AB
xy + 2x + 3y + 6 – xy = 67
 5x – 5y = 100 ... (1)
2x + 3y = 61 ... (4)
Second case :
Multiplying (3) by 3 and (4) by 5, we get
Car-(i) Car-(ii)
9x – 15y = 18
x y
10x + 15y = 305
?
A C B Adding, we get
Two cars meet at C after one hour 19x = 323
x + y = 100 ... (2)  x = 17

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Multiplying (2) by 5, we get
By putting x = 17, we get y = 9
5x + 5y = 500 ... (3)
EXERCISE : 3.6
Adding (1) and (3), we get 1. Solve the following pairs of equations by
10x = 600 reducing them to a pair of linear
 x = 60 km/hr equations :
Substituting x = 60 km/hr in (2), we get 1 1 1 1 13
(i) + =2, + =
y = 40 km/hr 2x 3y 3x 2y 6
Speed of car (i) = 60 km/hr 2 3 4 9
(ii) + = 2, − = −1
Speed of car (ii) = 40 km/hr x y x y
(v) In first case, area is reduced by 9 square
4 3
units. (iii) + 3y = 14, − 4 y = 23
x x
5 1 6 3
Breadth (iv) + = 2, − =1
=y units ( x − 1) ( y − 2) ( x − 1) ( y − 2)
7 x − 2y 8x + 7 y
Length = x units (v) = 5, = 15
xy xy
When length = x – 5 units (vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy, 2x + 4y = 5xy
And breadth = y + 3 units

[46] 
 Mathematics
10 2 15 5 Multiplying (3) by 3, we get
(vii) + = 4, − = −2
( x + y) ( x − y) ( x + y) ( x − y) 6a + 9b = 6 ... (5)
Adding (4) and (5), we get
1 1 3
(viii) + = , 10a = 5
(3x + y) (3x − y) 4
1
 a=
1 1 −1 2
− =
2(3x + y) 2(3x − y) 8 1
Substituting a = in (iii), we get
1 1 1 1 13 2
Sol. (i) + =2, + =
2x 3y 3x 2y 6 3b = 1
1
1 1  b=
Substituting = u and = v 3
x y
1 1 1 1
Now, = a = and =b=
1 1 1 1 13 x 2 y 3
We get, u + v = 2, u + v =
2 3 3 2 6
 x = 2, y=3
Multiplying by 6 on both sides, we get
Squaring, we get
 3u + 2v = 12 ... (1) x = 4, y = 9
2u + 3v = 13 ... (2) 4
(iii) + 3y = 14 ... (1)
Multiplying (1) by 3 and (2) by 2, then x
3
subtracting later from first, we get – 4y = 23 ... (2)
x
3 (3u + 2v) – 2(2u + 3v) = 3 × 12 – 2 × 13 1
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Take, = a
 9u – 4u = 36 – 26  u = 2 x
Then substituting u = 2 in (1), we get 4a + 3y = 14 ... (3)
3a – 4y = 23 ... (4)
6 + 2v = 12
Multiplying (3) by 4 and (4) by 3
 v=3 16a + 12y = 56
Now, u = 2 and v = 3 9a – 12y = 69
1 1 1 1 Adding both, we get
 = 2 and = 3  x = and y = 25a = 125
x y 2 3
 a=5
2 3 Substituting a in (3), we get
(ii) + =2 ... (1)
x y 20 + 3y = 14
4 9  3y = – 6
− = −1 ... (2)  y=–2
x y
1
As, = a = 5
1 1 x
Take = a, = b, we get
x y 1
 x=
x
2a + 3b = 2 ... (3)
1
4a – 9b = – 1 ... (4) Hence, x = and y = – 2
x

[47]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
5 1 Multiplying (3) by 7 and (4) by 2, we get
(iv) + =2 ... (1)
( x − 1) ( y − 2) 49u – 14v = 35
6 3 16u + 14v = 30
− =1 ... (2)
( x − 1) ( y − 2)
Adding, we get
1 1 65u = 65
Take, = a and =b
( x − 1) ( y − 2)
u=1
5a + b = 2 ... (3)
By solving, we get v = 1
6a – 3b = 1 ... (4)
1
As, u = 1 = y=1
Multiplying (3) by 3, we get y
15a + 3b = 6 1
And, v = 1 = x=1
6a – 3b = 1 x
Adding both we get (vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy
21a = 7 2x + 4y = 5xy
a = 1/3 By solving, we get
So, by solving, b = 1/3 6 3
+ =6 ... (1)
1 1 y x
As, a = =
3 x −1 2 4
+ =5 ... (2)

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 x–1=3x=4 y x
1 1 1 1
and b = = Take, = u, = v, we get
3 y −2 y x

 y–2=3 6u + 3v = 6 ... (3)

 y=5 2u + 4v = 5 ... (4)
7 x − 2y 8x + 7 y Multiply (4) by 3, we get
(v) = 5, = 15
xy xy 6u + 12v = 15 ... (5)
By solving, we get Subtract (3) from (5), we get
7 2 9v = 9
− =5 ... (1)
y x v=1
8 7 By solving we get u = 1/2
+ = 15 ... (2)
y x
1
As, =v=1 x=1
1 1 x
Taking = u, = v
y x 1 1
And =u=
7u – 2v = 5 ... (3) y 2
8u + 7v = 15 ... (4) y=2

[48] 
 Mathematics
10 2 15 5 From (iv), we get
(vii) + = 4, − = −2
( x + y) ( x − y) ( x + y) ( x − y) 1
u–v=– … (5)
1 1 4
Take = u and =v
x+y x−y Solving (3) and (5), we get
10u + 2v = 4 ... (1) 1
2u =
15u – 5v = – 2 ... (2) 2

Multiply (1) by 5 and (2) by 2, we get 1 1

u= , v=
4 2
50u + 10v = 20
1 1
30u – 10v = – 4 So, =  3x + y = 4
3x + y 4
Adding, we get
1 1
80u = 16 =  3x – y = 2
3x − y 2
1
u= Solving, we get
5
x = 1, y = 1
By solving, we get v = 1
2. Formulate the following problems as a
1 1
As, =u= pair of linear equations, and hence find
x+y 5
their solutions:
 x+y=5 ... (3)
(i) Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2
1
And =v=1
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x−y hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find

 x–y=1 ... (4) her speed of rowing in still water and

the speed of the current.
Adding (3) and (4), we get
(ii) 2 women and 5 men can together finish
2x = 6
an embroidery work in 4 days, while 3
 x = 3 and y = 2
women and 6 men can finish it in 3 days.
Hence, x = 3, y = 2
Find the time taken by 1 woman alone to
1 1 3
(viii) + = … (1) finish the work, and also that taken by 1
3x + y 3x − y 4
man alone.
1 1 1
– = – … (2)
2(3x + y ) 2(3x − y ) 8 (iii) Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly

1 1 by train and partly by bus. She takes 4

Let, = u, =v
3x + y 3x − y hours if she travels 60 km by train and the

3 remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by

u+v= … (3)
4 train and the remaining by bus, she takes
u v 1 10 minutes longer. Find the speed of the
– =– … (4)
2 2 8 train and the bus separately.

[49]
NCERT Basics : Class 10
Sol. (i) Speed of Ritu in still water = x km/hr By solving, we get
Speed of current = y km/hr xy = 20x + 8y
Then speed downstream = (x + y) km/hr xy = 18x + 9y
20 8
speed upstream = (x – y) km/hr  + =1 … (3)
y x
20 4
= 2 and =2 18 9
x+y x−y + =1 … (4)
y x
 x + y = 10 ... (1) 1 1
Putting = u, =v
x–y=2 ... (2) y x
From (1) and (2) 20u + 8v = 1 … (5)
x + y = 10 18u + 9v = 1 … (6)
x − y =2 Multiply (5) by 9 and (6) by 10
2x = 12  x = 6 180u + 72v = 9
From (1) 180u + 90v = 10
On subtracting, we get
6 + y = 10
18v = 1
y=4 v = 1/18
So speed of Ritu in still water = 6 km/hr and u = 1/36
and speed of current = 4 km/hr. 1 1
As u = =  y = 36 days
(ii) Let 1 woman finish the work in x days and 36 y

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let 1 man finish the work in y days. 1 1
And v = =  x = 18 days
18 x
1
Work of 1 woman in 1 day = (iii) Let the speed of train be x km/hr
x
and the speed of bus be y km/hr
1
Work of 1 man in 1 day = 60 240
y So, + =4 ... (1)
x y
Work of 2 women and 5 men in one day 100 200 25
+ = ... (2)
2 5 x y 6
= +
x y 1 1
Let = u, = v
The number of days required for x y
xy 60u + 240v = 4 ... (3)
complete work =
5x + 2y 25
100u + 200v = ... (4)
xy 6
We are given that =4 Solving (3) and (4), we get
5x + 2y
1 1
xy u= ,v=
Similarly, in second case =3 60 80
6 x + 3y
1 1 1 1
So, = and =
xy = 4(5x + 2y) … (1) x 60 y 80
xy = 3(6x + 3y) … (2)  x = 60 km/hr and y = 80 km/hr

[50] 