0 - 06- 20

Soud Stalu

Stoles
- matey ha mauunuu 3 physical
ctolu
ote soud, ui d 9 seows

The 3 Stales o maley tePoscibly wit 1.

Vanaluon un tmpeyalo md PeLsue.
-
At a
e =mp. amd pres.SuTe the phycito)
Stalt of mater is the vesult o 2 op Pbserg

Horce nteYmblecula 4orte> t themal encg

A
o ImE : soudls uudsaa
Te Soud< uauud qas
mf (ctracive) tendsto Keep 4ne pac
tpgetbéin:-the Subst amte oheeas 1¬e

Keeps the particles apart -faom éach oth b

hem Lo move faste

mokin9
Solid iuid
imf
Tet
4 A 2

T atla ido-emperaluwtej/ theumad enugy

be ldw amd Imf, akeg he Paudes, to.Cong

doseIe amdthu cinqeeh Sthe and

xed pociiop, to.gtwe Soud stoile

Chayaclemeuc pvopeislie) 61 Souds

voume Mos

They h deir ehape

shorte.
InderPaide disa
cs

qe
stongeH
Inter paru clo 1elbons
 hawe Amed positions
Paucles o a solid

Posion
The
the Osallafe about thev meam

5 Sou ds a e aeneraly ncompressabb amd

hard

Ihe eneraliH have nore, deo sy omd lowb

a b ot aiueion han liauids" md ane.

¥ Called Fluud bccauho

guids amd aases aNe

o1hei abilily to -flpu 1m

-The de
hinie volume osouds IS,jdue to ived
Posiions o paüdes t
TVPES of soLIDs

Soi ds are
dlayued, unto aypes "baised on
on
dult etence the erdeH oaTy
Paucles in hem

a) Cystalline solids b mophou Spics

Popry Cstallune AMophows

Tuedoudsdr Pciedocods Supe

1-Nauye Cooled auud
Slruciye They hdre dejthui Thy dr not hawe
Ee4p Waejinila qeonb
Arangmen-
Foudrc'nawe og,Pavihéis
Have ckost
3 Tonge order n a 1 ge orde ina
Poructec
Syctematic
ABAB
mannuy1
£qtémalic mannA.

A.tMetinq -Thy hawe shaP

Melting pot
td.
Thy hae å
Pon Nmge meling
 5. énthalpy o - "They haNe chap ey hONC
Value oy enthalpy 1rae o a
fusion(AsH) o1usiD fordnedpy
Auson.

6. CleaNage
They qiNe pieces thed epier
blth plain smDbth e rsecudar
PDpeues Swace when cu Sutate ian o
itha cho P
ith a sharp edge edged to6
todl.

soto p1C aheyy

LsoOpy amus6lro pic dort hane
Cecept for cubic
misolop stal) deinia Strutu
Cnot eiedkd
by a i y or

oureciuo0 (samne
r o mal doecdbn
donDt ne
wedijroatlon hey
. x-Aa -"They dtracluon bord
bomds with x-ays
ditracton
ala plalic
- Nacl, Cu, Ice, qraphi
. en' ubpe

-- b
a p opeuy e elecie etecidtama
rOcre nde mechamicoa ctsenth ,ete
e
with direcuon in a Substan
Chamg
to be
be msotrophic
ig Saud
hat propey
it independent durecion ,it s
-1 s o
Saud be Isóophic

O
.o Anisovopice
O
O
O
ASubstamce with Cubic oyst al
- hree fold a
sotsophic due
Symmel
AnnorphDU suuca is wed as photovolt auc
made t for he onveYsuon
ener to eledmca EnHa
olids
Claseiicalton Cystalline so
Cue SDids
Catalline soudsi,aYEthe
souds.
+hey have all the Propeues o
These are dlassikied nto 4 +pes band Dn
bauedon
the ype o intex molecular lorces
Pesent un them
A) Molecwar soids
6)OMc coud
c) Maalic ouds
D)coyalentNetooK souds
molecuar 4Covalent coids 22
blu
xditt
 soudTyPe type o
imf eledmto
Paoperua
Physi co MetHrga
Pomh
faicles aPpeane

.MolecLuaY molecles LO
insalidr sett
souds HCI , S0
dipole-dpote vey o
a potaY ouystals unis u l o t o r
ondon/dicpeion At, cD, l :
b non-PolaN Cystal Hard Jo
An s u u a b r
Hydhcgen- Bondung Hojal en-Bodung ce, NH3,H
Cystals

i n s u a l o r in Hard
. lonic Souds DOS TonNc bond
eleclDctalic force
NoCt90 Solid s t a l buu
Condudor in
Butte

meltenfaq. stala

o n d u c t o r in both
hand bu caly
Metal tons melallic bonrd
3 etallic coude
h e céa
NoMa,e soid b a u d
malleable

n d ductile
stades

A diamond, eneytty hard xcep Ne

(ovolert Koud Aom CValent bo nd
C ap hile, insuliler
xC P
o Rd m)
 ->n diamond
each catbon has sp ybicu talis
Cbond lenath 154 f.m
IS Vey hand amd due to at moleculan
stau cue
t
insulatoy ue to absence o1 wnPaied ess
phub, each cawlbon has sp hybidi allon
wi th C-c bond 1415 PM
length
md cath
Grapkib Cotaim layeH c b u d u s u
layex s composed o henagona r a OCaveon ato

nelayers o 6rapki ae held togtha by

dcOaals torces t h e dist. bebd en a
Conseuture lages 1s 34DPm (34D Pm)
érraphib S q0od conduetoY O elecdmeiy due to
Psesehce ounpaiuted eledron

Kobing the Strucuwie Solids

Proleing
--To See am obec the oj iqnt used 3howd
not be a7eader than toice 4he le0th o} he

obj ec
visuble ught (4-4XIomis not Suuable fobr th
Stuoly shucbute soldrg ax h sige o
paxtcles 13 L thne

x-MayS hawe they n the 1amge o S3e

Othe soud pasucles Therejove
Used fov he
sudy o Stu cune
SoWds
-Mar on aeu sudred he
the strulure o
Nacl a
4CCby X-AOy a cluon omalyi
Nact-fce by Y-ay naclrn
malysu
-Bor he cateinq oelecthomaqmuue
).

obect)the objrc must co

inw e
ined a in
dihaclon yalungAopica) daviti
koell dehed ponts a n o
payuclec
Soids cuyctatirg
The Spacing blu the ne
wme OY
Sumular PoUnb
Poinb
to he
gth used
The
scallered -rays rom
may undeqo onsptictive
a
oystallina Solid
sotd
OY

utemetence amd-all on
dectuctive
we
phologyaphic Plod
Patern oj b h
a
omd
OY
dak 'pod che
dols om which sTuchuu o Sod 1i
amaysed
4hei2 Scattered Nes ederqo meef inpha
(CYest-crest trpug- trough)",it 1stalled
ov

Constuclure unteotenge whidh

iniea th
intensio the esuuing wane ve h
mabe
a
bxqt pat ch o Spot on the
plode phologrophit
i wowes meeliouJe pham Cyett-
t
ough,
1s Called desludlwe udeyerepceVch decrease
e unte h ct oresuu Wave amd maka
olavk
Palch Or spot bn the
Phslogyophic pla

AA1 Consuchin
A indefent
B12t Sfot
 desbuclc Ap csuttung otue
nteeente (Nch da
e
Spet)
Braga's Equalion
i n c i de n t
yracleda
t a
Plane-
Plame2
Bragas
Tag's eualLon qwes
Telahon betuoeen
a mathe mou co
a p wed omd he
21e p dijiratioo 9 is OA2dsins
orde afradon 2
avelenqth ox-7a
|inteplama dstamu
le djraduon
-It 1s deved by wiltam H Braga (adhu)
rilam L Eragg (son, amd hay 1ecwed a
oble p3e lor af
TheyCons
sider ed 4hot each ys tollune Solid
Cons plaes of Paucles.
h monDchvomalie bea c ->a
'oed 4o all on a
y s talune sobd ha
1y ae ciua d by h plane ofosk
 X-7ys Jaluna on plomu I
ConsIdey
making an le md OJte
esp-cuwely
zle
dijraded v t h e Same
more uet ame
haves do
The 9nd x-y
han he s . stay Thu
dtene nta is
called path dijHence.
= AB+BC
Fath du4terence
=2A8 C:: A8 = B)
fom l e ADB!
sine AB
OB
-AD elStn 9
Poth diietence adsino (rom m 122)
DY Consbuctive inteevenca o diiratd To
be a ulegmlruliple
Padt Herene must
th dutere no'= NA
O 23**
trom OA 2dSune
n dsune
OA dSne
: (0a= 2cdSine
Bragg3 equaton
atti ce:
t t 1s a tegular systemaluc aYOmgemumt O
e svi
Poun suthha each pow ic un
envronment.
lotuce moy be t-D, 2po 3 b
a
latice mut ainli u
each p he lathçe s (alled
ties sah l t b e l a a t pcint
tce sattatte
 I he
I h e atte pbinlh ae
jomad by s asqs
wm, he geomel y luce s dbteunad
a Ao o oystal l o
luce dienent
-D on
cttu ce d-pend 1 pavamlay e
ony
dulam ce bawcen he PoUnt

a 2-D l t c e depend on 3 pastamakes

aYe dulam aong y- amus2

ThoseP
hem
2-D latices
The ave 5 Pe

a) c

Square lalu
a=b 2 = 9 0 Retamqulas Hexaqo nal laUu
laluco atb
a-b

d)

Padleloqram lauu
ab 90 Ret Rhombws latti ce
a=b

A3- Jauce, depend on 6

paYameleS
Thoe Col e
dulamcs alörg ,
md blw
olo Caby 42-aus
2 zles ha
 -D laaluces are Called ya tatire Dr

Space latuce. Lony 3D hlucb a e calted

Coyatallaftices
oystal battuce

3- D
1t 1S a syslemahè
Poimt 0 SpatCe

Cach pomt n he ystal latlice indicoa

constibue Pat cle nt

h e ltlite Ponb un e
atal, lato
ane join ed to aethet, it qyes, the
geo mely
tuyst a laltice
There are , s oskad ltices
A
A stal latuce, ConlaLps larg wmb
w t cele hich epeaedely combine to
the enure laluce.
we

ONt Cetl

Itshe\, cmallest 37D 1epealungunt0a

Ouy stal lalttece whch Tepeatedely combumes to

we the enture lattice

a wnit Cell chavadevtCed b 6 Paramelers
Those ave Prmibwes t 3
dges Or

inlerfacia ' s (P,) Cab.c)

-OX, oy, 02 ane Cale

yctallographic a
etge lenghh. aonq
 B,S. (lefacial zles b b,

eomeluy fropeue a unit Cl ate

ale
Consid eyed a the
comey
enure Cystal atice gcomey
Tyes O Unit CeNs
wo
-unit cels 'are ctaed
mun
a)
pimive unt U.C
cets/simple U.C
- They ContaunD
paucle only
only at,
a the om4S
ce POUnh-9

nond pmbve lcentred umt CalS.

hcontain Patctesat hebce
ace cerdye
OY
bodyCentyegalbng with Omasts
COmolS
3 types

ace Centeyed mit celle

They con taun partele at allhe fate Cente
alonguithcomers.
face Cenled cwbie
laltu
Sp:14
2)Bod centsed wnut
celle.
ey Contaun at
th COYmS
pauclus body alor
bocy ceml alorg

Body Cerlud boc (enth

Cubic Jp-
 fnd ace cenle ed wmut Celle

They CoNaun
Paucles at tuDoOpo Jt fato
ceret along ith tom.
wwe eA
end 4ace centred Othoyhumbic c y orm

Jp-1D

-AN he cystal cysbms may may not a

a l he 4 types c wn Cclls

-A the ayslal yslems conlai Prmuve

wnit cens Cexteptuoo Henagonal)
fov the 4
caysta eystems, 14 mit Calle a
ound fu now. These are
called
Called Branau
ByaNas
latlices )

Theoihcally *4 2 ctteeArvet possube

Brva
hattiu. BraNi
BraNias
AD
hallc
B r a vi u all Bramiaslay BraviaS lattices
Braslattrw
hatt
B r a s l al a l
c ie j

Coded brthoahombe
dace Cordd Drthoahombre

u m Cell
E n d a
1

o
 áct
Nole Hexagonal cy sta yclem a

umit cel but tt 1s excepllo na Cabe

urthin wt
P r e s e n E

Pasucles a othet PoedonA alp 'alorg i

ComeS
A Pumubire

Coniauns 12 Con jbmA 2eace celred

3 Paude in side the wnit Cell.

Elemenls o Symmelby t CubicSysdem

-Cubic sysle
syslem olaunM Max O O elemens ef
mmey n all the Caystal Systems.

IE ha a) plame
Symmulb bAin of Syondi
)Cenu ymmeb ovevston S
Pos
a system 1s wided nto 2 ua halves

Y mages
eath othaby
C
umagnanPlane whuch pames htough' he
(ente The syste 1s Saud to hye Pos
 a2types os( )
oubic Syslem

)Rectamyula fos. (3)

-Reclanqula Pos Pam 4ho

ough 4 edge cendus

amd a
body Cendre

diagonal Pog 6
- A diagonal gos fses through 4 Comes d

2
OpPe daes }
*
body ceilre.
3
oi agona Plae
(v2 5,( 344) (235) (46)
Crs36)( i945

) AOSLn)

S stem 1S MölaledB m maginaly au

whch Pases the
ough ceñle foY
for
36
36
Sumulay appeaance IS
Seen for moyethom
tome e Then the Syalem 1s Saud o
hawe AOS

I Sumilay
apeavamme sedsed or ume
dweng9 360, 1olaloo, hen alledi
n-olod a
mebuy cn)
(Cn)
 n : 2, t s Coalled Tuso
folddiod o oe

Symmety
- n-3 thYee fold had oni Symmel
Cubic Syslem h a , C3, C3 -t Ca Mos
AOS

a- fetd ADS (C)*

A 2fol d Aos passes hvough 9 opr cdae cenues
No. of C, Aos = 6

dold
b9t4OS Ccg)
This ams pame
emough 3 Órp Cornes.

There fOre , No. o 2 d AoS

odd axis.e symey v t e e n no s o

Struei
tt h a Symetne cayst alune sO,I
is igotophuc)

4-1old Aos (4).

-
This aus passeg ugh ,2 oP Hace centes
NO, o 4-fold, A0SF 3

+3 = 13
Tota AOS n Cubic sytem
Syetem 6t 4
3) Cerlhe mvenston cf Sy mmesy d)
the CntYe o
- a ne is draon hrougb

PP G*eups Same goups n OpP direc

uYec.
l e at h
theqops DYPD S.ma
dust om the Ceilve, it IS Saud,to, kaNe

A Cubic system has AcDS

tna cubic syste m o tal elementn O

symmety a+13+ I 23

Tn cinic System has no elemann O

Symm ety

bao o conctam
OSymmebys.l
A11 the
jtads a cubstamCa Condaun the
Same
mbe oelemunt ymmiby"
eaA the wnit cells
yct aline o aa cubica
cuubica
sub. Corlaun to
4o4a 3 elemiis
Smmey each.

w
 Cubie Unat Cels
Par amelevs o

Cyse m
hau 3 bivje
al
A Cuubic Cyst

oltices
Thy oie
Sump Ipumuine Cube
ate entred Culbe

cenle ed Cube
Body

-These 3 bralal lolut dtt n sevetal

Paramelers

)EjectNe no e aloms p umbt cell(Ze) lumt

ot n u cel.
Cel corlen Ramk

De
7eH=De) +n«/)
+

tom
CoMu

cno O aldm
cenbt
oface
n no
ne no ed,
Cenl

o body
hb'

a) ina prumli
Cube
1

)+D 0*D 1

+01 O 4
e +
n Bce
fcc> BCC>"
e
2e cell
wntt
tn
alom
2) Kadus o
tride anuclea lneebluo
Radius 1 OJ Ave tn contact
Ohich
aloms
a) Pumdlive Cube)
comuu
e b touuh yt
-aloms a odyacent
eath othan.
aedoe lenyth
b)un fcC
oom along the focA duogona) ave i
ontoc Vt ealh othw
C)tn BcC'
doms photes alongJ the obe body choxpnad
ove in Conloc Vt e a h othei
 a+
r 3o/4
fcc
cdge(ength: f c BCC' S C
c BcC
2
3Dendi ounit Ccls
mass of
unit cel ( mu)
d
cen(vwe)
olume o umit
Ze AVagado
M 023id
ngm
lengath C Do a
Volue a, edge
.density =z
zxM
Na
a X N .
dsc L¥MN. xa3
denefy
deitaxM/N,va
decc 2xM Nxa
dzeH ( i, a= k)
d a (i z8K)
a3
4 facuing acton (PP)
total voum
-It ts he
acuo
heyes oY
Cube Occpud by Sp

t ts the iáho o o c p u dvolnme tota V

tota Ve
sphUw.
0ube
PfVolume occup iud by sphurus

Total votumu o Cuub e. a3

PakLn Hiuniy CPe 1s the 7 bta

ot a

OCupiea by Spha
PE= Pf Y toD

,l00-Pe
. void spate
a) In sc

PeCsc) TT
O523s
053

Void spaCo10052:3. 4 6

btn fCC
3
3 v 2 O . 4

Pete 4).
7.of void par 26.
 c)tnBcC
D69
Pfcecc)
=f ev
3
Vodapace32

fec Bec So

f c c Bcc> sC
PE 4 69 "

SC
Bcc
Votd spau: fcc 2

nuwbeN?
5Coo dinalon

-it1S,the umbex ot nearect ruqh bouS

aounda partculan sphue' In theystm

a)tn SC
2a-12

Co-Ordunalion
3aF

numbey tn, sc6

-nearsest neighbows dust
2 nd dict: a a
2 Co-Orduialidn no 2
d Naa
3 3a co-Ordunaltonno d i st
Binfcc

A CN =12 distamce:aatF Saal

and diama a
CN

3 C- dint om ce a C:24

cN 2 dit a
 T) Bcc
duot: v a
2

nd CN-6 dust: a

3T CH-12 dust: J2

4th C- dist J2a

B CCSsc
fCC
CNfcc >BcC> SC
9st) (a) () ()

Note a, CN 6
a , 3 a 'CN8
2a, Jaa CN 12

Deteymune the -fomula oaCompouma tOTMad

AB
is at the comuS+ B'at BC. "
a A pesent
b) IS at comnus B is at fc
fC
C) A 1S at comUS, B is'at onya Opp

d)-A s at ComeS, 1 o edge centu

e)A 1S at comys at face CenlES but

aloms
alorg h oce dia qonal cmoned
A) A 1s at comuus B face
bedy centye, bt alo
along the
bod dtaqonal 7
Temoved.
aA
B-21,-1
fomul a , AB AB

b) A d) AR Yp
-6Y 3
AB 3
AB
Removd

e) - A6x -/4-
B-
1eMpved A 'B 4
A1B 3 :1D
So, ABio
So ABA
b

' Delermune, he iprmuda Jommad by AB

whte ASPesent at LotnoS fae carius

6\ = 4
So AB Lompo umdtoy
A
B + 3 4 Aa B mit e

A Is
ompounud fonmud alemen ?y
ohne adoms ae at omerng 2alow a
at eoth boduy ouoqona. îhen (oa

a) z
(6)4omda Compownd.
N 1,
c)oll the aloma om 1 Bdogo
Temoved rd he M, fomula.