Dr. RB J.
Gallego
▪ Interior Defects
▪ Center rot – includes all defects except butt rot, usually found at
the center whether in the form of a rot or an opening and is either
regular or irregular.
▪ Heart shake – radial crack appearing at the end of the log in the
form of complete or partial circle.
▪ Heart check – radial crack emanating from the center of the log.
▪ Brash center – a center defect which is circular in form as maybe
observed from one end of the log and has a much coarser and
brittle surface than the unaffected portion.
▪ Butt rot – a defect found in butt logs where the rot does not extend
through the entire length of the log.
Center Rot (volume of cylinder)
Butt Rot (volume of cone)
Center Rot and Butt Rot (volume of cylinder if Butt Rot is smaller)
Center Rot and Butt Rot (volume of cone if Butt Rot is bigger)
▪ Side defects
▪ Cat face – is a defect resulting from wounds due to fire or from any
mechanical means.
▪ Sun or season checks – are cracks due to effects of drying which extends
from the surface towards the center of the log.
▪ Rotten knot - decayed knot. Rot entering through a knot that may extend
to the center of the log and work its way upward and downward causing a
center rot.
▪ Wormy – damage caused by grub holes or large borers.
▪ Unsound sap – refers to the rot or decay in the sapwood.
▪ Split – are cracks on the side of the log or may run through the
heartwood.
▪ Form defects
▪ Crook – abrupt bend in one portion of the log.
▪ Sweep – gradual curvature extending over the entire length of the
log.
▪ Double crook – crooks are found on both ends of the log.
▪ 1. Cat Face (CF) L = 12 m
d = 70cm
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐹 Lcf = 4 m
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑐 Vg = 5.30 m3
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
Voc
D = 80cm
Where: f = extent of cat face
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = volume outside circle Vic
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐
𝑉𝑖𝑐 =volume inside circle
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿
Depth = 20cm
D = big-end diameter
d = depth of cat face
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Lcf = 4 m
Vg = 5.30
D = 80cm
m3
Voc
▪ 1. Cat Face (CF) Vic
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐹
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
▪ Steps
Where: f = extent of cat face
▪ 1. Compute Vg using Government’s
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = volume outside circle formula.
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐 ▪ 2. Compute Volume of Defect
𝑉𝑖𝑐 =volume inside circle a. Compute Vic
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿 b. Compute Voc
D = big-end diameter c. Compute Vcf
d = depth of cat face
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Lcf = 4 m
Vg = 5.30
D = 80cm
m3
Voc
▪ Steps Vic
▪ 1. Compute Vg using Government’s
formula. Depth = 20cm
▪ Vg = 5.30 m3
a. Compute Vic
▪ 2. Compute the Volume of Defect 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿
a. Compute Vic 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − 2(.2𝑚) 2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
b. Compute Voc
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
c. Compute Vcf
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝑥 0.16𝑚2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 1.51𝑚3
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Lcf = 4 m
Vg = 5.30
D = 80cm
m3
Voc
▪ Steps Vic
▪ 1. Compute Vg using Government’s
formula.
▪ Vg = 5.30 m3
b. Compute Voc
▪ 2. Compute the Volume of Defect 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐
a. Compute Vic = 1.51m3 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 5.30𝑚3 − 1.51𝑚3
b. Compute Voc 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 3.79𝑚3
c. Compute Vcf c. Compute Vcf
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐹
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
1 4𝑚
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 3.79𝑚3
4 12𝑚
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 0.083 3.79𝑚3 = 0.31m3
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Lcf = 4 m
Vg = 5.30
D = 80cm
m3
Voc
▪ Alternative formula: Vic
▪ 𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 𝑇𝑥𝑊𝑥𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 0.20𝑚𝑥𝑊𝑥4𝑚
𝑊 =?
1 Depth = 20cm
𝑊= 𝐶
4
𝐶 =?
C= 𝜋𝐷
C= 3.1416 (0.80m) = 2.51m
1
𝑊 = 2.51𝑚 = 0.63𝑚
4
𝑉𝐶𝐹 = 0.20𝑚𝑥0.63𝑚𝑥4𝑚 = 0.50m3
▪ 2. Unsound Sap (US)/Wormy (W)/Sun or Season Checks (SSC) L = 12 m
d = 70cm
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐
Vg = 5.30 m3
Where:
Voc
D = 80cm
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = volume outside circle
Vic
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐
𝑉𝑖𝑐 =volume inside circle
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿
D = big-end diameter
d = depth of defect
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Vg = 5.30 m3
D = 80cm
Voc
▪ Steps Vic
▪ 1. Compute Vg using Government’s
formula.
▪ Vg = 5.30 m3
a. Compute Vic
▪ 2. Compute the Volume of Defect 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿
a. Compute Vic 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − 2(.2𝑚) 2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
b. Compute Voc
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝑥 0.16𝑚2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 1.51𝑚3
d = 70cm
L = 12 m
Vg = 5.30 m3
D = 80cm
Voc
▪ Steps Vic
▪ 1. Compute Vg using Government’s
formula.
▪ Vg = 5.30 m3
a. Compute Vic
▪ 2. Compute the Volume of Defect 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝐷 − 2𝑑 2 𝑥𝐿
a. Compute Vic 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − 2(.2𝑚) 2 𝑥12𝑚
b. Compute Voc 𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .80𝑚 − .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 .4𝑚 2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 0.7854 𝑥 0.16𝑚2 𝑥12𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 1.51𝑚3
b. Compute Voc
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 5.30𝑚3 − 1.51𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 3.79𝑚3
L = 12 m
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓𝑥𝑉𝑔 (if split is from end-to-end)
d = 70cm
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑔 Vg = 5.30 m3
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
Where: Voc
D = 80cm
f= extent of split f = 1/16
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓𝑥𝑉𝑔
1
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑥 5.30𝑚3
16
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 0.33𝑚3
L = 12 m
d = 70cm
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓𝑥𝑉𝑔 (if split is from end-to-end)
Vg = 5.30 m3
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑔
Voc LSP = 6 m
D = 80cm
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
Where: f = 1/16
f= extent of split
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑔
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑔
1 6𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝑥 5.30𝑚3
16 12𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 0.165m3
12m
2m 10m
1. SINGLE CROOK (SC)
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = %𝑆𝐶𝑥𝑉𝑔
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = %𝑆𝐶𝑥𝑉𝑔
𝐿1 −𝐿2
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 𝑥100 𝑉𝑔 𝐿1 −𝐿2
𝐿1 𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 𝑥100 𝑉𝑔
𝐿1
Where: L1= longest length 12𝑚−10𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 𝑥100 5.30𝑚3
L2= length excluding the crook 12𝑚
2𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 𝑥100 5.30𝑚3
12𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 16.67% 5.30𝑚3
𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 0.88𝑚3
12m
2m 3m
W1
W2
2. DOUBLE CROOK (DC)
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = %𝐷𝐶𝑥𝑉𝑔 1
𝑊 +
1
𝑊
2 1 2 2
1
𝑊 +
1
𝑊
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑥100 𝑉𝑔
2 1 2 2
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑥100 𝑉𝑔
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 1
2𝑚 + 23𝑚
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 2
𝑥100 5.30𝑚3
Where: W1= wasted length 1 12𝑚
1𝑚 +1.5𝑚
W2= wasted length 2 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑥100 5.30𝑚3
12𝑚
2.5𝑚
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑥100 5.30𝑚3
12𝑚
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 20.83% 5.30𝑚3
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 1.10𝑚3
Depth = 10cm
70cm
3. SWEEP (SW)
𝑉𝑆𝑊 = %𝑆𝑊𝑥𝑉𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑝
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑝 %𝑆𝑊 = 𝑥100
%𝑆𝑊 = 𝑥100 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙−𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 10𝑐𝑚
%𝑆𝑊 = 𝑥100 = 14.29%
70𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑆𝑊 = %𝑆𝑊𝑥𝑉𝑔
𝑉𝑆𝑊 = 14.29%𝑥5.30𝑚3
𝑉𝑆𝑊 = 0.76𝑚3
▪ Find the %S and %D, and TFC of a Tanguile log in Luzon with the following
dimensions and defects.
Dimension & Defects
a. length = 10 m d. center rot = 40 cm
b. big end diameter = 80 cm e. butt rot = 25 cm diameter, 1.5 m long
c. small end diameter = 70 cm
