Honors Chemistry Reading Guide Name: ___________________________________

Chapters 12 and 13 States of Matter & Gases Period: _________

12.1 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Matter and Gases

1. What does the word kinetic mean?

2. What is the kinetic-molecular theory (KMT)?

3. What does KMT say about particle size and attractive forces?
a. Size

b. Attractive forces

4. What does KMT say about particle motion?

a. Motion

b. What is an elastic collision?

5. What does KMT say about particle energy?

a. What two factors determine the kinetic energy (KE) of a particle?

b. Write the formula for kinetic energy and describe what each variable represents.

c. Describe the kinetic energy of different particles in a sample.

d. Give the chemistry definition of temperature.

e. If the temperature of a gas (or solid or liquid) increases, what happens to the kinetic energy of the particles?

f. If two different gases are at the same temperature (which means the gases have the same kinetic energy), how
would you determine which gas would have the faster speeds?

6. Convert these temperatures from °C to Kelvin, or from Kelvin to °C. (formula on back of periodic table)
a. 20. °C c. 315.0 K

b. -15.0 °C d. 15 K

1
7. How does KMT explain the low density of gases?

8. How does KMT explain the ability of a gas to expand or contract?

9. What is diffusion?

10. How does KMT explain diffusion?

11. Why do gases expand to fill the container in which they are placed?

12. How is effusion different from diffusion?

13. Explain what Graham’s law means in words you understand. What does it mean for the effusion and diffusion of
lighter or heavier particles?

14. Which gas will effuse faster, hydrogen or argon? How do you know?

15. List the following gases in order from slowest to fastest diffusion: N 2, Ne, He, Kr, Cl2, CO2

16. What is pressure?

17. How do gas particles exert pressure?

18. What device is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

19. Pressure is measured in many different units. List pressure values that are equivalent to 1 atmosphere (atm) for the
following units: millimeters of mercury (mmHg), torr, kilopascals (kPa), pascals (Pa), and pound per square inch.
Use Table 1 on page 407.

20. The air pressure for a certain tire is 109 kPa. What is this pressure in atmospheres?

2
21. The weather news gives the atmospheric pressure as 1.07 atm. What is this atmospheric pressure in mm Hg?

22. The pressure in the tire of an automobile is 34.8 lb/in2. What is the pressure in kPa?

23. The pressure gauge on a compressed air tank reads 43.2 lb/in 2. What is the pressure in torr?

24. Convert 2983 torr to kilopascals

25. Which pressure conversion factors have infinite significant digits? (State as equalities)

26. What is partial pressure?

27. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures in words and write the formula.

28. What three things does the partial pressure of a gas depend upon?

29. The partial pressure of a gas does not depend upon what?

30. Example Problem: Some hydrogen gas is collected over water at 20.0°C. The levels of water inside and outside
the gas-collection bottle are the same. The partial pressure of hydrogen is 742.5 torr. What is the barometric
pressure at the time the gas is collected? (The partial pressure of water at 20.0°C is given on page 410 of your
book.)

31. Gases produced in the lab are often collected over water, as shown in Figure 8 on page 410. Why does the gas
produced in the reaction displace the water in the inverted bottle?

32. When a gas is collected over water, is the gas pure? _________ Why or why not?

3
 Real Versus Ideal Gases Page 457-459

33. What is an ideal gas?

34. State at least 5 properties of ideal gases.

35. When do real gases deviate most from ideal gas behavior?

36. What types of gas particles deviate most from ideal gas behavior?

37. Give two examples of gases likely to deviate from ideal behavior, and two that are unlikely to deviate from ideal
behavior.

12.3 Liquids and Solids

1. Describe the shape and volume of a liquid.

2. Why are liquids more ordered than gases?

3. Compare the density and compressibility of a gas to a liquid.

4. Why is a liquid not very compressible?

5. Why are gases and liquids classified as fluids?

6. Why does a liquid diffuse more slowly than a gas?

7. What is viscosity?

8. Describe the relationship between viscosity and intermolecular forces, particle size and heat.

4
9. What is surface tension and what causes it?

10. Why does surface tension cause liquid droplets to take on a spherical shape?

11. How can the surface tension of water be disrupted?

12. Describe the shape and volume of a solid.

13. Why would a substance be a solid at room temperature rather than a liquid?

14. Why are solids more ordered than liquids or gases?

15. Why do solids have a higher density and are less compressible than liquids and gases?

16. Explain why the densities of solid and liquid water are unique. What causes this?

17. Most solids are crystalline solids. What is a crystalline solid?

18. Crystal structures can also be described in terms of the types of particles in them and the types of chemical
bonding between the particles. What are the five types of crystalline solids?

19. List properties of ionic solids. Give 2 examples of ionic solids.

20. Noncrystalline solids, including glass and plastics, are called amorphous solids. What is an amorphous solid?

12.4 Phase Changes

21. What is heat?

22. As ice melts, what does the added energy do to the ice?

23. What does the amount of energy needed to melt 1 mole of substance depend on?

24. What is a melting point?

5
25. What happens to the temperature of a substance as it melts?

26. What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?

27. What is sublimation?

28. Describe the process of condensation.

29. What is deposition?

Honors Chemistry Notes: Phase Changes (12.4) and Water

Phase Changes
The state of matter a substance is found in depends on its intermolecular forces (force of attraction between particles).
To change the state of matter (or phase), energy must be added or removed.

Change of State Process Energy Change Distance between particles IMF

Solid  Liquid
Liquid  Solid
Liquid  Gas
Gas  Liquid
Solid  Gas
Gas  Solid

Vaporization: The process by which a liquid changes to a __________ or vapor.

Evaporation: When vaporization occurs only at the _________________ of a liquid.

 During evaporation, only those molecules with a certain minimum _______________ _______________ can
escape from the surface of the liquid. They need a certain amount of kinetic energy to overcome the
_________________________ holding the particles close together.

 Heating a liquid causes it to evaporate ___________________ because it increases the average ____________
________________ of the particles in the liquid. More of the particles will have enough energy to overcome
the _______________________________ holding them in the liquid phase.

 Evaporation is a cooling process because the particles with the __________________ kinetic energy escape
first, leaving the particles with a _________________ kinetic energy behind (which means a lower T.)

Vapor Pressure: In a closed system, when a liquid becomes a gas and the gas particles collide with the surface of the
liquid and the walls of the container, it causes vapor pressure.

 Increasing the temperature of a contained liquid __________________ the vapor pressure because more of the
liquid particles will have enough ______________________ to overcome the attractive forces and become a
gas. The gas particles will have a higher kinetic energy and will move _____________ and collide more often.
(higher pressure)
6
Volatile liquids: evaporate easily because: They have relatively ________________________________________
between their particles.

Nonvolatile liquids: do not evaporate easily because: They have relatively _______________________________
between their particles.

The stronger the intermolecular forces (IMFs) in a liquid, the _______________________ its equilibrium vapor
pressure. Explanation: When IMFs are strong, it is ______________________ for molecules to enter the _________
phase, so there are ________________ molecules of the gas which means _____________ pressure.

Boiling: Occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which particles throughout the ___________ have enough
kinetic energy to vaporize. The liquid begins to form ______________ of vapor throughout the body of the liquid.

Boiling Point: The T at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the ________________________________.

 At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure is _________________ which means the boiling point of water
would be _________________.
 Boiling is a cooling process because the particles with the ______________ kinetic energy escape first leaving
the particles with a _____________________ kinetic energy behind (lower temperature)
 When water (or any liquid) boils, the temperature of the water ____________ rises above it’s boiling point.
 Normal Boiling Point: the boiling point of a liquid at ________________________

During a change in state, the temperature of the substance _____________________________.

Interpreting Phase Diagrams

Answer the questions below in relation to the following phase diagram.

1. Which section represents the solid phase? ________

2. What section represents the liquid phase? ________
3. What section represents the gas phase? ________
4. What letter represents the triple point? ________ In your own words, what is the definition of a triple point?

5. What is this substance’s melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure? _________

7
6. What is this substance’s boiling point at 1 atmosphere of pressure? _________
7. Above what temperature is it impossible to liquefy this substance, no matter what the pressure? _____
8. At what temperature and pressure do all three phases coexist? ___________________
9. At a constant temperature, what would you do to cause this substance to change from the liquid phase to the solid phase?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
10. At a constant pressure, what would you do to cause this substance to change from the gas phase to the liquid phase?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10 What does sublimation mean? ___________________________________________________________________

For questions 11- 13, refer to the phase diagram below of a pure substance. Draw an arrow for each process on the diagram below
and Label it.
(A) Sublimation
(B) Condensation
(C) Vaporization
(D) Melting
(E) Deposition

11. If the pressure decreases from 1.5 to 0.5 atmospheres at a

constant temperature of 50˚C, which of the processes
occurs?

12. If the temperature increases from 10°C to 50°C at a constant pressure of 0.5 atmospheres, which of the processes occurs?

13. If the temperature decreases from 110°C to 40°C at a constant pressure of 1.1 atmospheres, which of the processes occurs?

Honors Chemistry Notes: The Gas Laws

Variables used in the Gas Laws: ____________________________________________________________

Boyle’s Law – P and V of a gas at constant temperature are ________________ proportional to each other.
If one increases, the other ____________________.

PxV=k or P1V1 = P2V2

Explanation: Pressure of a gas is caused by gas particles ________________ the walls of a container. If the
_____________ of the container is increased, the particles have to travel farther to ____________ the walls
of the container. This means the pressure will decrease.

Sketch of Graph of Boyle’s Law:

1. The volume of air in a bicycle pump is 2.30 L and the pressure is 1.06 atm. If the air is compressed to
1.40 L, what is the new pressure?
8
2. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is used as an anesthetic. The pressure on 2.50 L of N 2O changes from 105 kPa to
40.5 kPa. If the temperature does not change, what will the new volume be?

Charles’ Law - V and T of a gas at constant pressure are ______________ proportional to each other. If
one increases, the other ___________________.

= k or =

For any gas law, temperature units must be in __________.

Absolute Zero is the lowest temperature possible (all molecular motion ceases). Absolute zero is -273.15 °C
or 0 K K = °C + 273.15

Explanation of Charles’ Law: At a higher temperature, the gas particles move _______________. They will
hit the walls of the container more ____________ and with more _____________. This will cause the
pressure to ______________. In order to hold the pressure constant, the __________________ of the
container must increase.

Sketch of Graph of Charles’ Law:

3. If a sample of gas occupies 6.80 L at 325°C, what will its volume be at 25.0°C if the pressure does not
change?

4. A gas with a volume of 15.0 L at 327°C is cooled at constant pressure until the volume reaches 5.00 L.
What is the new temperature of the gas?

9
Gay-Lussac’s Law - P and T of a gas at constant volume are _______________ proportional to each other.
If one decreases, the other __________________

= k or =

Temperature units must be in _________.

Explanation: As the temperature of a gas increases, the particles move ______________ and hit the walls of
the container more __________ and with greater _______________. Pressure is caused by these collisions
and will _________________.

Sketch of Graph of Gay-Lussac’s Law:

5. The pressure in a sealed plastic container is 108 kPa at 41°C. What is the pressure when the temperature
drops to 22°C? Assume that the volume has not changed.

6. The pressure in a car tire is 198 kPa at 27.5°C. After a long drive, the pressure is 225 kPa. What is the
temperature of the air in the tire? Assume that the volume is constant.

The Combined Gas Law – Expresses the relationship between P, V and T of a fixed amount of gas.

= k or =

7. A gas at 155 kPa and 25.5°C has an initial volume of 1.00 L. The pressure of the gas increases to 605
kPa as the temperature is raised to 125°C. What is the new volume?

8. A gas at 2.50 atm and 0°C has an initial volume of 1.25 L. The pressure of the gas is reduced to 1.50 atm
and the volume is increased to 2.50 L. What is the new temperature?

10
Avogadro’s Principle – Equal volumes of gases at the same T and P contain equal numbers of particles.

=k Molar volume of a gas at STP = __________.

9. What volume does 0.0984 mol of gas occupy at STP?

10. What quantity of gas, in moles, is contained in 5.81 L at STP?

Honors Chemistry Notes: The Ideal Gas Law

=k =k

The Ideal Gas Law:

=k = or PV = nRT where R is the ideal gas constant

The ideal gas constant for 1 mole of a gas at STP can be calculated: R = (T must be in __________)

What are the units for R? They depend on the units chosen for _____ and _____

Using the Ideal Gas Law:

1. If the pressure of a gas is 5.00 atm at 0°C in a 0.0100 L container, how many moles of gas are there?

2. The temperature of 1.2 L of a gas is initially 298 K. The volume increases to 1.8 L. What is the new
temperature?

11
3. The molar volume of helium at 356 K is 18.0 L. What is the pressure in kPa?

Density and Molar Mass of Gases:

4. What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at 750. mm Hg and 128°C?

5. What is the density of silicon tetrafluoride gas at 72°C and a pressure of 144.5 kPa?

6. A sample of an unknown gas has a mass of 0.116 g. It occupies a volume of 25.0 mL at a

temperature of 127°C and has a pressure of 155.3 kPa. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

7. Determine the mass of CO2 gas that has a volume of 7.10 L at a pressure of 1.11 atm and a
temperature of 31°C.

12
 Honors Chemistry Notes: Gas Stoichiometry

Steps of Stoichiometry
1. Write a balanced chemical equation.
2. Convert the given unit to moles.
3. Use a mole ratio to convert from the compound given, to the desired compound
4. Convert from moles to the desired unit.

Gas Stoichiometry:
 For any gas at STP (0°C and 1 atm), 1 mole of the gas has a volume of ______________
 If the conditions are not at STP and a gas is involved, you must use the ideal gas law and stoichiometry.
o If you are given the volume of the gas, use the ideal gas law first to find moles of the gas and then
use stoichiometry.
o If you are looking for the volume of the gas, use stoichiometry first to find the moles of the gas and
then use the ideal gas law to find the volume of the gas.

1. A student reacts 6.24 g of sodium bicarbonate with excess sulfuric acid. What volume of CO 2 is
produced at STP? Water and sodium sulfate are the other products.

2. How many grams of sodium are needed to react with 3.1 L of chlorine gas at a pressure of 1.45 atm and
a temperature of 42.0°C to produce sodium chloride?

3. How many liters of oxygen gas at 92.5 kPa and 20.0°C are needed to react with 42.0 g propane (C3H8)
in a combustion reaction?

13
4. What volume of carbon dioxide gas forms at 103 kPa and 25°C from the decomposition of 5.25 g of
calcium carbonate? Calcium oxide is also produced.

5. What mass of aluminum oxide is formed from the synthesis reaction of 15.0 L of oxygen gas with 20.2
g of aluminum at 30.°C and 780 mm Hg?

6. A sample of ethanol (C2H5OH) burns in O2 to form CO2 and H2O. If the combustion uses 55.8 mL of
oxygen measured at 2.26 atm and 40.°C, what volume of CO2 is produced when measured at STP?

7. Dinitrogen pentoxide gas decomposes into nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas. If 5.00 L of N2O5
reacts at STP, what volume of NO2 is produced when measured at 64.5°C and 1.76 atm.

14