M1S0: Review M1S1: Basic Concepts of Communication

LASSWELL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION What is Communication?

- Harold Dwight Lasswell (1902-1978) - David Berlo (1921-1996) - In its simplest form, communication is the transmission of a
- “One of the earliest and most influential communication message from a source to a receiver. For more than 70
models.” years now, this view of communication has been identified with
the writing of political scientist Harold Lasswell (1948).
- He said that a convenient way to describe communication is to
answer these questions:
o Who?
o Says what?
o Through which channel?
SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
BARNLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION o To whom?
- Claude Elwood Shannon & Warren Weaver (1916-2001) o With what effect?
- Dean C. Barnlund (1920-1992)
- “the mother of all communication models.”

Basic Communication Process

- A source sends a message through a medium to a

receiver producing some effects.

Elements and Process of Communication [SEMCDRFN]

SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- Source
- Wilbur Schramm (1907-1987) o oftentimes considered as the originator or initiator
of the message; sender or encoder of information;
can be an individual, group, or an institution
- Encoding
o pertains to the sender’s creation and organization
of ideas to form a message
- Message
 o product of the sender’s encoding; can be verbal - Intrapersonal Communication - Linear or Transmission
and/or non-verbal messages o the communication that takes place within a person;
an internal conversation with oneself
- Channel
o without this element, communication will not take - Interpersonal Communication
place; commonly called as the pathway, the route or o the communication that occurs between two (dyad)
the medium travelled by the message from the source or more persons (small group) interacting with each
to its recipient other to convey information

- Decoding - Mediated or Machine-Assisted Communication

o the process by which the receiver translates or o a type of interpersonal communication that uses the
interprets the source’s message to convey aid of mechanical (machines) and technological
meaning (electronics and computers) devices and the - Interactive or Interaction
internet
- Receiver
o the individual or the audience intended to receive - Public Communication
the information o involves an individual delivering a speech or a
message in front of an audience; public speaking
- Feedback
o the response of the receiver to the message; the - Mass Communication
phase that describes how the person heard, seen, o involves two or more persons or an institution
understood and process the information received using mechanical and technological devices to
produce and transmit messages to a large number of
- Noise mixed audiences
o pertains to any distraction, interference or
hindrance in a communication process; may be in
the form of physical, mental or emotional noises

Models of Communication
Levels of Communication according to Number of Participants - Transaction
 - the ability to use digital technology, communication tools
or networks to locate, evaluate, use and create information
- the ability to understand and use information in multiple
formats from a wide range of sources when presented via
computers, or to a person’s ability to perform tasks effectively
in a digital environment
- the ability to read and interpret media, reproduce data and
images through digital manipulation, and evaluate and
Linear or Transaction Model of Communication
apply new knowledge gained from digital environments

What is Media Literacy? - “…the Media Information Literacy is a fusion of the various

- understanding and using mass media in either an information and media sources and incorporated with the

assertive or non-assertive way, including an informed and concept of literacy. The challenge therefore is how one will

critical understanding of media, the techniques they employ be able to equip himself/herself with the knowledge, skills, and

and their effects attitude required by these fields.” (Zaporteza, et al., 2018, p. 6).

- the ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce

communication in a variety of media forms (e.g. television, - “This is indicative of the converging traditional and non-

print, radio, computers etc.) traditional media. With the acknowledgement of the need of
Interactive or Interaction Model of Communication - the ability to decode, analyze, evaluate and produce library, news, television literacy, the traditional conventions of

communication in a variety of forms. these media are now transforming into new forms” (Zaporteza,
et al., 2018, p. 6).

What is information Literacy? - “The role of media and information literacy in deepening
- the ability to recognize when information is needed and to democracy and good governance is crucial. Despite the
locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate threats of sensationalism and superficiality, media as the
information in its various formats ‘fourth estate’ is still regarded by the society as the
watchdog, ‘guardian of public interest’, and a ‘conduit’
between the government and the people (Coronel, n.d.)…
What is Digital Literacy?
The responsibility of media and the role it has to play makes

Transaction Model of Communication practitioners even more accountable in the creation of an

 ‘informed citizenry’ and a ‘media literate’ society” - Pre-Industrial (Before 1700s)  Punch cards
(Zaporteza, et al., 2018, p. 6). o People discovered fire, developed paper from
plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, - Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)
bronze, copper and iron. Examples: o The invention of the transistor ushered in the
- Thus, “Media and Information Literacy recognizes the  Cave paintings (35,000 BC electronic age. People harnessed the power of
primary role of information and media in our everyday  Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic
lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and  Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long
information - since it empowers citizens to understand the  Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) distance communication became more efficient.
functions of media and other information providers, to critically  Dibao in China (2nd Century) Examples:
evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as  Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)  Transistor Radio
users and producer of information and media content”  Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)  Television (1941)
(UNESCO, 2017).  Use of traditional paper and writing  Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC
materials (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
 Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
 Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett-Packard
- Industrial (1700s-1930s) 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
o People used the power of steam, developed  OHP, LCD projectors
machine tools, established iron production, and the  First Computers
manufacturing of various products (including books
through the printing press). Examples: - Information Age (1930s-2002s)
 Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) o The Internet paved the way for faster communication
 Printing press for mass production (19th and the creation of the social network. People
century) advanced the use of microelectronics with the
 Typewriter (1800) invention of personal computers, mobile devices,
 Telephone (1876) and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image,
 Motion picture photography/projection sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in
(1890) the information age. Examples:
M1S2: Evolution of Media  Commercial motion pictures (1913)  Portable computers: laptops (1980),
 Motion picture with sound (1926) netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
History of Media [PIEI]
 Telegraph
  Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet o Paper and pen, typewriter o Media experience is more interactive
Explorer (1995) o Printing pressor books o Audiences are more involved and can send
 Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo o Printing press or books. Newspaper, magazines feedback simultaneously
(1995) o Integrates all the aspects of old media
 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), - Electronic Age
Wordpress (2003) o Telegraph, telegram, telephone, computers
 Internet was born
o Printing press or books, computers TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM VS. CULTURAL DETERMINISM
 Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply
o Printing press or books, computers, radio, newspaper, - Technological Determinism
(2003), Facebook (2004)
magazines, personal computers o “…technology is the predominant agent of social and
 Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
cultural change. But it is not technology that drives
 Video: YouTube (2005)
- Information Age culture; it is how people use technology” (Baran,
 Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
o Personal computers, mobile phones, smart phones, 2021, fp. 26)
 Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts
wearable technology, social media o “the idea that machines and their development
(2013) 10.Smart phones, Wearable
o Printing press or books, digital books, personal drive economic and cultural change” (Baran, 2021, p.
technology, Cloud and Big Data
computers, mobile phones, smart phones, wearable G-9).
technology, social media o Because of the widespread online and video games,
HISTORY OF MEDIA [PIEI] o Printing press or books, newspaper, magazines, most of the young people these days no longer
What format used to communicate? television, radio, digital books, websites, mobile engage in outdoor games and activities.
phones, smart phones, wearable technology, social
What is used to store info? media
What is used to share info? TRADITIONAL VS. NEW MEDIA
- Cultural Determinism
- Pre-Industrial Age - Traditional o “...society is conceived of as the major factor
o Traditional paper and writing material o Media experience is limited determining the technological agenda and
o Traditional paper and writing materials, cave o One-Directional conditioning the diffusion of the technologies it
paintings, stone tablets o Sense receptors used are very specific produces… it tends to be less judgmental as to
o Traditional paper and writing materials, cave
o technology’s effects, seeing them rather as
paintings, stone tablet
consequences of other social factors” (Winston, 2006,
- New Media p. 12).
- Industrial Age
 o Seeking emotional support and validation, most o Democratic countries practice this theory of the o Information that has the main goal to educate the
teenagers are active in the use of social media press. audience such as new discoveries in science and
platforms. technology, different ways to take care of mental
- Authoritarianism and Communism health, and the like
o “Both call for subjugation of media for the o “The NDRRMC gives these simple steps on how
Normative Theories of the Press purpose of serving the government” (Baran, 2021, to activate the emergency alert feature on our
p. 386). mobile phone…”
What are Normative Theories of the Press? [LSA]
o The press is an instrument to enhance the ruler’s
- “an idea that explains how media should ideally operate in a power in the country. Thus, there is full censorship, - Public opinion and expression of dissent
given system of social values” (Baran, 2021, p. G-7) • the a suppression of any communication which may be o Provide a platform for public discourse
relationship between Press and the Government; the considered as harmful to the people, the leader, the o Netizens voicing out their views, opinions, and
ownership of the media and who controls the press or media in government, and the nation. disappointments regarding the pressing issues in
the country o “China has the world’s most extensive and our country is an example of this.
sophisticated online censorship system” as cited
- Libertarianism in Baran 2021 p. 388 - “Watchdog” Role of journalism
o “…the philosophy of the press asserting the good and o Types of censorship: political censor, moral censor, o The press/media investigating, fact-checking,
rational people can tell right from wrong if presented religious censor, military censor, corporate censor verifying the actions and statements of political
with full and free access to information; therefore, figures is an example of this
censorship is unnecessary” (Baran, 2021, p. 352). •
Libertarianism is free from any authority, control, Functions of Communication and Media [MMPWC]
- Channel for Advocacy for Political Viewpoints
or censorship. - Monitoring Function
o Different public/private sectors raising concerns
o Inform the citizens of what is happening
and making ways to help the farmers in our country
o General announcements or information given to
- Social Responsibility Theory is an example of this.
keep the people updated regarding important and/or
o “…asserts that media must remain free from the current events
M1S3: Types of Media
government control but, in exchange, media must o “PAGASA: Tropical Storm ‘Nika’ out of PAR but Types of Media and Media Convergence [PBM]
serve the public” (Baran, 2021, p. 362). rains to continue”
o It also allows community opinion, consumer action, - Print Media
and professional ethics. o Books, newspaper, magazines
- Meaning and Significance of Facts
o Educate the audience
 o paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that Argentina, Italy, Germany, Nigeria,
is traditionally mechanical Myanmar
Media Convergence

- Broadcast Media  Twitter audience overview - There was an erosion of traditional distinctions among
o reach target audiences using airwaves as the  # of ppl – 386million media
transmission medium  Share population – 6.4% - The co -existence of traditional and new media
o television and radio  Advertising reach - +14% - The co -existence of print media, broadcast media (radio
 Female – 39% and television), the Internet, mobile phones, as well as

- New Media (The Internet)  Male – 69% others, allowing media content to flow across various

o Content organized and distributed on digital platforms

 Twitter Reach ranking - The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital
platforms
 USA, Japan, Russia, UK, Saudi code, which is then accessible by a range of devices (ex. from
Arabia, Brazil, Turkey, India, the personal computer to the mobile phone), thus creating a
 Total population – 7.7 Billion
Indonesia, Mexico, France, Spain, digital communication environment
 Mobile users – 5.6 Billion
 Internet users – 4.57 billion Canada, Thailand, PH, Germany,
South Korea, Argentia, Australia, - Communication
 Active SocMed users – 3.81 billion
Malaysia o Social Network
 PH is 6th in the use of Facebook
 Facebook, Instagram, functionality of social

 Most used platforms  SimilarWeb media

 FB, YT, WhatsApp, Messenger,  Google, YT, FB, Baidu, TWT,

Weixin/Wechat, IG, Douyin/Tiktok, Wikipedia, IG, Yahoo, XVideos, - Education

QQ, Qzone, Sina weibo, reddit, Pornhub, Yandexu, NF, Yahoo JP, o Learning management system

kuaishou, snapchat, twt, pinterest XNXX, Live, Amazon, WhatsApp,  Google class, Edmodo
Naver, VK, Google BR
 Facebook reach rankings  Alexa - Advertisement/Commercial
 India, USA, Indonesia, brazil,  Google, YT, Tmall, FB, Baidu, QQ, o Product Advertisement
Mexico, PH, Vietnam, Thailand, Sohu, Login Tmall, Taobao, Yahoo,  Digitalized print ads across different
Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, 360, JD, Wikipedia, Amazon, Sina, platforms
turkey, UK, Colombia, France, Weibo, Pages Tmall, Live, Reddit,
NF - News
 o News Agency ‘average’ people were all those who did not hold the o For example, our perception of things is affected
 A newspaper that still publishes through print superior tastes and values of the mass society by our culture. That’s why we should remember that
and have online portal (website, apps, theorists”. For example, if you are not a politician our opinions vary from one culture to the other.
others) with multimedia contents then you are not expected to understand politics.
o “…but clearly not all average people were - Meaning-Making Perspective
- Entertainment mindlessly influenced by the evil mass media. o “…active audience members use media content to
o Multimedia personality People made consumption choices. They interpreted create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for
 A person who has a television show, content, often in personally important ways. Media did themselves. Naturally, this use can produce important
publishes books, launches music record, have effects, often good ones. No single theory could macro-level, or cultural, effects as well. Cultural and
appears in movies, endorses commercial encompass the wide variety of media effects claimed making-meaning theories, taken together, make a
products peddles product line, has a digital by mass society theorists”. most powerful case for becoming media literate.
multimedia game, concerts etc They argue that who we are and the world in which
- Limited Effects Theory we live are in large part of our own making.”
o “…the first systematic and scientific study of media
Media Effects [MLCM] effects” composed of several other theories. o Symbolic Interaction
o “media influence was limited by individual  Idea that people give meaning to symbols,
- Mass media enables mass communication. And with the
differences (for example, in intelligence and which then control people’s behavior in their
new/digital media, mass communication occurs everywhere
education), social categories (such as religion and presence
and every time to everyone. It is then unarguable that “media
political affiliation), and personal relationships (such
have effects. People may disagree about what those effects
as friends and family).”
might be, but media do have effects. Advertisers would not
o Social Construction of Reality
spend billions of dollars a year to place their messages in the
- Cultural Theory  Theory that cultures construct and maintain
media if they did not have effects” (p. 315). Let’s then take a
o “…our experience of reality is an ongoing, social realities by using signs and symbols; people
look at the major theories explaining the effects of
communication as well as some of the well-known arguments construction, not something that is only sent, learn to behave in their social world through

of media effects. delivered, or otherwise transmitted by one authority or interaction with them, as those mutually
elite (Baran & Davis, 2015, p. 309 as cited in Baran, negotiated meanings allow members of a

- Mass Society Theory 2021). culture to better know one another and

o “…the idea that the media are corrupting influences o “…meaning and, therefore, effects are negotiated predicts interaction and behaviors

that undermine the social order and that ‘average’ by media and audiences as they interact in the

people are defenseless against their influence… culture.” o Cultivation analysis

  Idea that television “cultivates” or constructs - may come from factual, opinionated, or misleading/biased A multimedia personality who has a television show publishes books,
a reality of the world that, although possibly information that is used to promote a particular point of view, launches music records, appears in movies, endorses commercial
inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality change behavior or motivate action products, peddles product line has s digital multimedia game concerts,
simply because we as a culture believe it to etc. is an example of media convergence in – Entertainment
Disinformation
be; we then base out judgements about and
If you are not a politician, then you are not expected to understand
our actions in the world in this cultivated - coming from purely false or misleading information used
politics. This is an example of – Mass Society Theory
reality to confuse and distract the intended audience
- active misdirection often used by political pundits and According to this theory, people made consumption choices. They
- Controversial Media Effects celebrity press agents planting stories in the press about their interrupted content, often in personally important ways. – Mass Society
o Despite lingering debate, the media violence-viewer party or client or the opposition to distract or divert the Theory
aggression link is scientifically well established. attention of masses from something they don’t want to talk
According to Baran (2021), these are the trends that stimulate the
o The same holds true for the relationship between about
erosion of traditional distinction among media EXCEPT – Non-
media portrayals of drug and alcohol use and their Misinformation
concentration of Media Ownership
realworld consumption. - unintentionally inaccurate information
o The stories carried in the media can and do contribute The following statements are true about the interactive Model of
- for example, during a breaking news situation where news
Communication Except – It describes communication as a process
to stereotyping of a wide array of people and reporters or other members of the media want to be the first to
in which communications generate social realities written social,
phenomena. report on the news may cause them to unintentionally deliver
relational, and cultural context.
o The same scientific evidence demonstrating that inaccurate information to the public
media can have negative effects shows that they can M1: Formative Questions This type of media is reproduced in a printing process that is
produce prosocial effects as well. traditionally mechanical – Print Media
This is NOT a product of the industrial age (1700s-1930s) –
“Media-literate individuals are themselves good mass communication It pertains to the sender’s creation and organization of ideas to form a
Television
theorists because they understand media effects and how and when message – Encoding
they occur” (Baran, 2021, p. 344). It is the ability to read analyze, evaluate, and produce
This is NOT a product of the Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) – Portable
Other Media Effects discussed on Crash Course’s “The Dark(er) communication in a variety of media forms (e.g. television, print, computers
Side of Media: Crash Course Media Literacy #10 [PDM] radio, computers etc) – Media Literacy
This type of media is content organized and distributed on digital
Propaganda This theory states that our experience of reality is an ongoing, platforms – New Media
social construction, not something that is only sent delivered, or
AS of April 2020, the Philippines ranks 15th with over 7 million users on
otherwise transmitted by one authority or elite – Cultural theory
this social media platform – Twitter
The press is an instrument enhance the ruler’s power in the country. It is between libertarian principle of freedom and practical admission of
Thus, there is full censorship, suppression of nay communication which the need for some form of control on media – Social Responsibility
What is Information Literacy?
may be considered as harmful to the people, the leader, the
This country maintains the “world’s most extensive and sophisticated
government, and the nation. – Authoritarian and Communism - “the ability to recognize when information is needed and to
online censorship system” – China
locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information
“Red tilapia tapped as alternative fish in Ilocos” This news is an example
It considers how social, relational and cultural context frame and in its various formats” (UNESCO, 2011, p. 186)
of what functions of Communications and Media – Channel for
influence our communication encounters – Transaction of - “a set of individual competencies needed to identify,
Advocacy
Communication evaluate and use information in the most ethical, efficient and
“Philippines’ COVD-19 cases breach 70,000 DOH” This headline fall effective way across all domains, occupations and professions”
It is the process by which the receiver translates or interprets the
under what function of media? – Monitoring Function (UNAOC, n.d.)
source’s message to convey meaning – Decoding
- Given these definitions, information literacy then aims to
“The New York Times will start using uppercase “Black” to describe
Nowadays, more and more young people are seeking validation develop and/or strengthen critical thinking.
people of African origin. It will fall under – Channel for Advocacy or
acceptance through social media. This thinking is a – Cultural
Political Views
Determinism
Stages and Elements [IDLAOEC]
With the erosion of traditional distinctions of media, there is a massive
The erosion of traditional distinctions among media is called –
rise in number of commercial in media platform – This is a trend of - Identifying/recognizing information needs
Convergence
Hyper-commercialism - Determining sources of information
The stories carried in the media can and do contribute to these - Locating or searching for information
According to this theory, people made consumption choices. They
phenomena involving a wide array of people – Stereotyping - Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information
interpret content, often in personal important ways – Mass Society
- Organizing, storing or archiving information
Theory M2S1: Information Literacy Defined
- Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way
“Media influence was limited by individual differences, social categories, What is Information? - Creating and communicating new knowledge
and personal relationships.” – Limited Effects Theory
- Data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in
The role of MIL in deepening democracy and good governance is order to be presented in a useable form Components [IFEAA]
crucial, because – The media and the people have a role play in - A broad term that can cover processed data, knowledge - Identify
ensuring good governance derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols - Find
The people can tell right from wrong if presented with full access to info - In the media world, information is often used to describe - Evaluate
censorship is unnecessary – Libertarianism knowledge of specific events or situations that has been - Apply
gathered or received by communication, intelligence, or news - Acknowledge
reports.
Ethical Use of Information [CIQP] o Using someone’s words directly needs citation . lectures. These information would then be
When you use a direct quote, place the passage organized before one starts writing the initial
- Common Knowledge
between quotation marks, and document the source draft.
o Facts that can be found in numerous places and are
according to a standard documenting style.
likely to be widely known may no longer require Plagiarism
o Example:
citation.
 According to John Smith in The New York - Plagiarism, the act of using other people’s words and ideas
o Example:
Times, “37% of all children under the age of without clearly acknowledging the source of the
 Rodrigo Duterte was elected as the
10 live below the poverty line”. information, has legal implications.
Philippine President in 2016.
 Academic writing is a process. As the - While ideas themselves are not copyrightable, the artistic
 First case of COVID-19 was in China
book Institute of Education (2008) says, it “is expression of an idea automatically falls under copyright when
 W.H.O announced COVID-19 outbreak as a
best thought of as a circular process” (p. 10) it is created. Under fair use, small parts may be copied
pandemic on March 12, 2020.
because it follows a certain course of without permission from the copyright holder. However,
reading, researching, and writing activities even under fair use – in which you can use some parts of the
before producing a good output. material for academic or non-profit purposes – you must
- Interpretation
attribute the original source. What is considered fair use is
o You must document facts that are not generally
- Paraphrase rather subjective and can vary from country to country. Thus,
known, or ideas that interpret facts which needs do not plagiarize.
o Using someone’s ideas but rephrasing them in
citation.
your own words. Although you will use your own
o Example:
words to paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and
 Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball Avoiding Plagiarism
cite the source of the information. This needs
player ever to have played the game. This
citation. Here are 5 very simple rules on how to avoid plagiarism by the MIT
idea is not a fact but an interpretation or an
o Example: School of Humanities and Social Sciences:
opinion. You need to cite the source
 The book Institute of Education (2008)
 According to Donald Trump, flu is deadlier - “If you use the language of your source, you must quote it
suggests that it is best to consider academic
than COVID-19. (NOTE: This interpretation exactly, enclose it in quotation marks, and cite the
writing as a circular process. Before writing,
is FALSE.) source.”
one should establish a plan first which
 Thailand has the best response against
includes reading different sources and
COVID-19. (This is an interpretation of facts - “If you use ideas or information that are not common
attending lectures and conferences. It also
so it needs citation.) knowledge, you must cite the source.”
suggested to take down important
information whenever reading and attending
- Quotation
 - “If you didn’t invent it, cite the source.” indigenous peoples that may be distributed through - “Libraries of published books are often considered highly
dominant forms of media or through forms of reliable, accurate, and valuable. Books and documents from
- “Unless your professor explicitly tells you to paraphrase, don’t communication unique to their people group. dominant sources are often peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN
paraphrase.” In addition, you may paraphrase as long as registration ensures that standards were followed in producing
you do it the right way. - Popular media cannot reach some rural areas. While print, these materials.”
broadcast, and new media have a wide reach, there are still
areas that these forms of media have not reached. - Recommended competitive and globally known publishers:
- “When in doubt, cite the source. Doing so can only enhance Pearson, McGraw-Hill, Sage & Wiley
your readers sense of your honesty.” - Indigenous media and information are highly credible
because they are near the source and are seldom - Local bookstores and publishers that can be used as
circulated for profit. Ignoring this information can result in reference: C&E Bookstore, REX, Phoenix & Anvil
M2S2: Media and Information Sources development and education programs that are irrelevant and Publishing houses
ineffective.
Indigenous Source
Internet Sources
- Indigenous - Indigenous media are channels for change, education, and
o native; local; originating or produced naturally in a development because of its direct access to local channels. - “Information found on the Internet may be quite varied in
particular region. form and content. Thus, it is more difficult to determine its
- Forms of indigenous media and their local examples: reliability and accuracy. Accessing information on the
- Indigenous knowledge  Folk or traditional media Internet is easy, but requires more discipline to check and
o knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or  Gatherings and social organizations validate. Factual and fictitious data are often merged
society; most often it is not written down.  Direct observation together. Sources always have to be validated.”
 Records - may be written, carved, or oral
- Indigenous communication  Oral instruction - Internet platforms used for statistical sources in business and
o transmission of information through local education: Euromonitor, HootSuite, Economist, Marketline
channels or forms. It is a means by which culture is
Library Sources
preserved, handed down, and adapted. - Licensed digital platform for latest and archival news,
- “Libraries are often classified in 4 groups, namely: researches, journals and academic subject areas: LexisNexis,
- Indigenous media and information academic, public, school and special. These libraries may Oxford, EBSCO, Proquest, Jstor, Gale, Taylor & Francis
o original information created by a local group of be either digital or physical in form.”
people. This also refers to content about
 - “Other alternative forms of communication and distribution - Check the site design and the writing style.
have become popular. These include social media, blogs, o Credible sources take time to make their - Value
and flash mob performances. These alternative forms information accessible and easy to comprehend. o Consider the audience of the article?
provide greater freedom and power to ordinary individuals and o Who would find this article valuable?
are a quicker way of distributing information. The downside is
that a lot of the information being passed around is biased and - Authority
Determining Accurate Information
inaccurate.” o Who wrote the article?
- Look for facts. o How is the author related to the article?
- Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.
Determining Reliable Information o What was his source?
- Determine the reason for writing and publishing the
o Are the sources properly cited?
- Check the author. information. Check if the author is objective or leaning heavily
o What is the reputation of the author?
o The author’s willingness to be identified is a good on a certain point of view.
o Is he known for some biases?
indication of reliability. - Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related
information to market their product. Practice to always
- Timeliness
- Check the date of publication or of update. scrutinize your sources of info
o When was the article written?
o While the information may be true, it may not be
reliable if it is outdated and may have lost relevance. o Is it possible that some of the information in the article
Evaluating the Source of Information
has changed in time?

- Check for citations. - Reliability o If yes, would the change have any effect on the

o Reliable authors have the discipline of citing o What are the details of this piece of news? conclusion of the article?

sources of their information. o Which of these details can be verified in other

sources? Language in the Media
- Check the domain or owner of the site or page. o Could these details be true?
- Language
o The domains .edu and .gov are reserved for o Why or why not?
o the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes
academic institutions and the government
and conventions that media and information
respectively. Information from such sites are - Accuracy
professionals may select and use in an effort to
presented with caution and are usually well-grounded. o Which of these facts are measurable?
communicate ideas, information and knowledge.
Site owners may have an agenda that affects the o How were they derived?
manner by which information is presented. o Was the article written in an objective manner?
- Media Languages
o Is the article written with care?
 o codes, conventions, formats, symbols and - According to UNAOC (n.d., para. 1), “media languages can - Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind.
narrative structures that indicate the meaning of also include the repeated use of particular words, phrases - It can be an invention (patent/utility model), a design
media messages to an audience (The Commission on and images, also known as verbal or visual language. (industrial design), a brand name (trademark), or a literary
Higher Education, 2016, p. 53). When we study media languages, three main questions should and artistic work (copyright).
be considered: - Inventions, Designs, Trademark, Copyright
- “An important first step in becoming media and information
literate is to understand how information , ideas and o How are media languages understood by media - Patent
meaning are communicated through and by various media and audiences? o is an exclusive right granted for a new, inventive,
other information providers, such as libraries, archives, o What are some of the major codes and conventions & useful product
museums and the Internet. Each medium has its own used by people working in media and information o It can take the form of a new product, process or
‘language’ or ‘grammar’ that works to convey meaning in a today? technical improvement to existing invention.
unique way” (UNAOC, n.d., para. 1). o Can different persons derive dissimilar meanings
o ” As Marshall McLuhan’s “the medium is the from the same text or piece of information?” - Utility Models
massage” implies, the way we send and receive o just like inventions, is an exclusive right granted to for
information is more important than the - Remember that different media and information sources use an invention, but it does not require the condition
information itself. different media languages. of the involvement of an inventive step to be
protected.
- “Technical codes include sound, camera angles, types of - How print media is presented is different from how o A registrable utility model is any technical solution
shots and lighting. They may include, for example, ominous television shows are made, how social media networks to a problem in any field of human activity which is
music to communicate danger in a feature film, or high-angle communicate, and the like. new and industrially applicable.
camera shots to create a feeling of power in a photograph”
(UNAOC, n.d., para. 1). - Industrial Design
- Again, this is because these media platforms have their o consists of three-dimensional features, such as the
- “Symbolic codes include the language, dress or actions of own unique characteristics and ways of presentation; thus, shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional
characters, or iconic symbols that are easily understood. they also possess their own codes and conventions features, such as patterns, lines or color
For example, a red rose may be used symbolically to convey
romance, or a clenched fist may be used to communicate M2S3: The Legal Dimension of Media and
- Trademark
anger” (UNAOC, n.d., para. 1). Information o is a word, a group of words, sign, symbol, or a
logo that distinguishes your business’ goods or
Intellectual Property
services from those of other traders
 o Broadcast Recording o Imprisonment of between 1 to 3 years and a fine of
- Copyright  20 years from date of broadcast between 50,000 to 150,000 pesos for the first
o protects literary and artistic works, such as books offense.
and other writings, musical works, films, paintings and o Trademark o Imprisonment of 3 years and 1 day to six years plus
other works, and computer programs.  Valid for 10 years and may be renewed for a fine of between 150,000 to 500,000 pesos for the
o Copyright Infringement is committed when another period of 10 years second offense.
someone misuse a copyrighted work especially o Imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 9 years plus a
with the intention to trade, sell, or engage in any other o Invention Patent fine ranging from 500,000 to 1,500,000 pesos for the
profit-driven activities  Valid for 20 years from filing date third and subsequent offenses.
application - The offending party may also be ordered to pay civil
- Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines damages. Injunction and destruction of the infringing goods or
o Republic Act 8293 products can also be obtained, as well as seizure and
o these are the validity period of copyrighted works - Under Philippine law, copyright infringement occurs when impounding of any article which may serve as evidence in the
there is a violation of any of the exclusive economic or court proceedings.”
o Literary Works moral rights granted to the copyright owner
 During the lifetime of the author plus 50 - The IP Code also provides for the liability of a person who at - Cybercrimes
years after death the time when copyright subsists in a work has in his o “Cybercrime is an act that violates the law, which is
possession an article which he knows, or ought to know, to be perpetrated using information and communication
o Art an infringing copy of the work for the following purposes: technology (ICT) to either target networks,
 25 years from the date of creation o selling or letting for hire, or by way of trade offering systems, data, websites and/or technology or
or exposing for sale or hire, the article; facilitate a crime” ((UNODC, 2019, “Cybercrime in
o Photographic Work o distributing the article for the purpose of trade, or brief” para. 1).

 Work 50 years from publication for any other purpose to an extent that will prejudice o Under the Republic Act 10175, also known as
the rights of the copyright owner in the work; or Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, these are
o Audio-Visual o trade exhibit of the article in public some of the punishable cybercrime offenses here
in the Philippines: cyber-squatting, cybersex, child
 Work 50 years from publication
- “Under Philippine law, copyright infringement is punishable pornography, identity theft, unsolicited electronic
by the following: communication, and libel. [UCCCICP]
o Sound Recording
 50 years from year recording took place
o Unsolicited Commercial Communications destroy reputation, and deprive others  “Phishing is a criminal act to
 the transmission of commercial from registering the same acquire sensitive information,
electronic communication with the use of such as usernames, passwords,
computer system which seek to advertise, o Identity Theft web site details and credit card
sell, or offer for sale products and services  the intentional acquisition, use, misuse, accounts, by masquerading as a
are prohibited unless “there is prior transfer, possession, alteration or trustworthy entity in an electronic
consent from the recipient, the deletion of identifying information communication”
communication is an announcement from the belonging to another, whether natural or
sender to users, and if there is an easy, juridical, without right - Anti Cybercrime Group
reliable way for the recipient to reject it, o As summarized by the Philippine Daily Inquirer in their
among others” (Philippine Daily Inquirer, o Libel 2014 article “In the Know: The cybercrime law”,
2014, In the Know: The cybercrime law)  this is “a public and malicious imputation  The cybercrime law could see Internet
of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or users sentenced to up to 12 years in
o Cybersex imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, prison for posting defamatory comments
 the willful engagement, maintenance, status, or circumstance tending to cause the on Facebook or Twitter.
control, or operation, directly or indirectly, dishonor, discredit or contempt of a  Individuals found guilty of cybersex face a
of any lascivious exhibition of sexual natural or juridical person, or to blacken jail term of prison mayor (6 years and one
organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a the memory of one who is already dead” day to 12 years) or a fine of at least
computer system, for favor or consideration (Article 353 of the Revised Penal Code) P200,000 but not exceeding P1 million.
 Child pornography via computer carries a
o Child Pornography o Computer-related Fraud penalty one degree higher than that provided
 the unlawful or prohibited acts defined and  the intentional and unauthorized input, by RA 9775, or the Anti-Child
punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or the alteration, or deletion of computer data or Pornography Act of 2009. Under RA 9775,
Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, program or interference in the functioning of those who produce, disseminate or publish
committed through a computer system a computer system including, but not limited child pornography will be fined from P50,000
to, phishing, causing damage thereby, with to P5 million, and slapped a maximum jail
o Cyber-squatting the intent of procuring an economic benefit term of reclusion perpetua, or 20 to 40

 the acquisition of a domain name over the for oneself or for another person or for the years.

internet in bad faith to profit, mislead, perpetuation of a fraudulent or dishonest  Persons found guilty of unsolicited
activity communication face arresto mayor
 (imprisonment for 1 month and 1 day to 6 those who have an internet connection and one’s reality or the ideal version of that
months) or a fine of at least P50,000 but those who do not have the means to avail for person.
not more than P250,000, or both. one. Moreover, “a deeper perspective also  It is best to remember, however, that it is
lies on those who may have access on it but never right to deceive, mislead, hurt,
- The Moral and Social Dimensions of Media and cannot use it, not because they do not own a and/or harm other people through our
Information form of technology, but because they do not created virtual self. It is also best to know
o Cyberbullying have any knowledge on how to use it to its and practice network etiquette or
 Cyberbullying, as defined by House Bill fullest potential” (Zaporteza, et al., 2018, p. “netiquette”.
5718, is the act of posting rude, offensive 69).  Netiquette is a guiding principle on how
or insulting messages against a victim on to properly connect with other people
the internet.  There is a very partial distribution of digital online.
 A specific law covering cyber bullying is still resources making the production,
pending in Congress. However, victims of consumption, and utilization of digital
cyber-bullying still have other remedies information and the presence of the digital
under the current laws of the Philippines. highway pervasive only in selected areas of
 Posting online of malicious and/or the world and even in the selected areas of M2: Formative Questions
defamatory words against another person is the country.
 The challenge of digital divide is not just on These are among the five components of information literacy
punishable under the Revised Penal
the accessibility to the available EXCEPT…- Discuss and Accept
Code and the Cybercrime Prevention Act.
Victims may report the bullying to the police. technology. A deeper perspective also lies Information literacy aims to develop and strengthen… - Critical
If the victim decides to file a criminal case on those who may have access on it but thinking
against the offender, the police or a lawyer cannot use it, not because they do not own a
This is the first stage/element of information literacy. -
can help in the preparation of the form of technology, but because they do not
Identifying/recognizing information needs
complaint. have any knowledge on how to use it to its
fullest potential. Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever to have played
o Digital Divide the game. This is an example of… - Interpretation
 is a division between people due to o Virtual Self and Netiquette
Rodrigo Duterte was elected as the Philippine President in 2016.
difference in technological or digital  Virtual self pertains to how people
This is an example of - Common Knowledge
availability or accessibility. In the represent or portray themselves in the
Philippines, this is very evident between virtual world. It can either be the replica of a
When using someone’s words directly, do the following EXCEPT - This is the least reliable URL among the group - .com Marshall McLuhan’s “the medium is the message” means that - The
add your own interpretation way we send and receive information is more important than the
These are examples of licensed digital platforms for latest and
information itself.
This is the last stage/element and the most important part of media archival news, researches, journals, and academic subject areas
and information literacy. – Create EXCEPT – HootSuite These are examples of local bookstores and publishers that can be
used as reference EXCEPT - McGraw-Hill
Media literacy scholar Renee Hobbs recommends answering this This is the reason why ignoring indigenous media and information
question when making a media choice. - What is omitted or left out can result in development and education programs that are irrelevant This is the reason why ignoring indigenous media and information
in the presented media? & What deceptions are used in the presented and ineffective. – The programs created may not address the needs of can result in development and education programs that are irrelevant
media? the community & may not be suitable to the culture and traditions of and ineffective. - The programs created may not be suitable to the
the community culture and traditions of the community. & The programs created
This is the main reason why internet access is a basic human right
may not address the needs of the community.
as declared by the United Nations in July 2016. - Everyone should be This kind of knowledge is unique to a specific culture or society;
able to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas. most often it is not written down – Indigenous knowledge Streaming an unauthorized version of the Titanic violates this factor
of fair use. – Effect on the market
This is using someone’s ideas but rephrasing them in your own These refer to the codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and
words. – Paraphrase narrative structure that indicate the meaning of media messages to an Educational uses of media falls under this factor of fair use. - Purpose
audience – Media Languages and character of the work
This kind of information no longer requires citations – Common
Knowledge These codes include ominous music to communicate danger in a This cybercrime refers to the intentional acquisition, use, misuse,
feature film or high-angle camera shots to create a feeling of power in a transfer, possession, alteration, or deletion of identifying information
According to media literacy scholar Julie Coiro, these are the things to
photograph – Technical codes belonging to another, whether natural or juridical, without right. Group of
consider when evaluating the quality and credibility of the media
answer choices - Identity theft
being consumed EXCEPT – Bias Marshal McLuhan is a – Communication Theorist
Republic Act 8293 is also known as - Intellectual Property Code of
These are examples of creating media EXCEPT – Both creating GIF An important first step in becoming a media and information literate
the Philippines
and posting to social media is to – understand how information, ideas and meaning are
communicated through and by various media and other information According to a survey last April 2020, this is the percentage of
This is one importance of creatin your own media in connection to
providers and that the different media platforms have their own Filipino internet users aged 16 to 64 who say that they are worried
media and information literacy – Develop skills in analysing and
‘languages’ or ‘grammars’ that works to convey meaning in a unique about how companies use their personal data. – 64 %
evaluating media
way
Individuals found guilty of cybersex face a jail term of prision mayor
Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable,
This is something everyone is not capable of doing before the 21 st
which is equivalent to - imprisonment for 6 years and one day to 12
accurate, and valuable because – Books and documents from
century. The digital age gave this power and opportunity for everyone. – years
dominant sources are often peer perceived
Producer’s of information
This is a word, a group of words, sign, symbol, or a logo that Photocopying portions of a book for personal use is an act of – Not Third is the amount of the piece used from the copyrighted work.

distinguishes your business’ goods or services from those of other an act (?) or could be fair use If the use employs a tiny proportion of the copyrighted work, it’s more likely to be deemed fair.

traders. – Trademark Fourth is the effect of the use on the market for the copyrighted work.
Photocopying portions of a book for selling – Copyright
So, streaming a bootleg version of Titanic isn’t fair, because it directly competes with lawful
The cybercrime law could see Internet users who are posting infringement streaming services.

defamatory comments on Facebook or Twitter sentenced to up to – But your version of Titanic that replaces all the characters’ voices with chipmunk sounds –
This pertains to how people represent or portray themselves in the
12 years in prison that’s unlikely to “compete” for the attention of people looking to watch the original.
virtual world. – virtual self But, Fair Use isn’t the only way that media is allowed to be adapted by the public.
Posting online of malicious and/or defamatory words against [Theme Music] There’s an expanse of media works that are available in the public domain.
another person which is a common form of cyberbullying is punishable The media economy is ruled by profits, yes, but also by the governments and industry This is the set of all works whose copyright has expired and are free to use by anyone.
under the - Revised Penal Code and the Cybercrime Prevention Act organizations who set out to regulate it.
Characters like Robin Hood and Sherlock Holmes are in the public domain.
Just as the big media companies need to follow certain rules, so do media consumers (that’s you).
So between Copyright, Fair Use, and Public Domain – you have the three pillars of
Digital divide refers to the gap between - those who have access and Over the past few years many media-related laws have had to adapt dramatically to Intellectual Property in everyday media.
knowledge in using technology and the Internet and those who do not changing times and incredible leaps in technology.
Seems pretty cut and dry, right?
those who have access to technology and the Internet and those who One such law you’ve probably heard a lot about is copyright.
Well, it kind of was before the internet.
Copyright gives creators of media the exclusive rights to their creations.
do not Before many more people had the ability to use copyrighted material at the speed of light.
They can copy, modify, distribute, or show off their works however they want.
During the 1990s, established media corporations, like the music industry, began to get real
This is how UNESCO (2011) defined information literacy. - the Others need to get permission to use them. upset about the way the internet was challenging the status quo.
ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, This helps creators make money from and get credit for their work. Media was getting copied and shared and moved around faster than ever before – and they
wanted to stop it.
evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various But a copyright isn’t a total monopoly on a work.
This all culminated in the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act or DMCA.
formats Thanks to the notion of fair use, the public can exercise its first amendment rights by using
others’ work without permission. You might have heard of the DMCA.
When we study media languages, these questions should be That is, as long as it transforms the work in some way. It does a LOT of things, but one obvious thing it does is give copyright holders the ability to make
claims against content on digital platforms.
considered EXCEPT – who will consider these useful? In fact, there are four factors courts use to determine whether a use is fair.
In fact, once it was enacted, The Record Industry Association of America even targeted young
First is the purpose and character of the work. internet users who downloaded copyrighted materials with lawsuits.
These are the words of Marshall McLuhan that provide a good
Many educational uses of media, like showing a film in class, are protected under fair use And if you’ve ever seen a YouTube video vanish beneath an “infringing content claim” –
explanation as to why it is important to understand media languages.- “It because they’re not for commercial purposes. that’s thanks to the DMCA.
is impossible to understand social and cultural changes without a Other protected uses are criticism, commentary (like parody), research and scholarship. So, in this brave new world of digital media and pop music anime lip sync mashups, how DO you
know if your use is fair?
knowledge of the workings of a media.” Second is the nature of the copyrighted work.
Let’s head into the Thought Bubble to find out.
Copyright law is meant to encourage creative expression.
These refer to the codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and Let’s say you want to make a montage video of your two favorite characters from your favorite TV
You can’t copyright facts, but you can copyright something you imagined. show: Archie and Veronica from Riverdale.
narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to
Creative media like a movie or a song, something that takes imagination, is more difficult to use (Apologies to Barchie or Beronica shippers.)
an audience. - Media languages fairly.
You pull together cute clips from the show and pop on your favorite Taylor Swift song – Love Story,
But with fact-based media, like news articles or a documentary, there are more options for fair use, obvs – in the background.
Marshall McLuhan is a - Communication theorist like education or parody.
Now is it fair use? Now they have that drawing, and when they look at it...they uh – you get what I’m saying. Online that includes our browsing habits and history, plus the personal information we share with
all the websites and apps we use.
First step: what’s the purpose and character of your work? It’s no surprise that nowadays, young people might use their phones to “communicate” in
relationships, rather than paper and charcoal. Traditionally, privacy has determined what information was allowed to be used in court cases.
Your purpose is to get all the likes, but also to prove that Varchie is the OTP.
The only problem is: what about the law? Some private information was protected from unlawful search and seizure.
You’re not in it for the money and the video itself is commentary on Riverdale.
First. Most states in the US define the age of consent. But of course, the internet threw a wrench in that, too.
Ok, that could pass.
If two teenagers above the age of consent want to meet up in the back of a car – there’s nothing If you use a social media in the public setting, where anyone can access your posts, is that public
Second: what’s the nature of the copyrighted work? illegal about that. or private?

The TV show and the song are definitely creative and not fact-based, so yeah, that’s a strike. BUT in the US there are also laws against the production, possession, or distribution of child What about if you use the app in a private setting, for just your friends and family?
pornography –
Like I said, it’s harder to use an imaginative work like a movie or a song. What if you share your private thoughts on an anonymous, public blog?
ANY visual depiction of explicit content involving someone under 18.
Third: How much did you use of the show and the song? On top of these shifting notions about what constitutes privacy online, protections for accessing
Good laws. Important laws. Super important and good laws. that data are even less clear.
You definitely only used clips of the show, a couple of seconds each of a whole season of TV.
The problem comes from figuring out what happens when the legal sexual relationships between When and where law enforcement can request or demand access to phones, computers and social
That would probably get a pass. two teenagers – media accounts is often a grey area.
But you did use the whole song – that’s not cool. over the age of consent, but still under 18 – when those relationships start to involve, you know, And when they do, what are their rights to privacy?
sexy pictures.
Strike two. Gen Z will be the first generation to live their lives on smartphones from such a young age.
Because technically – according to U.S. law – that can be classified as child pornography, and
Finally: what effect would your work have on the market for the works you used? there are already many examples where young people have been charged as such. Think of all the data they’re sharing about themselves before they’re able to walk home alone, let
alone drive or vote.
Since someone couldn’t reasonably watch your clip video instead of watching the full Riverdale And these laws are meant to protect children from sexual abuse.
series on TV, that’s probably fair use. Will that data follow them around, forever?
Federal laws carry mandatory minimum sentencing of five years in prison and registry as a sex
But someone could just listen to your video instead of buying that Taylor Swift song. offender for related charges. How would you feel if your first AIM screen name or all the Snapchats from your awkward years
followed you around forever?
Sorry, no matter how perfectly “Love Story” encapsulates Archie and Veronica’s relationship, you’re These are huge consequences!
not transforming the song. One response to this problem will take effect in Europe in May 2018.
Because of this, some states have recognized sexting as a widespread practice and have reduced
In fact, you’re using it in a pretty normal way, like in a movie – except movies pay to use a song charges accordingly. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (or the GDPR for short) is a big, big
on the soundtrack. deal.
But there’s still a grey area, however, between federal and state laws and local jurisdictions
So, while the montage of clips you made may be transformative, the use of the song wouldn’t be This legislation will impact all of the European Union, affording a stricter right to protect yourself
considered fair use. – including whether police are allowed to search a teen’s phone. online.
As you can see, the notion of “fair use” isn’t cut and dry. The point is, these are laws that were made before our current media moment, colliding with what Part of this law, the Right to be Forgotten, will make it easier to get rid of personal information that’s
has become everyday practice. been collected about you and make clear what that data is, too.
It’s like a puzzle that changes for every person who tries to solve it.
And the outcome often comes down to a discussion or a judgement call – often by people who are, But since this legislation affects multinational corporations like Google and Facebook, the
Thanks, Thought Bubble! let’s say, not the most plugged in with “kids these days.” ramifications won’t be stuck on the other side of the pond.
The thing that makes the DMCA, and intellectual property generally, interesting is that it shows It might not be the most fun to talk about. The industry titans are expected to follow suit across the globe to ensure they remain compliant.
laws trying to play catch up with how media has changed due to technology.
But these gaps – between current media practices and traditional laws – are already impacting Clearly, we’ve entered a new paradigm where our technology is outpacing legislation.
And many of the old definitions and approaches start to grind when used in this new media people’s lives.
ecosystem. As laws and regulations continue to develop around our fast-paced digital world, the only solution is
From copyright laws to sexting and cyberbullying, our online lives have posed some serious to stay vigilant.
Some challenges to media laws are more high-stakes than Taylor Swift montages. challenges to our legal system.
 Know what data you’re sharing.
Get your giggles out now, kids, cause I’m about to talk to you about “sexting.” And many of these questions are still up for debate.  Be careful of downloading or sharing others’ work online.
 And remember that your words and your images have meaning, and can be used
So. Urban Dictionary defines “sexting” as...oh. Oh my. Ah. But maybe none of these have been as tough to deal with as the issue of online privacy. against you.
Next time on Crash Course: Media Literacy we’ll talk all about how bad actors can use those
Let’s just say that sexting is like...when two people really like each other, and so one of them draws Privacy refers to the access, collection and sharing of personally identifiable information. vulnerabilities against us through propaganda and misinformation.
the other naked.
You’ll need the skills we learned today to dive into the dark side of media.

Until then, I’m Jay Smooth. See you next time.

Crash Course Media Literacy is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Studio in Missoula, MT,

and it’s made with the help of all of these nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.

Crash Course is a Complexly production.