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Mujeeb Oladimeji Akande

Adamu Usman Muhammad

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTONOMOUS SOLAR

TRACKING SYSTEM USING ESP32 MICRO-CONTROLLER AND …

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In any renewable energy mix, solar energy has been very paramount in this modern world with
abundance, sustainability, and cleanliness. Researchers have put stress on a function of the solar
tracking systems in their capacity to maximize the solar energy available during the day at the
least possible cost by using dual-axis tracking together with Light Dependent Resistors, which
optimize their performance. The paper focuses on establishing the financial viability of a solar-
tracking system compared to other conventional techniques for collecting solar energy, with
respect to both energy efficiency and cost. This paper also discusses the increase in energy
demands in the world and its exhaustion of fossil fuel resources, thereby driving it toward
alternative sources like solar energy (Ali et al., 2021).

It is possible for microcontroller and LDR-based solar tracking systems to track the movement
of the sun and, hence, change the position of the panel to achieve maximum energy output by
optimizing exposition to sunlight. Immediate light exposure can help create more energy
compared to fixed solar panels, so rotating the panels toward the sun increases efficiency
manyfold. Dual-axis solar tracking systems increase the efficiency of the solar panels by
adjusting the panels on both the north-south axis and the east-west axis to acquire maximum
sun exposure throughout the day (Bala et al., 2021).

Much research has been carried out trying to optimize the tilt and orientation of solar panels
towards increasing solar irradiation and energy output. Solar radiation, tilt angle, weather
condition, and amount of dust are some essential factors that may affect photovoltaic systems.
Indeed, researchers did a study in different regions, like India, Saudi Arabia, and Taiwan, to
determine the best angle for solar panels depending on local conditions. The efficiency of
photovoltaic modules depends on applied tilt angles, and performance would then change by
0.03% to 4.02% in comparison with the fixed angles. The resetting of the angles of panels to
their yearly optimum resulted in a slight rise of 0.83% in the overall generation, thus proving
the importance of angle optimization. If it is adjusted every month, the higher increase resulted
in 3.32% of energy generation compared to the optimal fixed angles. The result indicates that
the optimization can be crucially important if it is carried out

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regularly. Even though the geographical attributes are almost identical, different modules may
require certain angles for optimum operation and this further reflects an individual optimization
strategy for each module while considering same city geographical positions for PV modules
(Kim et al., 2020).

Due to the fuel crisis and global warming, increase in the demand for renewable sources of
energy has overridden the need for solar energy. There is an urgent need for secure, sustainable,
and affordable energy sources in developing countries for higher energy supply for growth and
in developed countries for sustainable lifestyles. Solar energy is an enormously utilized
renewable resource for electric power generation since it is directly convertible to electrical
energy by the use of solar photovoltaic modules (Ganesh et al., 2024).

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project is to develop an IoT based autonomous solar tracking system using
ESP32 microcontroller and light dependent resistors.

The aim of the research will be achieved through the following objectives:

i. To implement the optimization algorithm ii. To develop the ESP32 based

control system for the tilt adjustment orientation iii. To integrate the
implemented algorithm into the control system iv. To carry out testing and
performance evaluation of the system

1.3 Problem Statement

While highly useful, nearly all of the standalone off-grid solar power systems in operation today
have one glaring Achilles heel: either an absolute lack of real-time monitoring or connectivity
with smartphones for remote access and control. The study, therefore, focuses on developing a
system that overcomes the limitations of manual data monitoring to allow real-time access
through both computers and smartphones in order to enhance the usability and efficiency of
such a solar panel system (Hamad et al., 2020).

Precisely, the research is warranted to respond to the challenge of designing a solar tracking
system that could accurately track the movement of the sun for optimal energy generation,

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with consideration for temperature, humidity, and voltage fluctuations, which affect the
performance of solar panels (Hamad et al., 2020).

1.4 Significance of the Project

In the case of solar panels, one enhancement efficiency can be done by installing a solar
tracking system as it requires the constant alignment towards the position of the sun to get a
higher output of energy from the sun (Karthik et al., 2020).

IoT technology integrated into it makes it capable of monitoring and controlling solar panel
systems in real-time using smartphones and computers, hence accessing the system data with
ease. The project preferably intends to provide a low-cost method of improving performance
in solar panels without major maintenance costs by employing IoT in monitoring and
optimization processes hence easily making renewable energy more accessible (AlRasheed et
al., 2021).

1.5 Scope of the study

This study focuses on the design and implementation of an autonomous solar tracking system
using an ESP32 microcontroller with light-dependent resistors. The ESP32 microcontroller,
which allows remote monitoring, sends commands to the servo motors for adjustments in angle
and orientation to realize optimal energy harvesting by the solar panels. The lightdependent
resistors measure the intensity of the light falling on the panel and enable the system to show
the position of the sun by adjusting the solar panels accordingly. With a good supporting frame
holding the system, successful synchronization of the ESP32 microcontroller with the light-
dependent resistors and other required components will result in an eventual improvement of
the energy efficiency and overall effectiveness of the system.

1.6 Limitation of the study

Yes, it has certain limitations that are targeted to be overcome in its future developments. One
limitation is that the autonomous solar tracking system is not quite effective in the rainy season;
rain or fog may interfere with the sensor's accuracy and thereby can make the tracking system
malfunction or make wrong adjustments. Another limitation involves the initial cost of the
implementation of such solar tracking systems. And to also consider the fact that, if not built
with a good supporting frame, the autonomous solar tracking system might get damaged
quickly since the system is sensitive to strong wind conditions.

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1.7 Organization of the study

Chapter One: This is that part of the project which introduces the entirety of the project. The
foundation of the entire work is laid here. It contains the background of the project, aims, and
objectives, problem statement, significance of the project, and scope and limitation of the study.

Chapter Two: This chapter provides a critical review of the relevant literature on the project.
It considers what was earlier discovered, theorized, or found by other researchers on the topic
of the project, indicating any important works or sets of works that have made major
contributions. It also lays the foundation for the research questions and objectives of this
project.

Chapter Three: This chapter will basically explain how the research was conducted by
explaining in great detail the methodology and procedures followed during data collection and
analysis. This helps to ensure transparency of the research study by outlining why a particular
methodology was selected and how it actually assists in addressing the objectives of the project.

Chapter Four: This chapter further discusses the organization of project results obtained and
their importance, including the unexpected finding and what such finding would imply in
setting the stage for conclusions and recommendations in the next chapter.

Chapter Five: This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation for future works. It
reflects on how the project objectives were met and discusses implications of findings for
theory, practice, or policy.

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CHAPTER TWO

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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This is the chapter that shows what other researchers have done concerning the title of this
project, where their gaps lie and why we need to have theoretical frameworks in place.

2.2 Historical Background

Mechanical solar tracking systems emerged in the 1970s where the genesis of autonomous solar
tracking system using ESP32 with Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) is drawn from.
Progressively, the efficiency and accuracy of these systems have been greatly improved due to
the advancements in microcontrollers' technology, advancements in sensor technology and
wireless communication. The modern design employs ESP32, LDRs, stepper or servomotors
as well as power management components so as to optimize energy harvesting. For one to come
up with such a system then; accuracy must be taken into consideration, real time monitoring
should be done, energy storage Systems should be made that are long lasting and also cost
effective hence making them affordable to many people. This includes calibration, hardware
set-up and software development.

2.3 Review of Related Literatures

Solar energy is becoming an increasingly important renewable energy source; solar trackers
improve the energy production by keeping the solar panel at a vertical angle to the sun's rays.
While dual-axis tracking systems are quite effective, the proposed smart solar panel using Light
Dependent Resistors eliminates additional circuitry and hence complexity—therefore, being
cost-effective compared to other methods. In this regard, the prototype device on solar tracking
was implemented and discussed in the research paper, having been done with limited available
resources and increasing energy production benefits in comparison to stationary panels,
especially during peak sunlight hours. The system uses LDRs to sense sunlight. The circuitry
includes four LDRs in a voltage divider configuration that assist in changing the position of the
solar panel with respect to the changing intensities of light that it is supposed to detect so that
energy is generated to its maximum potentiality (Karthik et al., 2020).

The solar tracker IoT-based system is meant to optimize solar panel efficiency through its
systems by tracking the sun's movement during the day in order to maximize exposure to

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sunlight (Idoko et al., 2020). According to available bodies of literature, it can be seen that
automated tracking mechanisms that have been installed at solar tracking systems indicate that
the energy output of solar panels increased up to 40%, compared to static systems. On the other
hand, the literature underscores that beyond the maximization of energy generation of solar
panels in regions that experience varying sunlight angles and intensities, IoT technology is
relevant primarily in ensuring real-time monitoring and control with smooth changes
continually effected regarding environmental conditions and energy demands.

In order to generate maximum energy, the installation of solar PVs has to be made on horizontal
ground, shorelines, and rooftops. Afterward, research was focused on the best placing of solar
PVs where geography and weather were taken as the limiting factors. LDR sensors play a vital
role in the solar tracking system for the detection of light intensity and help in adjusting the
position of the solar PV panel towards the light source so that maximum energy may be
extracted. High-efficiency materials for solar cells, such as crystalline silicon, thin film, and
multi-junction cells, can enhance the output of solar PV, although these materials are
expensive, so correspondingly low-cost alternatives are required (Daud et al., 2017).

According to (Ibrahim et al., 2018), in dual axes solar trackers, the facility for sun position
sensing is offered with four light-dependent resistors connected to potentiometers for accuracy.
The experiments described in the paper relate to finding the tolerance and calibration of the
LDRs, whose results were 0.05V and 0.03V respectively, both of which proved the efficiency
of the LDRs and potentiometers in enhancing accuracy. The accuracy of the voltage reading
from the LDRs is the prime focus of this study, in which the PV panels will always be
maintained perpendicular to the sun, thus implying the need for effective and accurate sensing
capabilities on the part of a solar tracking system (Ibrahim et al., 2018).

The basic motive of developing the solar tracking system is to have better efficiency in solar
panels during the tracking of the sun. The dual-axis solar tracker with IoT monitoring devices
makes use of two LDRs for sunlight detection and two servo motors for changing the position
of the solar panel based on the sun's position. Besides, the monitoring system provided in this
paper incorporates the ESP8266 WIFI module in order to enable transmission into an IoT
monitoring system regarding data storage and further analysis. Comparisons between the
single-axis and dual-axis solar trackers represent that the latter has a considerable rise in

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power generation, voltage, and current and reaches up to 45.11% improved efficiency (Said et
al., 2020).

Many studies have been carried out with regards to solar PV tracking systems in the quest to
maximize energy harvesting efficiency. This current research, therefore, focuses on the role of
state-of-the-art technologies such as AI, IoT, and sensor-based systems in enhancing the
efficiency of solar PV tracking and the general output of energy. This was realized through
implementation on a dual-axis solar-tracking system using innovative sensor technology to
enhance its performance. It required the integration of renewable energy with IoT technology
to meet energy balance in smart environments. Advanced algorithms were explored for secure
transactions to be made in solar energy systems and internet connectivity with GPS modules
for the correct orientation and remote monitoring of solar panels in solar energy systems (Alabi
et al., 2023).

Photovoltaic cells require several modules to meet energy needs by transforming solar energy
into electrical. Maximization of the PV system, especially under changing climatic conditions,
depends on maximum power point tracking. Some techniques that maximize power output
include constant voltage and perturbing and observe. A suggested method of tracking sunshine
uses light-dependent resistors and a microcontroller-based control system to ensure that PV
panels have a maximum match with sunshine. This is a dual-axis DC motor feedback tracking
control system that helps to reduce expenses while increasing the efficiency of the system.
Compared with a fixed PV panel, the system can increase the power by more than 47%. From
this paper, it is concluded that proper selection of sampling time for the MPPT controller is
required (AlRasheed et al., 2021).

According to (Ganesh et al., 2024), Insufficient energy supply has a negative impact on
developing countries; therefore, there should be clean, secure, sustainable, and affordable
energy sources. Ambitious targets set by India in terms of achieving a substantial part of its
electricity generation from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 have been a great commitment to
the development of renewable energy. The sector has registered considerable growth in the past
years, not only adding to the country's installed power generation capacity but also contributing
significantly to the economic development of India.

Based on various studies, photovoltaic modules may have varying efficiency with relation to
aspects such as cell temperature, maximum power point tracking, and energy conversion
efficiency. The tilt angle is important for the optimal energy generation through a solar panel,

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but not alone can determine performance maximization since other angular losses may be
caused by dust deposition (Kim et al., 2020)

Solar energy is an eco-friendly alternative, hence with the fall in reserves of fossil fuel there is
high exploitation of solar energy. By allowing the solar panels to always remain perpendicular
to the sun, it has been found that the tracking systems in dual-axis movement have attained
maximum energy conversion efficiency in case of solar energy systems. Gear motors will be
highly useful in solar tracking systems that need to change angles of solar plates to keep them
in sync with the sun's movement during the day. This improves their capability for better
harnessing of energy (Ali et al., 2021).

This comes at a time when renewable sources of energy, particularly solar energy, are fast
becoming so important to the world's ever-increasing needs in electricity. Solar energy is
considered the most effective renewable source of energy in hot regions. However, among the
challenges in harnessing it is that solar photovoltaic panels are relatively inefficient during
cloudy or rainy days. In this research, fuzzy logic control is introduced for the purpose of
improving the accuracy of the solar panel positioning according to comparisons between light
intensities and is applied in solar tracking systems. Experimental results show that the proposed
dual-axis solar tracking system, under different weather conditions, performs better than the
fixed panels and significantly enhances input power ( Zakariah et al., 2015)

Solar energy is becoming more and more popular as a renewable energy source; however, high
cost and low efficiency are still major problems. Tracking systems largely enhance energy
extraction. Gains of 12% to 69% have been documented in comparison with fixed systems.
What was seen is that studies proved that dual-axis tracking systems had better performance
than fixed installations, increasing energy production by 42.6%. Angle adjustment of solar
panels can be harnessed through technological advancements that include light-to-frequency
converters and light-dependent resistors. All the worries related to the energy consumption are
taken care as continuous tracking consumes 15–25% more energy than it generates. With the
help of proposed tracking system, customers can economize on energy by feeding pre-defined
motion criteria ( Ghassoul 2021)

Solar energy is of essence to the survival of the earth because it is clean and renewable. There
are two broad categories of solar technology: solar photovoltaic and solar thermal. Static solar
panels are inefficient in that they cannot move to maintain their position vis-à-vis the sun's rays.
Researchers are coming up with solar tracking devices in a bid to enhance

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efficiency. Experiments done on Malaysia Perlis Universiti proved that, regarding voltage,
current, power output, and overall efficiency, tracking mechanism solar panels fared better than
static panels. In this application, Arduino Uno R3 microprocessor, light-dependent resistors,
and servo motors shall cooperate in tracking the sun's course precisely (Mohamad et al., 2021)

Solar energy is very important, not only in light of its being clean but also due to its abundance.
However, unstable power supply and costs drive the need to find distributed generation
systems. In this respect, a solar tracker enhances energy yields by 30% to 60% compared to
their stationary systems. Its design incorporates a PILOT for detecting the position of the sun
and intelligent PANELS that will extract optimal energy. In the experimental part, the
automatic solar tracking system, developed on the basis of a microcontroller and servo motors,
increases its output power by 25% compared to stationary solar modules. Among the factors
that influence the feasibility of solar trackers, one can mention the type of solar technology,
local solar irradiation levels, and related installation costs (Idoko et al., 2020)

The development of solar trackers began 50 years ago, starting with the early model in 1968,
which was passive. In the 1980s, large-area solar trackers evolved while on the other side
ARCO Solar developed dual-axis tracker PV power plants in California, U.S., in 1983. Closed-
loop optically controlled solar trackers were achieved in the 1980s while electrooptical sensors
were introduced in the 1990s. The research evolved over the years from 1995 to 2002. Dual-
axis tracking became the trend, eliminating conventional sensors by using solar cells for their
operation. Some mechanical parts are essential to its smoothness and efficiency, like clamps,
motors, gears, bearings, and a main axis with hinges ( Sadeque., 2014)

The place and role that can be played by renewable sources of energy, primarily represented
by solar energy, in alleviating global warming-related problems such as sea-level rise and
drought was studied by (Boukdir et al., 2023). The focus is placed on different ways to harness
solar energy using photovoltaic solar panels and solar concentrators. Solar tracking systems are
very important in optimizing their efficiency and output, increasing it by 40 to 60% as
compared to a static panel. The paper classifies solar tracking systems into passive and active
types, with sensorless, sensored, and hybrid systems. The authors consider cadmium sulfide
light dependent resistors and their intrinsic characteristics affecting sun

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tracking accuracy. A black box test bench for the selection of LDRs is described, and it can be
shown that carefully selected pairs may reach a dissimilarity as low as 0.06%.

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Literature available indicates an increasing demand for renewable energy, especially solar
energy, which is quite friendly to the environment and can easily be converted to electrical
energy. Back in 1962, the first solar tracking system was designed. Research has shown that an
implementation of a solar tracking system increases the capturing of energy by 17% to 25%
during sunny days and by 8% to 11% on overcast days. Systems can be divided into single-axis
and dual-axis solar tracking systems, with different principles of action and efficiency levels.
Improvements to solar tracking by means of microcontrollers and sensing devices are in process
and shall bring substantial performance improvement ( Saeed et al., 2021)

Solar energy is very important because of its abundance and the environmental benefits
associated with it. In comparison to the solar tracking system, traditional fixed solar panels
show limited disparity to energy collection efficiency in following azimuth and altitude angles.
The recent development has been on the design and control of dual-axis solar tracking systems,
where electromechanical systems had higher energy collection compared to fixed systems.
Tracking without sensors, mathematical formulations, and other approaches have also spread
to see a possible increase of 30% energy collection compared to fixed systems. Better precision
tracking and more energy efficiency are the aims of the control systems, which returned
experimental results that show an increase of 24.6% in energy collection efficiency for dual-
axis trackers. (Shang et al., 2023)

Solar tracking is very crucial as far as the optimization of solar energy conversion is concerned,
while solar cells realize efficiency of up to 25%. There are two solar tracking systems available:
manual and automatic. In continued adjustments from automatic positioners, this rise could be
by up to 30%. Some of the new innovative designs such as hybrid algorithms and
microcontrollers have been developed to enhance accuracy in the same. Dual axis solar tracker
yields much better performance than the stationary panels; over the whole sunny day, the
average power output goes up 101.68%. That means automatically tracking the sun will prove
to be better in cases of large-scale power generation, but these methods do not work as well in
cloudy weather, which underscores a serious consideration to be taken while choosing where
to implement these systems. (Murad et al., 2022)

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Solar energy is one of the very prospective renewable sources of energy, showing efficiencies
in the range of 10% to 20%. There are mainly two ways for enhanced efficiency: maximum
power point tracking and solar tracking systems. Single-Axis Tracking is simpler in design,

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requiring one motor, and dual-Axis Tracking can move in two directions to point to the sun,
which makes it more flexible and efficient. It can be controlled by different controllers like a
microcontroller, FPGA, and PLC. Considering the dual-axis solar tracking system, in this
condition, the solar panel was able to collect energy increased by 20.38% from the fixed
condition. (Hamad et al., 2020)

PV systems of this nature represent a remarkable contribution to green energy; their efficiency
in performance ranges between 11% and 19%. To add onto the efficiency, orienting a PV
system perpendicularly to incident sunlight can increase power output from 30% to 60%.
Mechanized PV systems, like the dual axes tracker systems, which optimize sunlight radiation
without increasing the footprint of an installation, have an answer for channeled systems.
Mechanized PV systems can be both classified based on the number of axes they function on,
either single or dual axes. In the dual axes systems, the LDRs are the light-dependent resistors
that are applied to the sensing of the position of the sun and are interfaced to the potentiometers
for the position to increase the resolution at a reasonable cost. An arduino UNO controller
drives the 2 stepper motors under feedback from the LDRs to locate the sun's position at an
increased time interval. (Ibrahim et al., 2018)

Areas open to further research in improving solar energy efficiency and integrating IoT
technologies include dual-axis solar trackers (Said et al., 2020). Dual-axis solar trackers track
the path of the sun to maximize the energy capture through the minimization of the angle of
incidence on photovoltaic panels. Additional elements, such as light-dependent resistors, servo
motors, and microcontrollers, enhance functionality to this setup. The work incorporates the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for real-time monitoring of the solar panel performance for advanced
usability and efficiency of the system. It has been demonstrated through various studies that
dual axis solar trackers are more efficient in terms of generated energy as opposed to fixed
angle and single axis systems; reportedly, the improvements in efficiency were as high as
45.11%.

Sun tracking systems would be very paramount in increasing the Solar Power efficiency by a
long shot. They help position solar panels in the best way possible to get more sunlight. The
structure design is mechanical, where lightweight materials are used, such as wood, and a

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stepper motor is being used to have accuracy in control. There are several available motors in
the market, but a stepper motor is common because it can bear the weight of a solar panel and
make accurate movement. The control part of the system is done using a PIC microcontroller

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that processes inputs coming from light-dependent resistors and temperature sensors. The
system has shown reasonable efficiency and may be improved with the use of light sensors that
have higher sensitivity and a faster microcontroller. The cost of the tracker is relatively cheap,
around 350 Egyptian pounds (Mohamed et al., 2016).

(Alsadi et al., 2016) has highlighted the growing requirement of renewable sources of energy
in reducing environmental concerns and improving economic activity. The general formula
reaching an optimum tilt angle of the solar collectors, considering latitude and seasonal
variations, has been dealt with. A four-season classification of solar energy applications is
proposed, and specific tilt angles have been furnished for both hemispheres. It does, however,
assume the polynomial form, which makes it easy to use at other latitudes and times of the year,
especially in middle and high latitudes. Results are compared with local measurements and
NASA data.

A new method for the optimization of tilt angles in photovoltaic installations was offered by
(Yassir, A. 2019). It considers direct and diffuse radiation, the apparent motion of the sun in
the sky, and the geographical coordinates of the site at which an installation shall be made. The
algorithm initializes tilt angles within prescribed limits and then runs through the processes of
crossover, mutation, and selection in search of an optimal configuration. Results indicate that
with monthly optimization, better energy capture is achieved than using annual optimization.
This means that installations optimized in relation to solar radiation in monthly periods have
increased the received solar energy by 12 kWh/m²-year, as opposed to those optimized
annually. The research underscores the relevance of dynamic adjustments to the tilt angle
towards maximizing the capture of solar energy.

Transition to clean sources of energy is highly dependent on renewable energy, especially solar
energy. Tracking mechanisms may increase the efficiency of solar energy systems through
adjustment of the orientation of the panels towards sunlight. Due to their nature of perfectness
in keeping alignment with the sun, dual-axis solar trackers perform better than fixed and single-
axis trackers. Solar trackers may be categorized into fixed, single-axis, and dual-axis systems.
The control techniques are the open-loop and closed-loop systems, but dual-axis trackers
extract higher energy due to better sunlight capture. Microcontrollers and

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sensor-based systems have been added to the technological innovations for the solar trackers,
which increased their responsiveness and effectiveness (Munna et al., 2015).

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Energy, therefore, is very important to underdeveloped countries, since it is a key to

development. The ever-rising greenhouse gases endangered by environmental damage and
energy security are on the way. Under research as alternatives come the geothermal, solar, and
wind renewable energies. Energy collection efficiency can be increased up to 65% with the
help of a microprocessor-based automated solar tracker. Geothermal energy, on the other hand,
is extracted from heat emanating outwards from the Earth and is highly promising in the future.
However, it comes with huge upfront costs. In respect to the capacity for solar energy,
incredible progress is being made in India-eyes toward 100 GW by 2022. The PV systems find
a fit in isolated locations due to their low maintenance and being pollution-free. Continued
investment in renewable energy technologies holds the key to sustainable energy security
(Maier et al., 2017).

(Patil et al., 2022) had dwelled into how technology is integrated into bettering farming
efficiency. This development consists of autonomous robots that can do a lot of things such as
sensing humidity, automatically plowing, dispensing seeds and more The purpose of robotics
system is to lessen dependence on manual labor and to increase production. The technological
integration in agriculture comes from Microcontrollers and GSM. These solutions, right from
simple microcontroller-based systems in water management to very diverse applications in
robotics—ranging from solar-powered grass cutting and fertilizer spraying to multitasking
robots capable of sprinkling water, plowing, and grass-cutting—are discussed within this paper.
Thus, paper well narrates the impacts of robotics towards Indian agriculture.

Solar energy is one of the most vital sources of renewable energy; over 80% of the total
consumption comes through solar energy, and nearly 60% through direct solar radiation.
However, the efficiency of solar panels has to be adjusted according to the change in the sun's
position and hence the intensity of the sunlight. The traditional approaches, like a suntracking
system, have huge computational overheads along with extra hardware that increases the cost
and maintenance to a large extent. A new, deep learning-based framework allows for the
optimization of tilt angle and orientation of a solar panel without large sensor networks, hence
reducing hardware and computational effort. This model can increase the output power

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of solar panel devices from around 10.6% compared to non-tracking systems (Ramaneti et al.,
2021).

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It is by the inclusion of solar tracking systems that maximize solar energy capture, particularly
in rural areas where there is limited production of electricity. Solar tracking systems can either
be single-axis or dual-axis systems. The dual-axis systems motion towards the solar energy
from various angles, hence improving efficiency by 30-40% and 6-7% compared to fixed
systems. The use of microcontrollers, light-dependent resistors, as well as stepper motors
embedded in the system enables the systems to detect sunlight and adjust the orientation of the
solar panel. Even though the initial costs may be quite high, some of the long-term benefits are
energy efficiency and reduced electricity costs. Further betterment in technology, such as
powerful motors and real-time clock systems, could improve such systems (Mohanapriya et al.,
2021).

Indeed, it has been observed that solar tracking is at the center of photovoltaic efficiency
enhancement as it may increase PV efficiency by 20% to 50% over fixed panels. Herein, the
tracker design on a single-axis tracker, which is less expensive and complicated than the dual-
axis tracker, is presented. What's more, this essay points out the significance of taking solar
energy into account in view of economic perspective as well as environmental perspective.
Solar energy allows one to reduce the cost of power and dependence on fossil fuel. Further
study is recommended here, with the prime focus on dependability and efficiency improvement
(Hasni et al., 2024).

(Akhil et al., 2011) speaks about the importance of renewable sources of energy, such as solar
and wind energy. It reflects upon solar-powered lighting systems-solar lanterns and street
lights-and how solar charge controllers are crucial for their success. Advancement of solar
tracking increases energy production by aligning the solar panels with the sun. The paper
recognizes resonance control and difficulties in operation at high speeds, associated generally
with similar technologies, indicating that though progress is being made, a host of technical
hurdles in overcoming the problems have yet to be resolved with respect to solar energy
systems.

According to (Parasnis et al., 2016), the purpose of the study will be to provide an overview of
the research and development regarding the solar tracking system. Further emphasis will also
be provided on optimization with regards to energy usage from the sun, energy efficiency as
well as tracking systems. The review also covers dual-axis trackers using Light

14
Dependent Resistors, or LDRs, for positional and intensity detection of sunlight, enabling these
devices to move both on the horizontal and vertical axes in accordance with the passage of the

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sun. Systems that used microcontrollers, such as those by Tanvir Arafat Khan and S.M.
Shahrear Tanzil et al., employed stepper motors to rotate the PV panel based on the amount of
sunshine. It also puts weight on how vital the simulation results will be in confirming what has
been intended in terms of functionality and structure for solar-tracking devices.

(Praveen et al., 2021) discusses the relevance of solar energy dynamics and the contribution of
IoT in the energy system, data gathering, and monitoring. It follows that, in view of optimized
operation, real-time monitoring is applied to performance assessment. The parameters of a 5W
solar panel would be monitored in an Arduino-based system that includes the necessary parts
like motors, driver circuits, amplifiers, microcontrollers, ADCs, and LDRs. The current passing
through the solar panel will be measured using an ACS712 current sensor, which can measure
both AC and DC currents. Periodic maintenance and defect detection would have to be
undertaken on the proposed system for dependability in operation and to reduce loss of output
energy arising due to system downtime.

Solar energy is one of the types which have been in recent demand. Because of technological
advancements, it is possible to harness the thermal energy and electrical energy supplied by the
conversion of sun radiation through photovoltaic systems and concentrated solar power
systems. Photovoltaic cells are normally manufactured from crystalline silicon materials
because of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The devices responsible for aligning the solar
panels to an optimal angle where available energy can be harnessed maximally are referred to
as Solar trackers. The limitations in capturing solar energy include the fact that these systems
cannot track for better capture of energies during the day. Another technological innovation
pertains to LDRs, or Light Dependent Resistors (Chandana et al., 2022).

Being the second-largest consumer in the world, most of the US energy requirement is based
on heavy biases towards the fossil fuel sources; hence, the drive toward renewable sources
became compelling. Germany stands first in producing solar power, and Saudi Arabia also
wants to extend its capacity in the upcoming two decades. In order to produce solar energy,
this paper identifies two major methods, namely the PV cells and the CSP. This demand for
solar technologies has grown, and with it comes the demand that it should be increasingly
efficient with less cost of operation. Tests run at Northern Arizona University confirmed that
solar trackers can yield over 90 percent energy as compared to the fixed photovoltaic solar

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panels. The idea for the NAU engineering team's design was to achieve maximum output power
using a low-power microcontroller-actuator type of solar tracking system, while being able to
keep the price reasonable to the consumer (Bukhamsin et al., 2014).

(Liu et al., 2018) tries to explain how the systems of solar water heaters and solar streetlights
are, and the challenges that affect efficiency and effectiveness in the integration of the system.
It explains that the systems rely highly on electricity, while a small portion is solar energy since
its receive rate is low. The paper also focuses on the shadow length-angle of solar panels with
respect to incoming sunlight, whereby it was realized that the height of the shadow cast by the
support structure (shaft) is related to its size and distance from the bottom of the shaft to the
panel. The angle of tolerance between the incoming sunlight and the solar panels is quite critical
in the perspective of energy capture, and one should be looking to optimize it with a view to
positioning the panels better to maximize their energy absorption. Solar radiation intensity
ranges from 90 degrees, where the intensity is maximum, down to lower intensities as the angle
is decreased. The paper further discusses the mechanical issues of positioning the solar panels,
considering such factors as torque required for the adjustment of the panels and parallel-shaft
gear motor specifications that would provide optimal sunlight exposure.

The development in solar tracking systems, an evolution from fixed solar panels to somewhat
mobile solutions, at least. It enlightens the gradually diminishing capacity of nonrenewable
resources and presents limitations of fixed solar panels, as they are not capable of collecting
maximum possible solar energy due to continuous east-west movement. To resolve such
drawbacks, various single-axis solar tracking systems were developed but, due to the meaning
of their definition, they can track the sun only in one axis, thereby not realizing the most perfect
energy capture. The dual-axis solar tracking systems are proposed as more efficient systems
where a solar panel follows the sun's rays on both axes (Supriya et al., 2021).

(Supriya et al., 2021) describes the realization of a low-cost dual-axis tracker using Arduino
Uno with the purpose of controlling the movement of the solar panel using four Light
Dependent Resistors that detect sunlight intensity and enable the possibility of changing the
position of the panel. The system also incorporates an LCD display that shows, in real time,
the rotation and angle of the panel to provide a better interaction with the user and more

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insight into the performance of the system. As will be suggested by the literature, its
performance could be further optimized with the use of nonlinear control systems to explore
further in the tracking system, such as fuzzy logic and PID controllers.

Traditional photovoltaic panels are fixed, converting sun energy into DC electricity. But since
most households operate on AC, inverters are needed to convert it to practical usage. A
mounting system is essential for efficient capture of sunlight. Fixed panels still pose a problem
owing to the rotation of Earth on its axis, with the result of losing efficiency. These
disadvantages are taken care of by the introduction of automatic solar trackers, which rotate
accordingly to the position of the sun so that they can capture optimal energy during the day.
The prototype has been made to work on the servo motor connected with an Arduino UNO
board that acts to change the position of a mini photovoltaic panel according to the movement
of the sun. The NodeMCU will monitor the energy that is produced and send the same to the
user. This enhances user interaction and energy production awareness. A light-dependent
resistor sensor is also included in the system, and if the light falls below a certain level, it will
trigger the on or off of the LED lights. Solar trackers can improve the energy output much more
when compared with the use of fixed panels (Poudel et al., 2021).

Considering that only 30 to 40% energy can be converted into electrical energy by the solar
panel, much potential still lies in this area for research. The paper further proposes an automatic
solar tracking system based on the microcontroller to improve the efficiency of solar panels by
means of sensing the light and automatically positioning the solar panels at every instant for
maximum receipt of sunlight. The P&O is widely used due to its simplicity and efficiency.
These mechanical solar tracking systems move the position of solar panels with the path of sun
to capture the highest intensity of light. The design of a system using the Perturb and Observe
method and Buck-Boost DC-DC converter has also been discussed for home appliances. The
paper further highlights the environmental benefits of PV systems, which convert sunlight to
electricity without moving parts, consumption of fossil fuel, or pollution. The goal of this
project is the design of a microcontroller-based control system for solar tracking (Ahmed et al.,
2016).

The first solar tracker, which was developed by C. Finster back in 1962, was of a mechanical
tracking device with problems concerning energy gains. Today, modern trackers produce much
more energy from this device. Solar trackers come in two varieties: single-axis trackers that
move in only one direction and dual-axis trackers that can readjust in two directions to

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maintain a perpendicular angle to the sun's rays. Other related recent works have focused on
the maximization of energy collection from photovoltaic arrays on hybrid electric tractor
systems and the work by K.S. Madhu, which focuses on daily and seasonal sun movement
tracking to optimize energy capture. The paper illustrates that even a small increase in
efficiency leads to a significant gain in the total power produced. On the other hand, solar
tracking systems present higher technical complexity and higher maintenance requirements,
which can balance their widespread adoption (Uma et al., 2022).

The project presents a real-time solar tracking productivity monitoring of a solar panel. The
major components are the LDR sensor for tracking, which is driven by a servo motor and
Arduino. Real-time data showing on the web application facilitates efficient monitoring. Other
added studies of a four-axis solar tracker, whose efficiency was raised by adding reflector
mirrors, tracking devices, and Internet of Things monitoring, are presented. This would be a
web-based monitoring system providing updates via Telegram every fifteen minutes. Panel
data is shown. These studies depict the integration of IoT with solar tracking equipment to
monitor solar activity in real time (Bakar et al., 2024).

The literature reported earlier on solar tracking systems has been mostly based on
microcontrollers, for instance, Arduino. It has used LDR for the calculation of declination angle
of sun, BASCOM AVR programming environment, Arduino Nano, Arduino Uno, Arduino
Uno with LDR sensors. On the other hand, the study presented in this paper is based on
NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller integrated with IoT-based monitoring; hence, filling the gap
that was missing in previous literature based on IoT integration in solar tracking systems
(Wardhana et al., 2023).

It is related to optimizing the efficiency of the solar power for explaining the development
technologies of a dual-axis solar tracker. The review focuses on accuracy in the tracking
system, considering the mechanisms of a dual-axis that achieve 35-43%. This paper provides a
helpful model to understand an efficient solar tracker, and it reviews current research while
providing solutions by adopting advanced tracking technologies as the backbone for further
studies in this field (Hasib et al., 2023).

The integration of GSM technology along with remote management and data acquisition
capability in the project is targeted at combating the energy crisis and pollution. A SCADA
system would be built based on OPC technology and TIA PORTAL software. The dual-axis
solar tracker follows the path of the sun for optimal collection of solar energy, therefore

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granting output higher than stationary panels. Automation is inevitable in enhancing

manufacturing efficiency through reduced operation costs, largely provided by Programmable
Logic Controller systems. This paper intends to present a review of the literature that justifies
the potentiality of GSM-based solar tracking systems (Achbi et al., 2023).

The future demand for energy sources in a sustainable manner calls for the development of IoT-
based solar power monitoring systems at low cost. Currently, microcontrollers available in the
market are either not capable of performing data logging satisfactorily or are incapable of being
defined as IoT devices. Modern technologies such as the ThingSpeak cloud server will enable
real-time monitoring and logging of data, making the systems more user-friendly for those in
developing regions of the world. This paper intends to propose a low-cost, userfriendly solution
that would fill up the shortcomings of some already available models while at the same time
enlightening the importance of innovative solar power monitoring systems (Hasan et al., 2022).

This literature review discusses the necessity of employing solar trackers in relation to
maximizing output efficiency from photovoltaic panels. This paper reviews passive and active
solar tracking systems, from design to efficiency perspective, while earlier research
documented that significant performance gains were indeed recorded with the use of solar
trackers-for example, the increase in power generation by up to 30% with trackers over their
static systems. It was established that the solar trackers outperformed fixed panels by a factor
of about 43%, especially on days when the sun is high, hence supporting the advantageous use
of solar tracking systems (Oriaifo et al., 2022).

Solar energy, captured through intelligent solar panel systems, may result in over 25 TW
surplus of energy against the consumptions created by fossil fuel demands. It has given rise to
some challenges in mounting solar panels without the capability of proper sunlight tracking.
The technological advancements such as MPPT and PWM systems further enhance their
efficiency. Incorporation of IoT provides real-time monitoring of the efficiency of the panels,
and increasing engagement with the user maintains the solar power system. Intelligent
reposition mechanisms lessen the charging time and boost up the efficiency of solar energy
systems (Ehikhamenle et al., 2022).

This literature review on the application of IoT in solar PV system monitoring depicts the
feasibility of this technology at low cost. The integrated solutions, which are being proposed,
support real-time data visualization, enhancing user interaction. Further, the system calculates

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the performance of photovoltaic modules concerning different conditions and refreshes data
relating to different environmental factors such as wind speed and solar radiation. This review
covers the use of Arduino-based solar tracking devices for energy efficiency, also described.
Also, future directions highlighted in the literature concerned integration of data security
measures and smart grid technology in smart cities (Sabitha et al., 2023).

It reviews the integration of WSN with the IoT, mainly regarding M2M communication and
data collection. Then, it presents various monitoring systems, such as the Triple-Level Context
using open-source software and hardware. The contribution reviews two major scenarios: smart
household monitoring and healthcare service. Data analysis is also considered by means of the
Self-adaptive Kalman Filter, along with Solar Monitoring Systems. It mentions that advanced
microcontrollers should be used for better system performance and energy efficiency (Hussien
et al., 2021).

Most of the literature reviewed were on monitoring systems for solar photovoltaic installations
operating in real time in less developed countries such as Bangladesh. Integration of IoT
technology will result in increased precision and efficiency; however, performance variation is
vulnerable to temperature, humidity, and solar irradiation. The creation of a low-priced, user-
friendly real-time monitoring system will also be developed, which would enhance
dependability and efficiency. The recommended procedures also consider economic factors,
including reduced maintenance costs and cost-benefit analysis (Tonny et al., 2023).

All things considered, solar tracking devices can play a major role in enhancing the use of
renewable energy sources together with the efficiency of solar energy. In consideration of the
growing population on earth, coupled with the diminution of fossil resources, moving to
renewable energy sources becomes quite imperative. This project details the design of
singleaxis solar tracking systems in an attempt to maximize energy capture and efficiency by
making sure that the solar panel always faces the sun perpendicularly. The primary application
includes LDRs and an ATMega328P. In comparison to static panels, the big concept increased
average power consumption while simultaneously significantly boosting system efficiency.
Another PWM charge controller enhances the economy and reliability of the system (Bhuyain
et al., 2021).

Solar tracking systems highlight new approaches, help to focus on the increase in solar
efficiency, and therefore to contribute to future prospects for solar energy as for a renewable

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source of energy. One way of making renewable energy sources like solar energy with the
increasing rate of population and the depletion of nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuel,
more reliable is the design of a system called single-axis solar tracking. The system ensures
that solar panels are always positioned at right angles to sunrays to increase efficiency in
capture. What is remarkable is the use of LDRs and an ATMega328P microcontroller. It does
improve efficiency but by a margin only—higher in average power consumption compared to
static panels. Adding a PWM-based charge controller only goes on to further improve the
reliability and cost-effectiveness of the system (Teleron 2022).

Development is heavily dependent on energy, It is a must, particularly for the underdeveloped

countries. Growing greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of fossil fuel awake concerns
with regard to environmental degradation and energy security. Attention is being turned to
substitutes in renewable sources of energy: geothermal, solar, and wind. The microprocessor-
based automatic solar tracker increases the efficiency of energy collection by 65%. Geothermal
energy, in its nascent stage, derived from the Earth's heat, is promising, but upfront costs are
huge. With an envisaged 100 GW by 2022, strides in the capacity of solar energy have been
made in a big way by India. The low-maintenance, pollution-free solar PV systems are fit for
isolated locations. Inevitably, such investments in renewable energy technology must continue
as part of realizing sustainable energy security (Kumar et al., 2018).

2.4 Theoretical background

This section discusses the operational principles of every components needed for the design.

2.4.1 ESP32 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a tiny computer on an integrated circuit having a processing unit,

memory, and input/output peripherals. They are designed to be embedded in any device for
the purpose of controlling its operation. ESP32 is a bleeding-edge, integrated Wi-Fi full
TCP/IP stack and Bluetooth 4.2. The ESP32 is ideal for developing the Internet of Things due

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to its low cost, great power, and connectivity. This chip was chosen because it decreases the
charge of the checking system with high treating performances. The ESP32 board selected has
a Tensilica 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, a CPU Xtensa dual-core.

Figure 2.1: ESP32 Microcontroller

2.4.2 Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs)

It is a type of resistor that varies electrical resistance by varying the intensity of light. In dark
conditions, LDR exhibits very high resistance; when light falls on the LDR, its resistance drops,
which in turn allows more current to flow through it. This inherent property makes the LDR
useful for application as light sensors or detectors for controlling various circuits and devices.
When light falls on the LDR, it excites the electrons of the particular material. By exciting the
electrons, its conductivity increases and hence its resistance decreases.

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Figure 2.2: Light Dependent Resistors

2.4.3 Solar Panel

It works by essentially converting sunlight into electrical energy, facilitated by a process known
as photovoltaics. Countless small photovoltaic cells, made from semiconducting materials, line
the surface of the panel in a grid-like pattern. These excited cells, due to the energy coming
from the sun, in turn, put electrons flowing through the material and thus create an electrical
current. This current is gathered by the solar panel and channeled; thus, a DC is produced to
power electrical devices or to charge batteries and feed into the electrical grid. Solar panels are
devices used in the conversion of energy from the sun into clean, renewable, and sustainable
forms of electricity.

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Figure 2.3: Solar Panel

2.4.4 DC Motor

The DC motor is a category of electrical motor that works on the principle of conversion of
direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works on the principle of
electromagnetism where the flow of electric current interacts with the magnetic field to create
rotation. It consists, in general, of coils and permanent magnets, rotation occurring based on
the interaction between magnetic fields. DC motors are simple, easy to control, and have high
torque; therefore, they can be operated in a wide range of applications-from heavy
industriesdowntoasolar-tracking system.

Figure 2.4: DC Motor

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CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Introduction

The chapter gives an overview of the adopted design methodology. It goest further to give a
detailed description of the system hardware and software, showing the analysis of the design
components-specification of the circuit. This chapter therefore presents a block diagram to
show the interconnection of some key components and a flowchart that gives some sequential
processes involving these components in visual representation. The chapter further shows the
specification and ratings of such components, hence giving in greater detail their functions and
importance.

This project will consist of an ESP32 development board, four Light Dependent Resistors, two
12V DC motors, one L298 motor driver module, voltage divider for battery level monitoring,
one Firebase account that shall be used for real-time database management, a web application
to be used by the end user for interfacing, and a 12V battery. Other components used may also
include resistors, capacitors, wires, and a breadboard.

3.2 Description of Operation

3.2.1 Hardware Setup

The autonomous solar tracking system operates by having the ESP32 microcontroller acting as
the brain of the system. Four LDRs are placed on the solar panel in the directions; up, down,
left and right. The LDRs are connected to the analog input pins of the ESP32 which enables
the microcontroller to receive data from the LDRs, compares between them, then orients the
panel towards the LDR which receives more irradiation. The motors which will enable the
panel orient in both the x and y axis are connected to the L298 motor driver module and the
inputs from this driver are linked to the ESP32 digital output pins. The microcontroller operates
at 3.3V but can tolerate 5V on its input pins. Since a 12V lead acid battery is been used, a
voltage regulator is used to step down the 12V to a measurable level for the ESP32 and the
output from this is connected to an analog input pin on the ESP32. The
12V is stepped down because it’s too high for the microcontroller and can lead to its damage.

3.2.2 Firebase Integration

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A Firebase project, along with a real-time database, will be created. It is designed in such a way
that it will store sensor data, motor states, and battery levels. Firebase integration with Arduino
code sends data to the Firebase database.

3.2.3 Software Development

A web application using HTML, CSS, and javascript is developed. Besides that, the firebase
SDK fetches real-time data from the firebase database and displays the same in the developed
web application. The solar panel orientation, the LDR values, and battery level are foreseen to
be displayed on the web application. In this way, it will give the user an interface toward
monitoring the status of the system and changing the settings, if necessary.

3.3 Design Implementation

Figure 3.1 shows different sections of the design that performs different operations which are
incorporated to form the entire design.

3.3.1 Block Diagram

A diagram representing the system through basic geometric shapes-blocks-that illustrate

relationships among the different components and functions.

LIGHT DEPENDENT L298N MOTOR

RESISTORS (LDRs) DRIVER

SOLAR PANEL ESP32 12V DC MOTORS

MICROCONT
ROLLER
12V BATTERY

5V REGULATOR

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system.

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3.3.2 Circuit Diagram

Also known as a schematic diagram, it is the representation involving the components of an

electronic/electrical system, their connection, and how such a system works.

Figure 3.2: Circuit design of the system.

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3.3.3 Veroboarding

This is the implementation of the project work done on a breadboard. It involves placing the
components side by side to occupy space in less amount on the veroboard, so that portability
and the convenience of the system remains intact.

Figure 3.3: Interfaced components on Veroboard

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3.3.4 Soldering

This is how the components were soldered together onto the veroboard based on the system's
circuit diagram.

Figure 3.4: soldering done on veroboard

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3.3.5 PCB Design

The following is a detailed layout of electronic components and their interconnections on a

board, including component placement, signal routing, layer management, signal integrity,
power distribution, and thermal management.

Figure 3.5: PCB design of the system.

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Figure 3.6: Picture showing how the website for receiving data looks like.

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Figure 3.7: Developed Prototype

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Table 3.1 presents the various components used with their individual specifications and
ratings.

Table 3.1: List of components and specifications.

Components Specifications, Ratings and Functions

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Type: Photoresistor

Specification: Resistance depends on the
intensity of the light; for example, from a few
kΩ in bright light to several MΩ in darkness.
For instance, a typical LDR would have a
resistance of about 10 kΩ in light and 1 MΩ
in darkness.

12V DC Motor: Type: Direct Current Motor

Specification: Operates at 12V DC, wherein
typical current ratings vary by size and
application. For instance, it could draw about
1A to 2A under load.

12V 7.2 AH Battery: Type: Lead-Acid Battery

Specification: Nominal voltage of 12V and
capacity up to 7.2 ampere-hours (AH). This
means, theoretically, this battery can supply
7.2 amps for one hour or 1 amp for 7.2 hours
before it needs recharging.

12V 20W Solar Panel: Type: Photovoltaic Solar Panel

Specification: Produces 12V DC with
maximum power output of 20 watts. Typical
current output would be approximately 1.67 A
under optimal sunlight conditions.

L298N Motor Driver: Type: H-Bridge Motor Driver IC

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Specification: is
It able to drive DC motors
and stepper motors with maximum current of
2A per channel, maximum voltage of 46V.
controlling
With built- theindirection anditspeed
protection, of motors.
is utilized for

Resistor: Type: Passive Electronic Component

Specification: depends on its resistance value
in ohms and power rating. For example, a
general resistor might be specified as 1 kΩ -
¼ watt or 250 milliwatts.

3.4 Summary of the Chapter

In conclusion, this chapter serves as the foundation for the execution of the autonomous solar
tracking system using an ESP32 microcontroller and light dependent resistors. It describes how
the system is meant to work, the strategies and materials needed to fully implement the required
system. Additionally, the chapter provides a detailed road map on the subsequent stages to be
followed in order to achieve the system and thereby setting the stage for Chapter four where
the results and outcomes are presented and carefully examined.

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CHAPTER FOUR

TEST, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This part of the project involves carrying out several tests on the project work, deriving results
from it and using those obtained results to discuss the overall performance and evaluation of
the project.

4.2 TESTING

Series of tests were carried out on the project to determine the performance and also be able to
make an evaluation of the project work. Those tests are discussed below;

4.2.1 COMPONENT TEST

Various component tests are essential to ensure that each part of the system functions properly
before integration.

1. ESP32 MICROCONTROLLER TEST: the microcontroller was tested to check if it

was receiving the required voltage and is powering up correctly. A pin output test was
also carried out on the microcontroller to see if they can toggle between high and low
states. Not only that, the ESP32’s wi-fi functionality was also tested to ensure
connectivity and communication.
2. LDR TEST: we measured the voltage across the LDR as light intensity changed to
ensure the LDR was responding properly to varying light levels.
3. MOTOR AND MOTOR DRIVER TEST: the input and output voltages of the motor
driver was tested to see if it would be able to control the motors.
4. BATTERY/POWER SUPPLY TEST: we checked to see if the battery and solar panel
were providing stable voltage to the system. Also, we confirmed the solar panel was
charging the battery correctly.
5. SENSOR CALIBRATION: several tests were done with the LDRs positioning on the
solar panel to determine the optimal configuration for tracking the sun’s movement.
6. SOFTWARE TESTING: the solar tracking algorithm was tested on the system to
verify the expected and actual position of the panel at various times of the day. Using

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the ESP32’s wifi functionality, we tested the remote monitoring of how the the system
is responding.
7. FULL SYSTEM TEST: after all individual components were tested to be working
correctly, the system was integrated and tests like checking if the system is powering
up correctly, running tracking algorithms and verifying that the solar panel was tracking
the sun’s movement correctly.

4.2.2 PERORMANCE TEST AND DISCUSSION

After the system was set up and components were ensured to be working correctly, we did a
performance test for when two LDRs are used instead of the original four. The results which
we were able to monitor from the website integrated to the system are shown in the picture
below;

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Figure 4.1: Data loggings for when two LDRs were considered for different times

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Figure 4.2: Data logging for a particular time

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We then went ahead to make a performance test for when four LDRs are considered. The results
gotten from this are shown below;

Figure 4.3: Data loggings for when four LDRs were considered at different times

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Figure 4.4: Data logging for a particular time when four LDRs were considered

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4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Considering figure 4.2 where the light intensity received by the two LDRs were 242(lx) for the
top-right position and 105(lx) for the bottom-right position, the ESP32 microcontroller will
determine the direction of the rotation by making a comparison of the gotten two values and
choose the higher value.In this case, the microcontroller would recognize that more light is
being detected by the top-right LDR compared with the bottomright LDR and would rotate the
panel towards the angle of the top-right to optimize alignment.

Also, considering figure 4.4 where the light intensity received was 1677 for the top-right
position, 1189 for the bottom-right position, 288 for the left-top position and 67 for the
leftbottom position, the microcontroller will determine the direction of rotation by making a
comparison of these four gotten LDR values. For this, a vertical and horizontal movement may
be taken into account. Regarding the vertical movement, since the total top light is more than
the total bottom light, the microcontroller will rotate the panel upwards for more sunlight to be
captured from the top. Determining horizontal movement, because the sum of light on the right
(top-right + bottom-right = 2866) is higher than on the left (top-left + bottom-left = 355), the
microcontroller will turn the panel to the right in order to better align it with the source of light.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The efficiency of solar energy collection has been significantly enhanced by designing and
implementing an autonomous solar tracking system using ESP32 microcontroller and light
dependent resistors (LDRs). Throughout the day, the orientation of the solar panel is moved
actively to follow the movement of the sun, hence, this maximizes sunlight exposure resulting
into increased energy output as compared to when using stationary solar panels. The system is
very affordable and scalable because it employs inexpensive components such as ESP32,
LDRs, servo motors, making it applicable for multiple solar energy applications.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

In order to make the system better, there is a suggestion that adding weather monitoring sensors
(such as rain or wind sensors) for safeguarding the solar panel from severe weather conditions
is important so that its adjustments are not interfered with by clouds or rain. Furthermore, a
more suitable mechanical frame should be considered. The mechanical frame should be
manufactured in such a way that the overall load sitting on the motor controlling the horizontal
movement will not be affect the rotation of the panel on the x-axis. As in our case, there is a
difficulty in this section. A motor whose output voltage would be high to the extent it could
overcome this heaviness could also be considered in order to achieve a more efficient solar
energy collection.

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