CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

One of the most promising renewable energy sources characterized by a vast potential for
electrical energy generation is solar energy. This resource offers a sustainable, clean, and
silent alternative to fossil fuels and has gained significant attention globally, especially with
growing environmental concerns and energy demands. The most common method of
harnessing solar energy is through the photovoltaic (PV) effect, wherein solar radiation is
converted directly into electricity using solar cells (Messenger & Abtahi, 2018a) . These
systems are not only environmentally friendly but also require minimal maintenance and
produce no noise pollution. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global installed capacity of
photovoltaic systems has grown exponentially from just 1 GW in 2001 to over 1,200 GW
(1.2 terawatts) by 2023, reflecting the rapid adoption and development of PV technology
(Boxwell, 2012).
Despite the technological advancements, commercial PV panels still exhibit relatively low
conversion efficiencies, typically ranging between 18% and 22%. One of the key challenges
in maximizing solar power output is the continuously changing position of the sun relative to
the earth, which affects the angle of sunlight incident on a fixed solar panel.
(Prinsloo & Dobson, 2015a)
Since PV panels generate maximum energy when sunlight strikes them
perpendicularly, any deviation reduces the power output significantly throughout the day.
This issue has led to the development of solar tracking systems, which allow PV panels to
follow the sun’s trajectory and maintain optimal orientation (Ferdaus, 2013). These systems
are generally categorized into single-axis trackers, which follow the sun from east to west,
and dual-axis trackers, which adjust both daily and seasonal angles. Studies have shown that
solar trackers can significantly enhance energy production — single-axis trackers by 25–35%
and dual-axis trackers by up to 45% — particularly in high-irradiance regions such as those
found in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South America (Kaygusuz, 2001). In rural
or off-grid areas, especially in developing countries, these systems can be crucial in
improving access to reliable electricity, supporting local development, and reducing
dependence on costly energy imports. On a national and global scale, the adoption of efficient
solar tracking technologies contributes to meeting renewable energy targets, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting climate change mitigation goals aligned with

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international agreements such as the Paris Accord (Buchla et al., 2015) . This project,
therefore, addresses a pressing technical need by focusing on the design, simulation, and
mechanical modeling of a dual-axis solar tracking system using advanced tools like
SolidWorks. It aims to enhance the energy harvesting capability of PV systems in dynamic
sunlight conditions through an innovative and cost-effective approach
(Khatib & Elmenreich, 2016)
. The significance of this research is both local and global, as it not only enhances
energy efficiency but also promotes sustainable development, making it a relevant and timely
solution for modern energy challenges (Planchard, 2024a).
1.2 Problem statement

Despite the increasing global adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems for sustainable energy
production, a major challenge persists: conventional fixed solar panels do not maintain
optimal orientation to the sun throughout the day, resulting in significant energy losses
(Minor & Alejandro, 2010) . This real-world problem is particularly critical in regions with
high solar potential, such as East Africa, where maximizing energy yield from available
sunlight is essential for both rural electrification and national energy security. The
consequence of this inefficiency is reduced system performance, longer return on investment,
and limited applicability in off-grid or resource-constrained environments
(Al Bartamani & El-Saleh, 2021)
. While prior research and commercial solutions have introduced solar
tracking systems, many of these are either too expensive, mechanically complex, or
inadequately optimized for smaller-scale or educational applications. Most existing studies
focus on either electronic control systems or fixed-angle optimization, neglecting the
integration of mechanical design, dynamic simulation, and cost-effective materials—
especially in the context of developing nations (Camacho & Berenguel, 2012a). This creates a
research gap in the design and simulation of accessible, dual-axis solar tracking systems that
can be locally manufactured and practically deployed. The urgency to address this challenge
aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, expand renewable energy access, and
meet Sustainable Development Goal (Planchard, 2024b) . Therefore, this research aims to
develop and simulate a mechanically robust and efficient dual-axis solar tracking system
using SolidWorks, tailored for low-cost deployment in regions with abundant solar energy
(Camacho & Berenguel, 2012b) . The outcome seeks to support local innovation, promote
clean energy solutions, and improve PV performance through better solar positioning,
contributing both to academic advancement and real-world impact.

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1.3 Research Questions

1. How can a dual-axis solar tracking system be designed and simulated in SolidWorks
to ensure accurate mechanical motion and optimal solar orientation
(Planchard, 2022)
?
2. To what extent does the use of a dual-axis mechanical tracking system improve the
energy yield of photovoltaic panels compared to a fixed system under similar solar
conditions (Messenger & Abtahi, 2018b)?
3. How feasible is the implementation of a simplified, low-cost dual-axis tracking
system in off-grid or rural environments in terms of efficiency, affordability, and local
adaptability (Sreedhar et al., 2025)?
1.4 Hypothesis

This study is guided by the hypothesis that the implementation of a mechanically driven dual-
axis solar tracking system, designed and simulated using SolidWorks, significantly improves
the energy output of photovoltaic (PV) panels compared to fixed-position systems under
similar environmental conditions (Messenger & Abtahi, 2018b) . It is assumed that by
maintaining the panel surface perpendicular to the sun’s rays throughout the day, the system
maximizes solar irradiance and enhances energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, it is
hypothesized that the mechanical design will demonstrate reliable and realistic motion
behavior when simulated in SolidWorks, supporting its practical feasibility for application in
off-grid and solar-rich environments. If validated, this hypothesis could inform future design
strategies for low-cost solar tracking technologies and support sustainable energy access in
under-electrified regions.

1.5 Objectives of the study

1.5.1 General Objective
 The main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a cost-effective dual-
axis solar tracking system that enhances photovoltaic energy output, with a focus
on practical application in off-grid and solar-rich regions to support sustainable
energy access and rural development.
1.5.2 Specific objectives
1. To design and simulate a dual-axis solar tracking mechanism that maintains optimal
alignment of photovoltaic panels with the sun throughout the day using mechanical
and control principles (farid, 2013).

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 2. To evaluate and compare the energy output of the dual-axis tracking system against
a fixed-panel system under similar environmental conditions to determine
performance gains (Azar & Kamal, 2021).
3. To assess the feasibility, affordability, and potential impact of deploying the
tracking system in off-grid and rural communities as a sustainable solution for
improving energy access (Kulkarni & Virulkar, 2016).
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study contributes academically, practically, and policy-wise to the advancement of solar
energy technology. Academically, it serves as a valuable resource for engineering students,
educators, and researchers by demonstrating the integration of simulation tools such as
SolidWorks in modelling and analysing renewable energy systems, thereby enriching
renewable energy education and research (Thirumalaisamy, 2012). Practically, the design and
simulation of a dual-axis solar tracking system have the potential to improve photovoltaic
efficiency significantly, which benefits farmers and rural communities by providing more
reliable and efficient solar energy for agricultural, household, and small business
applications, especially in off-grid areas (S. A. Kalogirou, 2023) . This contributes to rural
development, food security, and improved livelihoods through enhanced access to energy.
From a policy perspective, the findings of this study support national energy strategies aimed
at increasing the share of renewable energy, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and
achieving energy sustainability (Vargas et al., 2022) . Policymakers, energy planners, and
development organizations can use the insights from this research to guide investment
decisions, formulate energy access initiatives, and develop cost-effective solar deployment
strategies tailored to low-income or high-solar-resource regions (Baouche et al., 2022) .
Overall, this study aligns with global and national goals such as Sustainable Development
Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and offers practical solutions to real-world energy
challenges while also contributing to academic knowledge and technical innovation
(Dahlqvist & Larsson, n.d.).

1.7 Significance of the research

This research focuses on the design, simulation, and performance analysis of a dual-axis solar
tracking system aimed at maximizing the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panels
(Vargas et al., 2022) . Geographically, the study is contextualized for application in regions
with high solar irradiation, particularly in East Africa, with an emphasis on Rwanda as a
representative case for areas with strong potential for solar energy deployment. The project
does not involve physical prototyping but is limited to virtual simulation using SolidWorks

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for mechanical modelling and motion analysis (Kumba et al., 2024) . The time frame of the
research spans the 2024–2025 academic year, aligning with the requirements for a final-year
undergraduate research project in renewable energy engineering. The target population
includes off-grid rural communities, small-scale farmers, local engineers, and renewable
energy practitioners who can benefit from affordable and efficient solar power solutions.
While the study is primarily academic, it is designed to reflect real-world constraints such as
simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to local condition
(Ramful & Sowaruth, 2022)
.The research does not explore commercial implementation, material procurement, or
real-time control algorithms in depth but lays the foundational work for future development
and deployment.

1.8 Structure of the study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

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Introduction

This chapter provides a critical overview of the existing literature relevant to the design,
simulation, and application of solar tracking systems, with a particular focus on dual-axis
mechanisms aimed at maximizing photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency. It explores key
theoretical models, engineering principles, and conceptual approaches that inform the
development and performance of solar energy systems. The literature review also examines
recent innovations, simulation methods, and practical deployments of tracking technologies,
identifying gaps and challenges that justify the need for this research. Through the review of
academic publications, engineering handbooks, and industry reports, this chapter aims to
establish a solid foundation for understanding the dynamics of solar tracking, the role of
simulation tools like SolidWorks and the impact of tracking systems on energy output and
sustainability. The chapter is structured into two key sections: the theoretical framework,
which presents established theories and technical models related to solar energy and tracking
systems, and the conceptual framework, which outlines the key variables and operational
principles underpinning the research design.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework guiding this study is based on the principles of solar energy
conversion, solar geometry, and mechanical tracking systems, which collectively support the
development and performance of dual-axis solar trackers. The use of tracking systems arises
from the need to optimize the orientation of photovoltaic (PV) panels in relation to the sun's
position to maximize solar irradiance and energy output. This section outlines key theories
and prior research that inform the design and purpose of solar tracking technology.

2.1.1 Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Conversion Theory

The concept of converting sunlight into electrical energy, known as the photovoltaic effect,
was first discovered by Edmond Becquerel in 1839. However, it was not until 1954 that Bell
Laboratories developed the first practical silicon solar cell. In recent decades, solar
photovoltaic technology has evolved significantly, though commercial PV panels still face
the inherent challenge of fluctuating solar input due to the earth’s rotation.

Duffie and Beckman emphasize that the angle of incidence—the angle between sunlight
and the panel surface—plays a critical role in determining the amount of energy captured.
When sunlight strikes the panel perpendicularly, the energy output is maximized. This

6
fundamental principle forms the basis for solar tracking systems, which are designed to
reduce the angle of incidence throughout the day (Duffie & Beckman, 2013).

2.1.2 The Role of Solar Geometry

Solar geometry refers to the mathematical and physical modeling of the sun's position in the
sky relative to a specific point on Earth. Key solar angles include the solar altitude angle
and azimuth angle, which vary with time, season, and geographic location. According to
Kalogirou, accurate prediction and response to these angles are essential for designing
efficient solar tracking systems (S. Kalogirou, 2014).

Understanding these geometric relationships allows for the development of systems that can
dynamically adjust their orientation. A dual-axis tracker is capable of adjusting in both the
azimuth (horizontal plane) and altitude (vertical plane), keeping the panel directly aligned
with the sun's rays at all times. This alignment improves overall energy capture by up to 45%
compared to fixed systems (Foster et al., 2010).

2.1.3 Mechanical Motion and Tracking Systems

Solar trackers rely on the theoretical principles of kinematics and dynamics to guide their
mechanical movement. Kinematics studies the motion of systems without considering the
forces, while dynamics involves analyzing motion caused by forces and torques. A dual-axis
tracking system generally employs mechanical joints such as revolute joints, linear
actuators, or gear-driven linkages to achieve controlled rotation (Bletskan et al., 2016).

Prinsloo and Dobson provided a detailed analysis of sun-following mechanisms and

concluded that the integration of simple mechanical elements can lead to effective tracking
systems that are both durable and energy-efficient (Prinsloo & Dobson, 2015b). More recent
contributions by Chakraborty and Singh and Verma emphasize the importance of
simulating such systems in engineering environments to validate their functionality,
particularly in cost-sensitive and off-grid settings (Singh et al., 2020).

2.1.4 Energy Performance and Environmental Relevance

The theoretical motivation behind solar tracking is the optimization of energy yield.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that dual-axis systems significantly outperform fixed or
single-axis systems in terms of daily and seasonal solar gain. Report says that dual-axis
tracking can increase output by 30%–45% in tropical regions (Al-Najjar et al., 2022).

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This increase in efficiency has far-reaching implications, particularly in areas where access to
electricity is limited or unreliable. Solar trackers contribute to sustainable development by
providing more energy with the same panel area, reducing land use, and offering a better
return on investment. The deployment of such systems also aligns with international energy
goals.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework serves as the structural foundation of this research, bringing
together assumptions, principles, and key variables to guide the study. In academic research,
a conceptual framework identifies and links the independent and dependent variables,
offering a logical structure for interpreting outcomes, testing theories, and applying research
findings to real-world contexts. In the context of this study, the framework explains how the
implementation of a dual-axis solar tracking system affects the energy output of photovoltaic
panels, particularly in solar-rich and off-grid environments.

2.2.1 Underlying Assumptions and PrinciplesSolar Tracking System:

This research is based on the following assumptions:

1. Solar irradiance is the most important factor influencing PV panel output

(Duffie & Beckman, 2013)
.
2. PV panels generate maximum energy when the angle of incidence between the
sunlight and the panel is minimized — ideally, when the sun’s rays strike the panel
perpendicularly (Foster et al., 2010)
3. Dual-axis solar tracking systems can improve alignment with the sun throughout
the day and year, thereby increasing total irradiance received and boosting electrical
output (S. Kalogirou, 2014)
4. A mechanically simple and cost-effective tracking system can offer practical
energy solutions in low-income or rural communities without requiring complex
electronics or real-time sensors (Al-Najjar et al., 2022)

2.2.2 Key Variables in the Framework

Table 1 Key Variables of the Conceptual Framework and Their Roles in the Study

Variable Type Variable Role in Study

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 Independent Dual-axis tracking system The main input: a system that adjusts the panel's
Variable azimuth and tilt dynamically

Dependent PV energy output The output: energy produced, measured in watts

Variable or efficiency percentage

Moderating Sun position, environment, Conditions that influence the strength of the
Variables mechanical design relationship

Control Fixed panel position (for Used as a benchmark to assess the performance
Variables comparison) improvement of tracking systems

(Duffie & Beckman, 2013) & (S. Kalogirou, 2009)

The independent variable (tracking system) is expected to positively affect the dependent
variable (energy output), especially under optimal design and weather conditions. The
framework helps predict and analyze these interactions in a systematic way.

2.2.3 Visual Conceptual Model

The solar tracking system receives inputs such as time of day and sun angle (external
conditions). It then responds by adjusting the orientation of the PV panel across two axes —
azimuth and elevation. This dynamic orientation ensures that the sun’s rays remain as
perpendicular to the panel as possible, resulting in maximum irradiance and thus higher
energy output.

The relationship is summarized as:

Dual-axis tracking system → Optimal sun alignment → Increased irradiance → Higher

energy output

This cause-effect chain is supported by theoretical models and experimental studies. For
example, Singh and Verma demonstrated that dual-axis systems increased output by up to
40% compared to fixed panels, especially during early morning and late afternoon when
sunlight angles vary most (Singh et al., 2020).

2.2.4 Relevance of the Framework to the Study

The conceptual framework enables the researcher to:

 Predict how design choices affect energy performance;

 Control the simulation environment by isolating key variables;

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  Compare tracked and fixed-panel outcomes using a common reference model;

 Evaluate feasibility for deployment in rural or off-grid areas, where improving

efficiency is critical.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Introduction

This chapter outlines the systematic approach used in conducting the research. It describes
the location of the study, the design strategy, the population and sample, and the methods of
data collection and analysis. A well-structured methodology is essential for ensuring the
reliability, validity, and practical application of the study’s findings.

3.1 Study Site

The research was conducted at the University of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB),
specifically in the Renewable Energy Laboratory located in Byumba Sector, Gicumbi
District, Northern Province of Rwanda. This location was selected due to its accessibility
to relevant laboratory equipment, academic supervision, and a favorable learning
environment for conducting energy simulations using SolidWorks. Furthermore, the region
experiences substantial solar radiation, making it a realistic setting for developing solutions
related to solar energy utilization. Rwanda’s national commitment to increasing renewable
energy adoption also makes this a strategically relevant study site.

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