Chapter-wise ESS Summary
Chapter 1: Foundations of ESS
Introduces ESS as the study of environmental systems using a systems approach. Explores how different worldviews
(EVS) shape human interactions with the environment and the concept of sustainability.
Key Concepts:
- Systems approach (inputs, storages, flows, feedback)
- Types of EVS (ecocentric, anthropocentric, technocentric)
- Sustainability principles
Key Terminologies:
- Environmental system
- Environmental value system
- Sustainability
- Carrying capacity
Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Ecology
Covers the structure and function of ecosystems, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. Examines population dynamics,
succession, and the role of ecological models.
Key Concepts:
- Energy flow (trophic levels, 10% rule)
- Nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
- Succession (primary, secondary)
Key Terminologies:
- Ecosystem
- Niche
- Autotroph/heterotroph
- Keystone species
Chapter 3: Biodiversity and Conservation
Defines biodiversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Reviews methods for measuring diversity, threats to
biodiversity, and conservation strategies.
Key Concepts:
- Diversity indices (Simpson, Shannon-Wiener)
- In situ vs ex situ conservation
- Protected area design
Key Terminologies:
- Biodiversity
- Endemic species
- Ecological resilience
- Hotspot
Chapter 4: Water, Aquatic Food Production & Societies
Explores the hydrological cycle, water use and scarcity, and aquatic ecosystems. Discusses wild capture and
aquaculture as food sources and their environmental impacts.
Key Concepts:
- Hydrological cycle
- Water footprint vs stress
- Aquatic ecosystem zonation
Key Terminologies:
Chapter-wise ESS Summary
- Eutrophication
- Blue/green/grey water
- Upwelling
- Bioaccumulation
Chapter 5: Soil Systems, Terrestrial Food Production & Societies
Examines soil as a resource, its formation, and role in terrestrial food production. Compares traditional and intensive
agriculture and covers soil conservation methods.
Key Concepts:
- Soil profile and horizons
- Fertilizer and pesticide impacts
- Conservation techniques (contour ploughing, agroforestry)
Key Terminologies:
- Soil texture
- Leaching
- Desertification
- Cation exchange capacity
Chapter 6: Atmospheric Systems and Societies
Details the structure of the atmosphere, energy balance, and the greenhouse effect. Addresses air pollution sources,
effects, and ozone depletion.
Key Concepts:
- Atmospheric layers
- Radiative forcing
- Acid deposition
- Ozone layer protection
Key Terminologies:
- Albedo
- Greenhouse gases
- Photochemical smog
- Residence time
Chapter 7: Climate Change and Energy Production
Analyses evidence of climate change, its impacts, and response strategies. Reviews energy sources, renewable vs
non-renewable, and concepts like EROI and CCS.
Key Concepts:
- Mitigation vs adaptation
- Life-cycle analysis
- Energy return on investment (EROI)
Key Terminologies:
- Enhanced greenhouse effect
- Carbon capture and storage
- Carbon budget
- Tipping point
Chapter 8: Human Systems and Resource Use
Links human demographics, economics, and technology to environmental impact. Covers urbanization, resource
economics, and management tools.
Chapter-wise ESS Summary
Key Concepts:
- IPAT equation
- Demographic Transition Model
- Environmental management systems
Key Terminologies:
- Ecological footprint
- Externalities
- Polluter pays principle
- Sustainable Development Goals
