Communications

Chapter 1: Introduction to Analog  Communications = Information Conveying

and Digital Communications
 Telecommunications = Communications in
January 2024 most current aspects
Lectured by
Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien  The course is about communications based
Cell: 0903 787 989
Email: [email protected] on signal concepts in electrical engineering
 Limited to information in electrical forms
 Primarily cover information transfer at signals and
Slides with references from HUT Finland, La Hore uni., systems levels
Mc. Graw Hill Co., and A.B. Carlson’s Communication Systems,
 little deal with circuits, chips, signal processing,
microprocessors, protocols, and networks
1 2

What exactly is information. Classify signals

 Information is a word that is too  Messages or in term of signals can be classified in various ways:
Periodic/non-periodic; Deterministic/random; Energy/power;
generic for different purposes the most common one in Communication Systems can deal with
analog/digital groups
 use the word “message”  Analog
 A physical manifestation of information  A physical quantity that varies with “time”, usually in a
smooth or continuous fashion
 What do communication systems have  Fidelity describes how close is the received signal to the
original signal. Fidelity defines acceptability
to do with messages or informations  Digital
 Communication systems are responsible for  An ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set
of discrete elements
producing an “acceptable” replica of  When digital signals are sent through a communication
system, degree of accuracy within a given time defines the
message/information at the destination acceptability

3 4
 Elements of Communication Systems
n(t) 
(Modulator) m (t )
Examples for basic definitions
m(t) s(t)
Analog h(t) Demodulator
or Digital

 Analog Signals
 Values are taken from an
infinite set
t

 Digital Signals
 Values are taken from a
discrete set
t
 Binary Signals 1 1 1 Transmitter Channel Receiver
 Digital signals with just *Modulati *Attenuation *Detection (Demod+Decod)
two discrete values 0 0 0 0 on *Noise *Filtering (Equalization)
*Coding *Distortion
t *Interference
*Fading
5 6

MODULATIONS
Transmitter
 What does modulation do:
 Modulate messages (analog) or Encode bits Analog Digital
(digital) into amplitude, frequency, or phase Modulation Modulation
of a carrier signal.
 Also makes transmitted signal robust against
channel impairments (Noise, Interferences,
Analog Carrier- Analog Signal-
Fading, Distortions, etc.) FM AM PM
Digital Carrier
Digital Signal
 Coding in digital communication systems
 Source coding – remove redundancy P
AS PS QA PC D PP
Channel coding – add redundancy, lower BER
FS W
 AM-C DSB SSB VSB M M M M
K K K M
 Encryption Coding – hide information
7 8
 Example about Modulations

Channels
 Channel introduces impairments
 Noise

 Thermal noise is the most significant

 Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)

 Distortion

 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)

 Attenuation and fading

 Constant attenuation

 Variable attenuation
(c)
 Interference
(a) Modulating Signal; (b) Sinusoidal carrier with amplitude modulation
(c) Pulse-train carrier with amplitude modulation  Crosstalk
9 10

Receiver
 What does Demodulation/Detection do: Fundamental Limitations
 Extracts messages (analog systems) or bits (digital  If practical implementation is not a concern and we
systems) from the received signal don’t worry about feasibility, is there something else
that limits acceptable communications?
 Mitigates channel impairments by making use of

equalizers for both Analog and Digital Communications  Bandwidth

 Channel must be able to allow signals to pass
 Decodes the signal, especially if channel coding was
through
performed at the transmitter
 Channels usually have limited bandwidths

 Can we reduce signal bandwidths: By pre-processing

at source (reduce redundancy, compression, etc.)
(a) Transmitted signal
(b) Effects of distortion  Noise
(c) Effects of interference
 Can be reduce it by - Filters
(d) Effects of noise
 Can be reduce its effects? - Equalizers

 Signal processing at the transmitter and receiver

 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR): Match Filters

11 12
 Performance Criterion Limits on data rates
 How a “good” communication system can be
differentiated from a “sloppy” one?  Shannon obtained formulas that provide
 For analog communications fundamental limits on data rates (1948)

 How close is m (t ) to m(t): Fidelity!  Without channel impairments, an infinite data
 SNR is typically used as a performance metric
rate is achievable with probability of error
 For digital communications approaching zero
 Data rate and probability of error (BER)

 SNR as well
 For bandlimited AWGN channels, the
 No channel impairments  no errors
“capacity” of a channel is:
 With noise, error probability/SNR depend upon
data rate, signal and noise powers, modulation C = B log2(1+SNR) = 3.32B log10(1+SNR) Bits/second
scheme, etc.
13 14

MODULATION FOR MULTIPLEXING

Electromagnetic wave propagation over
Multiplexing is the process of combining several wireless channels
signals for simultaneous transmission on a channel. Line of Sight and Sky
Three major groups of Multiplexing techniques. wave propagations

•Frequency–Division Multiplexing, FDM, uses CW

modulation to put each signal on a different carrier E and F layers of Ionosphere

frequency.
•Time-Division Multiplexing, TDM, uses pulse
modulation to put Samples of different signals in
nonoverlapping time slots
•Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA, assigns a
unique code to each Digital (cellular) user
15 16
Multipath interference caused by a signal being reflected
off the terrain and a building
Example: PSTN, ADSL
 Public Switched Telephone Network, (PSTN)
 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
 Components
 Phone set (analog signal is generated), MODEM
 Local exchange (A/D conversion)
 Long-haul exchange
 Characteristics
 Circuit-switched network
 Designed for voice communications and Internet
 Faxes and modems use PSTN for transmission of
digital data in analog form
17 18

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Example: PSTN
Long distance line International
Local exchange International line
exchange

Long distance
Local line exchange
Long distance
Long distance line users

Local
exchange

19 20
Example: Cellular phones Example: Cellular
 Cellular Communication System
 A cell is assigned some number of channels
Typically one channel is allocated to a user
PSTN


 Users communicate with a base station

MTSO  Base station is connected to MTSO/PSTN
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, 1st
MTSO generation) is an analog system, uses FM and
frequency-division multiple access
 Digital systems use digital modulations, D-AMPS
MTSO: Mobile Telephone (2nd generation); GSM (2nd genration up); CDMA
Switching Office (3rd generation up)

21 22

Standard phones: using Circuit Switching

Example: Radio broadcasts

Internet phones: Voice over IP using packet switching
 Two popular modes are used in analog
broadcasting communication systems
 AM
 Amplitude modulation
 600-1600kHz (MW), 1600kHz-22MHz (SW)
 10kHz channels
 FM
 Frequency modulation
 88-108MHz (FCC)
 Channels centered at 200kHz intervals starting at
88.1MHz

23 24
 Software radio receiver

Example: Wireless LANs

 Various standards
 IEEE 802.11a/b/g popular
Software radio receiver implemented FPGA
 IEEE 802.11b
 11Mb/s data rate
 2.4-2.4835GHz band
 Modulation: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS),
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
 IEEE 802.11a
 55Mb/s data rate
 5.725-5.825GHz band (in U.S.)
 Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

25 26

Example: LANs and WANs Example: Ad Hoc Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)  Various devices connected to each other
 Connect “closely” located computers without using an infrastructure
 Data bits are transmitted in chunks (packets) for  Sensor Networks
efficiency/feasibility reasons  Similar to ad hoc Networks (may be considered a special
 Various LAN protocols are used in practice case of ad hoc networks)
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)  Have power constraints (Use non-rechargeable battery)
 A wide area backbone network connects different  Mesh Networks
LANs  Another example of ad hoc networks
 A standard protocol is needed for such  Used for provide communications to remote areas
communication (TCP/IP)

27 28
Media and Signal Spectra

29